EE-622 Biomedical Signal Processing 1

Biomedical Signal Characteristics

14th Jan. 2020

(Samarendra Dandapat)

EEE IIT Guwahati S. Dandapat

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal

Electrocardiogram is a recording of the Electrical Activity of the hearty

Fig: Ref: Text book of Medical Physiology by A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall

W. Einthoven of Netherlands is the inventor of ECG machine in 1903

Won Nobel Prize in medicine in 1924

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ECG Signal

• Bioelectric origin
• Causes the contraction of cardiac muscles
• 0.5 Hz to 60 Hz bandwidth

l P-R interval – 0.16 S

l Q-T interval – 0.35 S

l P wave – 0.1 to 0.3 mV on arms

l T wave – 0.2 to 0.3 mV on arms

l QRS Complex – 3 to 4 mV on the

Heart, 1 mV on arms

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ECG Signal

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Multichannel ECG Signal

Limb leads: I, II, III;

Augmented limb leads: aVR, aVL, aVF;

Chest leads: V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6

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Multichannel ECG Signal

Time domain multi-lead ECG signals

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Phonocardiogram or Heart Sound

l S1 – onset of the ventricular

contraction
l S2 – closure of the semilunar valves
l S3 – ventricular gallop
l S4 – atrial gallop
l Other – opening snap, ejection sound
l Murmurs
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Cardiac Cycle Events

Chapter 9 Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves 107

Isovolumic
relaxation
Rapid inflow
Ejection Atrial systole
Isovolumic
Diastasis
contraction

120 Aortic Aortic valve

valve closes
100 opens
Pressure (mm Hg)

Aortic pressure
80

60
A-V valve A-V valve
40 closes opens

20 Atrial pressure
a c v
0 Ventricular pressure
130
Volume (ml)

Ventricular volume
90
R
50
P
T Electrocardiogram
Q
1st 2nd 3rd S

Phonocardiogram

Systole Diastole Systole

Figure 9–5

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Events of the cardiac cycle for left ventricular function, showing changes in left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, aortic pressure,
ventricular volume, the electrocardiogram, and the phonocardiogram.
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Characteristics of EMG Signal

l Amplitude range: 0–10 mV

(+5 to -5) prior to
amplification
l Useable energy: Range of
0 - 500 Hz
l Dominant energy: 50 – 150
Hz

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EMG Signal Decomposition

EMG signal decomposition is the process of

identification and classification of individual motor
unit action potentials (MUAPs)

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Motor Unit Action Potential (MUAP)

v MUAPs are biphasic or triphasic

v 3-15 ms in duration
v 100-300 µV amplitude with needle
electrode recording
v Firing rate 6-30 Hz

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Normal Activity

Seizure Activity

l Cinically useful in determining the focus of epileptic seizure

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Recording Techniques
l The international 10/20 system
• Bipolar
• Unipolar – reference “far away” or average of all electrodes
• Interelectrode distance around 4.5 cm
• Sampling frequency of, at
least 100 Hz

• # should be increased to 64
or higher for brain mapping
applications

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EEG

l Cinically useful as distinct brain states show characteristic

EEG signal

EEE IIT Guwahati S. Dandapat