Yemeni Crisis (2011–present)

The Yemeni Crisis began with the 2011–12 revolution against

President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for more than
three decades (33 years).[1][2] After Saleh left office in early 2012
as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni
government and opposition groups, the government led by Saleh's
former vice president, Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, struggled to unite
the fractious political landscape of the country and fend off
threats both from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Houthi
militants that had been waging a protracted insurgency in the
north for years.[3][4] In 2014, Houthi fighters swept into the capital
of Sana'a and forced Hadi to negotiate a "unity government" with
other political factions. The rebels continued to apply pressure on
the weakened government until, after his presidential palace and
private residence came under attack from the militant group, Hadi
resigned along with his ministers in January 2015. The following
month, the Houthis declared themselves in control of the
government, dissolving Parliament and installing an interim
Revolutionary Committee led by Mohammed Ali al-Houthi, a
cousin of Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.[5][6] However, Hadi
escaped to Aden, where he declared that he remains Yemen's
legitimate president, proclaimed the country's temporary capital,
and called on loyal government officials and members of the
military to rally to him.[7][8] On 27 March 2015, BBC reported that
Hadi had "fled rebel forces in the city of Aden" and subsequently
"arrived in Saudi Arabia's capital Riyadh" as "Saudi authorities
began air strikes in Yemen".[9] Civil war subsequently erupted
between Hadi's government and the Houthis. Since 2017 the
separatist Southern Transitional Council (STC) has also fought
against the government.

Background
The wave of protests known as the Arab Spring did not take long
to arrive in Yemen after the Tunisian Revolution. Yemen was a
poor country with a government widely acknowledged to be
corrupt, with a large amount of weapons in private hands. By
2011, the country was already facing challenges from al Qaeda-
linked militants and separatists in the south and Zaydi Shia rebels
in the north. Yemen had only been unified since 1990, and deep
divisions persisted between the north and south.

Ecological crisis
Yemen's political instability has been compounded and partly
caused by the severe ecological crisis in the country. The average
Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year for
all uses, (101 gallons per day) while the Middle Eastern average is
1000 m3/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water
stress is 1700 cubic meters per year.[10] Yemen's groundwater is
the main source of water in the country but the water tables have
dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of
water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 meters
below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters
below surface by 2012. The groundwater has not been regulated
by Yemen's governments.[11] Even before the revolution, Yemen's
water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts
who worried that Yemen would be the "first country to run out of
water".[12] Agriculture in Yemen takes up about 90% of water in
Yemen even though it only generates 6% of GDP - however a large
portion of Yemenis are dependent on small-scale subsistence
agriculture. Half of agricultural water in Yemen is used to grow
khat, a narcotic that most Yemenis chew. This means that in such
a water-scarce country as Yemen, where half the population is
food-insecure, 45% of the water withdrawn from the ever-
depleting aquifers is used to grow a crop that feeds nobody.[11]

This water insecurity has a direct impact on political stability.

Outsiders hear most about the proxy war between factions
supported by other countries, but according to the Yemeni
newspaper Al-Thawra, 70% to 80% of conflicts in the country's
rural regions are water-related. The country's Interior Ministry has
estimated that across the country, water and land related disputes
kill 4,000 people a year - more than terrorism.[13] In Al-Jawf
Governorate, a dispute over a well's placement has led to a blood
feud that has continued for more than 30 years[11] In 2007,
Yemen's minister of Water and Natural Resources suggested that
the Sana'a might have to be evacuated if it runs out of water.[14]
Although the government was unable to move the capital in an
orderly and peaceful way, the war and political crisis has rendered
Sana'a and most of Yemen into a battleground that people have
been forced to flee.

Additional environmental catastrophes have battered Yemen as

the war has progressed. In late 2015, two historic cyclones struck
the country. The first of these, Cyclone Chapala, struck the island
of Socotra before hitting the port of Mukalla on Yemen's south
coast, where it caused catastrophic flash flooding.[15] This storm,
combined with the following Cyclone Megh, left enough moisture
in the soil for locusts to breed. These locusts can fly 100 miles in
a day and destroy any crop they encounter.[16]

History
Revolution (2011–12)

Yemen's political crisis began in 2011, amid the Arab Spring and
the ongoing Houthi insurgency.

Protests against Saleh

Protesters in Sana'a on 4 April 2011, during the early stages of the Yemeni
Revolution.

Popular protests broke out in early 2011, led by both secular and
Islamist opposition groups.[17] Longtime rebel groups like the
Houthis and the Southern Movement also participated in the
protests.[18][19] Saleh responded with a violent crackdown, and the
country nearly disintegrated into an all-out civil war as several
army elements broke with the government and joined the
protesters, beginning in March.[20][21]
Saleh was almost killed when a bomb went off in a mosque where
he and other top government officials were praying on 3 June,
apparently in an assassination attempt.[22][23] While his condition
initially appeared grave, Saleh recovered and returned to work on
23 September after several months of medical treatment in Saudi
Arabia.[24] He left Vice President Hadi in charge during his
absence. As acting president, Hadi met with the opposition and
reportedly expressed openness to political reforms. However, he
rejected the idea of forcing Saleh from power without the
president's consent.[25]

Deal brokered

The Gulf Co-operation Council applied no small amount of

pressure on Saleh to negotiate an end to the uprising by stepping
down.[26] Weeks after returning from Saudi Arabia, Saleh finally
agreed on 23 November to resign in exchange for immunity. As
part of the deal, the opposition agreed to allow Hadi to stand
unopposed for the presidency in 2012.[27]

Siege of Dammaj

Meanwhile, the insurgent Houthis in northern Yemen laid siege to

a Salafi town in Saada Governorate, Dammaj. Fighting was worst
in November and December. The Yemeni military was unable to
restore order due to the crisis elsewhere in the country.[28]
Transitional period (2012–14)

The Yemeni Revolution came to an apparently successful

conclusion in 2012 for the opposition, as Saleh left office.
However, unrest continued in both northern and southern Yemen.

Election of Hadi

Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, the second President of Yemen.

Hadi's election on 24 February 2012 peacefully introduced a new

government in Yemen, with only a small percentage of voters
spoiling their ballots in the single-candidate contest.[29] Hadi, a
southerner, especially enjoyed support in former South Yemen,
quieting the murmurs of separatism,[30] although the Southern
Movement boycotted the presidential election, as did the
Houthis.[31] Hadi did not give the restive Houthis any seats in his
cabinet.[1]

Dammaj clashes continue

The conflict in Dammaj was renewed in April when fighting broke

out between Houthi tribesmen and Salafi students. Both sides
accused the other of breaking a truce agreement.[32]

Hadi makes inroads

National reconciliation talks were held with the participation of

many separatist elements, as well as the Houthis.[1][30]

Nine years after the death of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, the

Yemeni government turned over the remains of the Houthi
patriarch to his family and he was buried in northern Yemen in
June 2013, with a representative of the Hadi administration in
attendance.[33]

Hadi visited the United States, a key overseas ally, in July 2013.
The U.S. also lifted a ban on transferring detainees from its
Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba to Yemen.[34]

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia deported as many as 300,000 to 400,000

Yemeni migrant workers to their home country during 2013,
causing an influx of poor, landless Yemenis into northern
Yemen.[35]

Renewed clashes

The conflict between Houthis and Salafis in Saada Governorate

was renewed in October and November. Saada government
officials accused Houthi fighters of attacking a Salafi mosque in
Dammaj in an attempt to drive the Sunnis out, while the Houthis
accused the Salafis of using the religious institute as a staging
ground for foreign Sunni fighters. The government attempted to
intervene to stop the fighting.[36]

Sectarian fighting in Al Jawf Governorate lasted throughout the

year. Dhamar Governorate also saw clashes between the Houthis
and Salafis toward the end of the year.[37]

Houthi rebellion (2014–15)

In a dramatic turn of events, the rebel Houthis took broad control

of northern Yemen, including the capital of Sana'a itself, in 2014.

Shia–Sunni conflict spreads

Clashes in Dammaj spread to the Amran Governorate by January

2014.[38] The Houthis achieved victory in Saada when the Yemeni
government brokered a deal under which Salafi fighters and their
families were evacuated to the neighboring Al Hudaydah
Governorate.[39] According to reports, the Houthis then blocked
government troops from fully deploying throughout the territory, in
spite of a signed agreement.[40]

Fighting in the Amran Governorate intensified during the year, with

clashes between Houthis and supporters of the Islamist Islah
Party eventually leading to a Houthi takeover of the entire
governorate. The conflict spread to the Sana'a Governorate by
July.[37]

Houthis take Sana'a

The Houthis began protesting against Hadi's government to

demand concessions in order to resolve a years-long insurgency
they had been waging against the Yemeni state in mid-2014.[41]
The uprising escalated dramatically as Houthi fighters swept into
Sana'a, the capital, and effectively seized control of the city from
the Yemeni military within a couple of days in September. The
forces of General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmer surrendered to the Houthis
after a brief fight.[42] Ali Abdullah Saleh, the former president, was
widely suspected of aiding the Houthis behind the scenes and
helping pave the way for their takeover.[43] Prime Minister
Mohammed Basindawa resigned on 21 September as part of a
deal meant to end the standoff.[44]
Unity government formed

The Houthis and the government agreed on 21 September to form

a "unity government" within one month.[45] However, the Houthis
rejected Hadi's original choice of prime minister, Ahmad Awad bin
Mubarak,[46] and Oil Minister Khaled Bahah was appointed instead
with the armed group's approval.[47] The Houthis and the General
People's Congress led by Saleh announced abruptly on 8
November that they would not participate in the unity government,
claiming it was unacceptable to them.[48] The boycott prompted
sanctions against Saleh and senior Houthi leaders from the
United Nations Security Council and the United States
Department of the Treasury.[49]

War in Yemen (2015–present)

Yemen was riven in 2015, with the Houthis establishing a new

government in Sana'a and Hadi retreating with his supporters to
Aden, and later Saudi Arabia. The Arab League, led by the Saudis,
began a bombing campaign and mobilization of various armed
forces in the region for a possible invasion.

Houthis consolidate power

A Houthi official announces the dissolution of House of Representatives and the
formation of a Houthi-led transitional authority on 6 February 2015.

The Houthis stepped up their pressure on Hadi's weakened

government, seizing the presidential palace and strategic military
installations in Sana'a and shelling the president's private
residence on 20 January. The following day, they took control of
Hadi's home, stationing armed guards outside to keep him under
virtual house arrest.[50] Hadi, Prime Minister Khaled Bahah, and
the cabinet resigned the following day, saying they could not
continue to work under the conditions the Houthis had imposed.
The rebel group welcomed Hadi's resignation, but continued to
keep him under house arrest. The news prompted four southern
governorates to announce they would disregard all orders from
Sana'a.[51] The House of Representatives was to meet on 25
January to discuss whether to accept or reject Hadi's resignation
under the Yemeni constitution, but the session was cancelled
after the Houthis took control of the parliament building. The
United Nations stepped in to attempt a negotiated resolution to
what many in Yemen regarded as a Houthi coup.[52]
UN negotiations were fruitless, and a Houthi ultimatum to
Yemen's political factions to find a solution was not met. On 6
February, the Houthis declared themselves in total control of the
Yemeni government, dissolving parliament and installing a
Revolutionary Committee led by Mohammed Ali al-Houthi to lead
the state in an interim capacity. The announcement sparked
protests in Sana'a and other cities, especially in the south.[53][54]

Post-coup developments

Reactions to the Houthi takeover were broadly negative, with the

Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council, United Nations, and
United States refusing to recognise the "constitutional
declaration" and several governorates rejecting the Houthis'
authority. With most political parties criticising the coup, Jamal
Benomar, the UN envoy to Yemen, announced a resumption of
national talks over the future of Yemen on 8 February. Benomar
said the Houthis had agreed to participate in the talks.[55] UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called for Hadi to be reinstated as
president.[56]

The Houthis and other factions reached a tentative agreement,

announced on 20 February, to keep the House of Representatives
in place despite the "constitutional declaration" dissolving it two
weeks prior. The agreement also stipulated that a "people's
transitional council" would be established to represent
southerners, women, youth, and other political minorities.[57] The
next day, Hadi traveled to Aden, where he said all Houthi-directed
actions since 21 September 2014 were invalid, and condemned
the coup d'état.[58][59]

Civil war erupts

Fighting broke out over Aden International Airport on 19 March,

with special forces loyal to ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh
attempting to seize the airport before they were defeated by
troops and militiamen under orders from the Hadi
administration.[60] The following day, in an apparently unrelated
incident, four suicide bombers detonated themselves in Sana'a
mosques packed with Houthi congregants, killing at least 142.
The Sunni Islamist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant's
Yemen branch claimed responsibility.[61][62]

Hadi declared Aden to be Yemen's temporary capital on 21 March

while Sana'a remains under Houthi control.[63] The next day,
Houthi forces advanced toward Aden, capturing key parts of
Yemen's third city of Taiz.[64] They consolidated their grip on much
of the south and seized much of Aden itself by early April.[65]

Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

On 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia and several other countries
announced that they had begun military operations in Yemen
against Houthi rebels. Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab
Emirates issued a statement along with Saudi Arabia saying their
goal is to "repel Houthi aggression" in Yemen. Egypt, Jordan,
Morocco, and Sudan are also members of the coalition.[66]

In addition to airstrikes against targets throughout Yemen, which

the General People's Congress blamed for causing dozens of
civilian casualties,[67] Egyptian warships reportedly shelled a
Houthi column as it advanced toward Aden on 30 March,[68] and
Saudi and Houthi forces traded artillery and rocket fire across the
border between Saudi Arabia and Yemen.[69]

The 8 October 2016 attack by the Saudi Arabian-led coalition

killed at least 140 people and injured more than 600 in Sana'a.
This was one of the single worst death tolls in the two-year war.
Saudi Arabia and its allies accepted the internal review's finding,
by the Joint Incidents Assessment Team (JIAT), that the
coalition's bombardment of this funeral ceremony was based on
faulty information, i.e., that this was a gathering of armed Houthi
leaders.[70][71]

Cholera epidemic
A severe cholera epidemic has begun in Yemen during the civil
war. In July 2017, the United Nations Humanitarian Relief
coordinator said that over 320,000 cases had been reported.[72]
He also blamed the epidemic on the war and on international
forces supporting the combatants.[72] As of October 2017, it was
already described as the worst cholera outbreak in recorded
history, with over 800,000 cases.[73]

See also
South Yemen insurgency

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External links
Demystifying Yemen's Conflict (Midwest Diplomacy)

Timeline: Yemen (BBC)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Yemeni_Crisis_(2011–present)&oldid=918759445"

Last edited 6 hours ago by GeneralAdmiralAladeen

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