Successful Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia: A Guideline For Rescuers and Veterinarians, Part I

Jane K Rice*

Castle Cat Rescue, 4121 Elizabeth Ln, Fairfax, VA, USA

*Corresponding Author : Jane K Rice, PhD

Castle Cat Rescue, 4121 Elizabeth Ln, Fairfax, VA, USA 22032

Tel: + 703 655-3285

Fax: 703 425-0581

E-mail: Rice_jk@hotmail.com

Received: March 23, 2017 Accepted: April 17, 2017 Published: April 21, 2017

Citation: Rice JK (2017) Successful Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia: A Guideline For Rescuers and
Veterinarians, Part I. J Vet Sci Med Diagn 6:2. doi: 10.4172/2325-9590.1000223

Abstract

We present a successful approach for treating feline panleukopenia, a fatal and highly contagious
disease. It involves recognizing the disease early though the uses of parvo test kits or low neutrophil
count; applying the drug Neupogen (filgrastim); and providing antibiotics, SC fluids and other supportive
therapies. The protocol can be done in a rescue environment with subcutaneous (SC) injections and SC
fluids. We have had 11 cases in which we used Neupogen and 15 cases without Neupogen, with 0.91 and
0.33 survivals respectively. Parvo test kits and prescriptions are required.

Keywords: Feline; Rescuers; Panleukopenia virus; Neupogen; rG-CSF; Filgrastim

Introduction

Over many years of feline rescue work, I have developed a successful course of treatment for feline
panleukopenia virus (FPV) (also referred to as feline distemper). I have encountered about 30 cases. FPV
is a highly contagious, fatal feline disease that is also stubbornly persistent in the environment.
Parvoviruses are linear, non-segmented single-stranded DNA viruses, with an average genome size of
5000 nucleotides, and are among the smallest viruses at ~ 18–28 nm in diameter [1].

The FPV disease results in multiple deaths in rescue and shelter environments. It affects mostly
unvaccinated kittens and younger cats. A survival rate of about 50% has been reported with supportive
therapies [2]. Our rate was about 33%, before we started recognizing the disease earlier and began using
Neupogen. Poor prognosis is linked to lower leucocyte count, lower serum albumin or lower potassium
in the literature [3].

Much of the success in treatment provided here is due to catching the disease in earlier stages and
proceeding with aggressive treatment, including Neupogen. Prevention through vaccine is by far the best
way to handle the disease as outlined in ABCD guidelines [4]. However, we follow a more aggressive
vaccination schedule for younger kittens and vaccinate at 4-5 weeks of age. A short review of feline
panleukopenia can be viewed at Merck Manual or the on-line resource, Koret shelter medicine, UC Davis
Veterinarian School.

The information is divided into two parts. Part I provides general instructions in treating FPV. Part II
outlines case histories. If you identify it before symptoms appear, you have excellent chance of survival.
If you catch it late, when the WBC count has already dropped and symptoms are apparent, you have a
very good chance as well with aggressive treatment. Kruse et al. [5] report there is no difference
between over and under 6 months (without Neupogen) in their survival rates. They have higher numbers
of cats (244) in their study. We have had good success with even young kittens in the range of 5- 6 weeks
of age. We 1) identify the disease; 2) start immediate treatment with Neupogen and an antibiotic active
against e-coli (gram negative); 3) address the first stage of the disease -high fever, diarrhea, and
vomiting; 4) address complications in the second phase - dehydration and high liver enzymes; and 5)
minimize septicemia in the third stage. Once we have identified a case of FPV and started treatment for
that feline, we minimize exposure to other cats by 1) isolating the sick feline, 2) take immediate steps to
vaccinate any unvaccinated or “at risk” felines with modified live vaccine (MLV), unless the cat is
pregnant, and 3) disinfect all exposed areas.

Background

A few veterinary studies have reported using Neupogen in the feline. Neupogen or filgrastim is a
recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSFs) designed to induce early release of
leukocytes, the cells which fight infections. The results from these veterinary studies were mixed at first,
but seem to be converging on the result that Neupogen does increase leucocyte counts in the feline with
a variety of diseases, and in the healthy feline. Kraft and Kuffer [6] report the puzzling result that their
feline controls (6 cats) had a higher rebound of WBC count than the G-CSF (Neupogen) treatment group
(10 cats); however, they report only losing one cat in the study. Kuffer-Frank [7] in 1999 reverse their
1995 finding (two authors are the same on both papers) and report very good rise in WBC counts
following Neupogen in the feline with FPV when compared to controls. Horlacher K. thesis, German,
2004, reports no improved survival with use of Neupogen in study with 876 cats. Felix [8] with 7 cats,
reports good response to Neupogen in the rise of WBC counts after exposure to native FPV, and the
review by Fernández-Varón and Villamayor [9] states the scarcity of the application of Neupogen in
veterinary articles. Use of Neupogen in the feline with primary neutropenia (not from an infectious
agent) leads to a rise in the WBC count of the feline and resolution of symptoms and treatments, which
indicates the WBC count does respond to Neupogen in the feline under primary neutropenic conditions
[10]. Fulton et al. [11] report increased leukocyte response to Neupogen in healthy felines. Several
researchers state that in addition to increasing neutrophil counts, the administration of rG-CSF has also
been shown to improve the microbicidal activity of neutrophils against bacterial and fungal infections in
humans [12,13]. It’s not clear if that effect would also occur in the feline. Weiss (1995) lists a number of
other uses for rG-CSF in the cat, including in conjunction with cancer treatments when neutropenia is
present [14]. Kraft and Kuffer [6] report a good leukocyte response for parvovirus in the dog, but
Mischke et al. [15] report no improvement in parvovirus survival in the dog. A different version of the G-
CSF is now available which is specifically for canine. It has been reported that the canine version, rCG-
CSF, also causes an increase in neutrophils in the healthy feline [16]. A feline version (PEGFE-CSF) has
also been developed for long term use in the feline [17]. The advantage is that the feline does not
produce antibodies to the product and it can be used longer term.

Our survival rates for felines with FPV using Neupogen are shown in Table 1. We see anecdotally about
33% success using supportive therapies without Neupogen to about 90% survival rate using Neupogen
with supportive therapy. It becomes a curable disease. We have used the procedure described here or
instructed others in doing so in about 15 cases and lost very few. We lost a young kitten to sudden death
at 5-6 weeks of age, and were easily able to save the other 3 kittens in the litter. We just aided a rescuer
whose 8 month old male feline had a WBC count of 0.59 103per μl, and he recovered from FPV with the
use of procedures presented here.

Feline age Totals Survivors Non-survivors Neupogen used

over 3 mos 4 3 1 (subnormal temp when 1st seen) yes

under 3 mos 7 7 0 yes

over 3 mos 3 2 1 (sudden death – no treatment) no

under 3 mos 12 3 9 (three died with no treatment) no

Total feline 26 15 11

Survivors w Neupogen /to total w Neupogen 10/11 0.91 ¹ yes

survivors w/out Neupogen/ to total w/out Neupogen 5/15 0.33 ² no

1) This ratio includes Bonnie, adult female cat who had one vaccine 5 weeks prior to the time of one of
her kittens died suddenly of distemper.

2) If the four felines who received no treatment are excluded, the ratio of 5/11 is 0.45.

Table 1: Feline survivors and non-survivors with FPV with and without use of Neupogen.

Signs of the Disease: Most veterinarians do not see many cases of distemper and may not recognize it
early. In addition, it is difficult to catch it early since the symptoms overlap with other conditions and the
disease progresses rapidly. One important tool is early testing using a canine parvo test kit on fecal
matter [18,19]. They are inexpensive, sensitive, easy to use, and will pick up cases before symptoms
appear. It can be kept on hand in rescue or shelter and run when you suspect a case or have lost a cat
suddenly. The second essential tool is the use of the drug Neupogen. Experienced cat rescuers will
recognize signs of full blown panleukopenia, cats crouching in front of water bowl, lethargy, fever, and
diarrhea with distinctive odor.

Be aggressive in treating FPV: Run a parvo snap test (Idexx) and if it’s positive, that’s all you need in
terms of diagnostics for this treatment protocol. A negative test on parvo test kit does not eliminate FPV
as the cause of illness. False negatives are relatively common. False positive parvo results are not very
common, however, modified live panleukopenia vaccines can result in a positive parvo test immediately
following vaccination and this positive result rarely can extend up to 2 weeks after the vaccine [20].

If you want confirmation that the symptoms are FPV (or if the parvo test is negative and you or your vet
still suspects FPV), run a CBC (complete blood cell) count or a WBC (white blood cell) count at a
minimum. We typically run a small blood panel (pre-op with CBC) and that will give indication of kidney,
liver enzymes, and proteins, for other diagnostic purposes. If the feline is positive for parvo OR has a very
low WBC count, immediately obtain the drug Neupogen though a prescription given by a veterinarian.
If the white count is suppressed considerably or the parvo test is positive, do not wait one minute, one
hour, and one day. Get Neupogen and inject first dose as soon as possible. Human pharmacies dealing
with cancer patients or hospital pharmacies generally have it.

Progression of the disease: Cats incur high fever, vomiting, lethargy and diarrhea, and succumb to
dehydration, high liver enzymes, and later, septic shock from secondary infections, as a result of the low
WBC counts. Wolfesberger et al. [2] present a detailed list of symptoms and outcomes from records of
73 cats brought to their University clinic. If you have a sudden death of kitten or adult, suspect FPV until
you know otherwise. Isolate the infected feline and take measures to minimize the exposure of other
cats by careful use of gloves, booties, disinfectants, vaccination, and revaccination of other animals on
the premises as presented on-line at Maddie’s shelter site, U of Florida.

Panleukopenia can result in the death a cat at three different stages, but if you start protecting
(preparing) for the 3rd stage early in the process, you will increase survival rates considerably, and that is
what Neupogen does. It also seems to have an immediate effect. It has been shown to stimulate the
white blood cell production and appears to prevent losses due to secondary infections in the third phase.
If you can keep the kitten or cat alive for the first 3-4 days after symptoms appear, the Neupogen will
help prevent septic shock and bring you to a successful outcome.

Methods and Materials

Full treatment strategy

Good supportive therapy: To save a distemper kitty with full symptoms and low WBC count, you must be
willing to care for a debilitated feline with the idea that the cat can fully recover. Giving fluids, and
stopping the vomiting must be addressed.

Neupogen(filgrastim) dose and schedule: Give Neupogen, by direct SC injection, once a day for two to
three days, then a day off and then again on the fourth or fifth day. This works well most of the time. On
occasion, I don’t get a response by the third day and I then give those cats/ kittens four days in a row and
then a day off.

• The dose recommended here is about 1/10th of a human dose for an 11 lb (5 kg) cat. This is a dose of
about 6 mcg per kg. If there are multiple kittens or felines to treat you can use a lower dose of about
1/20th of the human dose (3 mcg per kg) to get more treatments per vial. If you have measured the
WBC count and its low, use the higher dose. You will want to use Neupogen with 300 mcg/0.5ml or
300mcg/1 ml. The pre-loaded needle has 300 mcg in 0.5 ml. The easer-to-use packaging is a vial with
300 mcg per 1 ml, which can more easily be drawn into sterile syringes for a cat. The two packages differ
in concentration by a factor of two. If you are unlucky enough to get the syringe with 0.5 ml, you can ask
your vet to provide a 1 ml sterile vial for you and inject the contents and draw back out once a day using
smallest volume (0.3 cc) insulin syringes.

• Plumb’s veterinary drug reference guide gives the following dosages of Neupogen for feline, “1 to 5
mcg (microgram) per kg, SC once or twice a day, as long as patient has no hypersensitivity to it.”
Neupogen has been shown to have low toxicity.

Fluids: The amount of fluids needed is about 3 to 4.4 % of cat weight per day, if cat is not eating. You can
subtract the volume you are able to feed. A 3 kg cat (6.6 lbs) will get 90 to 130 ml fluids per 24 hours.
Sub-cutaneous (SC) fluids should be given slowly in sick animals. Limit yourself to 125 ml in an adult at
one time and scale down for kittens. Use warm fluids (80 to 90 degrees) if body temperature is 103
degrees or below, and use room temperature (RT) fluids to bring higher temperature – above 103.5
degrees - down. Deliver the fluids slowly if they are RT. We prefer gauge 19 needles for adults and gauge
20 for kittens.

Antibiotics: Cats with low WBC counts must be given full spectrum antibiotics immediately upon
diagnosis. If the temperature of the cat is low, it may require IV antibiotics. Most important is to cover e-
coli pathogen, so a gram-negative antibiotic that penetrates tissues well is a good choice. My preference
is injectable Baytril (5 mg/ kg once a day) and an injectable penicillin drug (penicillin G procaine (20,000
units per kg 1-2 times a day). If there is a lot of vomiting, use only injectable antibiotics. We inject SC, if
you are controlling the vomiting, it may be ok to use oral Clavamox with injectable Baytril. I generally find
that injectable Baytril and injectable penicillin is good coverage. Never use over 5mg per kg of injectable
Baytril because it can cause blindness [21,22]. If you want an extra margin of safety, inject the Baytril
though IV fluid port while delivering SC fluids, to dilute it further. We give Baytril to feline at every age
and have not yet had tendon damage reported in young dogs [23].

Supplements: Vitamin B12 injections (0.05 to 0.1 ml for kitten and up to 0.25 ml for adult) every day or
every other day is extremely helpful and important. Vitamin B12 is more comfortable, but diluted
Vitamin B-complex (which is painful on injection) can be used if you give slowly in IV fluid line port or
inject into the fluid bubble under the skin of the cat after fluids are administered SC.
Temperature: The temperature should be monitored and kept under 104.0 F, but some fever may be
beneficial to kill the viral infection. If it gets above 104 F, bring it down slightly with fluids or cold pack or
anti-inflammatory drugs (Onsoir, Metacam, or ketaprofen). If it’s lower than 103.5 F, then give fluids or
cool paw pads and put on “watch”. A temperature of 103.5 F or between this and normal is generally
fine.

Minimal feeding: Minimal feeding of Hills diet A/D with a slight bit of karo syrup or dextrose added. We
suggest just enough feeding to keep from developing hepatic lipidosis, but not so much to induce
vomiting (a teaspoon to tablespoon, several times a day). Inserting a feeding tube is also an option,
however the disease progresses relatively rapidly, and we have not had to apply a feeding tube. When
we started the protocol, it was not available. However, don’t do any treatment that interferes with the
cat’s will to live. There are also reports that the food is not absorbed in the damaged intestines and this
may explain the voraciously hunger in cats who recover from FPV. Digestive enzymes may be of help. In
many cases, the cat or kitten is too lethargic to eat anything. You can try something like Energel on the
gums or just continue with SC fluids without food if you cannot get the cat to eat without vomiting.
Vomiting must be kept in check with Cerenia (as directed by vet) or with injectable Zofran (ondansetron)
(0.05 mg per lb or 0.1 mg per kg of 2 mg per ml). We have also used injectable Pepsid (famotidine) as a
third choice, if feline is not keeping oral Cerenia down or if injectable Zofran or injectable Cerenia is not
available.

Liver enzymes: The liver enzymes should be in check and what causes them to rise is excessive vomiting
(and not eating), so if you control vomiting and do minimal feeding, the liver enzymes will be in function.
If they are not, you can use over-the-counter milk thistle to bring down or a veterinary product with
silymarin. I usually dose down a human capsule of milk thistle, to 1/20th of one capsule, and mix in A/D
or water and syringe in mouth 2 times a day. (After vomiting is controlled). We rarely monitor bloods
during treatment and often not at all. Run blood work only if you want to know the white blood count or
have another reason to do it. It’s not necessary to run blood work at all using our protocol.

Other treatments, young kittens, late stage, and bloody diarrhea cases

If you have kittens less than 2 lbs, I recommend that you also use Tamiflu. Get a prescription from your
vet and have them give you instructions on how to administer. If you have a difficult case with a bloody
stool - regardless of age, it’s an extra level of support for the intestines. It’s especially helpful in young
kittens when Neupogen may be less helpful. It has been postulated in parvo in dogs (a similar virus) the
destruction of the intestinal crypt cells results in a breakdown in the normal protective intestinal barrier.
Tamiflu protects the intestinal wall and is extra protection against bacteraemia. If you have a difficult
case, add Tamiflu. There is an anecdotal report on line. An alternate to Tamiflu is metronidazole in older
kittens and cats, but if you have severe intestinal symptoms, we recommend Tamiflu. We stagger
metronidazole off times from the other broad spectrum antibiotics.

Other variations: We have had one or a few cats with very low WBC counts, but do not test positive on
the parvo test. In those cases, we treat them the same as a confirmed panleukopenia case. Their low
WBC count can result in death due to secondary infection no matter what virus or condition is causing
the neutropenia.

Breaking through the virus: The cat will “break though” and feel better pretty suddenly and just get up,
be very hungry, and want to eat and drink. Tony (our most recent survivor) started to show noticeable
improvement the third day after Neupogen and 4th day after ER visit. In the first hours and days after
breaking through, the feline needs a lot of nourishment in small and frequent meals of high quality
foods.

However, the cat will still be infectious for about two weeks after the illness, therefore use caution in
exposing other cats, particularly unvaccinated cats. Koret Shelter medicine, UC Davis states “Isolating
recovered animals for an additional two weeks is the safest option to limit spread within the shelter. A
negative FPV SNAP test is suggestive that significant quantities of virus are no longer being shed.” It has
been recommended to “bathe recovered animals prior to re-introduction to a shelter in order to remove
virus persisting on the coat.” To be cautious, and because we have seen lingering positive parvo tests
past two weeks, we recommend three weeks of isolation after the resolution of symptoms of FPV
survivor, bathing of the cat,and decontamination of the environment. Decontaminate what you throw
out as well, unless it’s going to incinerator. You will not want to expose feral or stray cats at a county
dump or cats getting in trash. We also use a SNAP test on recovered kittens/cats prior to adoption, and
we screen all adoptive applicants to determine if their current cats have had an FVRCP vaccine as an
adult.

Do NOT move sick cats and kittens to new locations without careful considerations. The first area is
contaminated if you have FPV and its better not to contaminate another space. Minimize exposure to
other cats, revaccinate, and decontaminate the space you have, but don’t contaminate new spaces.
Leave FPV cats in the car when going to the vet and ask the vet before going in if they have a dog room
or separate space where they can see the sick cat.

Discussion
Aftermath

Don’t underestimate the lingering effects of panleukopenia virus. It can live on surfaces for a year or
more. We recommend you do not take in any kittens into your contaminated space without a vaccine or
partial vaccine. When kittens reach weaning age, we recommend you vaccinate with ½ dose (1/2
volume) of a modified live vaccine at 4-5 weeks and again 3 weeks later with full dose and give the same
full dose at 12 weeks. Some reports recommend another vaccine at 16 weeks of age. It is best if you
vaccinate and wait 5 to 7 days for the vaccine to build antibodies before bringing kittens into your home
after having a FPV case. Remember you, your shoes, car, and clothes can be contaminated. We have
found it almost impossible to insure

While many shelters like to use quaternary ammonium compounds for routine disinfection (Roccal,
Parvosol, Triple Two, Broadside, and A33), this is not effective against FPV. The recommended way to kill
the panleukopenia virus is to apply a dilute bleach solution (1-part bleach to 32 parts water) to food
bowls, litter pans, cages, and other surfaces during cleaning. Whenever possible, those items should be
made of stainless steel; plastic food bowls and litter pans are too difficult to disinfect after repeated use.
Animal Sheltering Magazine HSUS states “Potassium peroxymonosulfate (e.g. Trifectant® or Virkon) and
accelerated hydrogen peroxide (e.g. Accel/Rescue®) both have greater detergent properties and better
activity in the face of organic matter compared to bleach and related products. Accel/Rescue in
particular has been shown to have good activity even in the face of organic matter contamination. Either
of these can be used in carpet cleaners on contaminated carpets and furniture (always check first to test
for staining).” Maddie’s shelter site has further details on cleaning exposure times (10 min minimum) and
other details.

It is NOT recommended one vaccinate a pregnant or nursing mom with modified live panleukopenia
vaccine. The kittens can develop cerebellar hypoplasia. Killed vaccine is an option if in immediate
exposure conditions, but better to put unexposed nursing moms with young litters in a “clean” foster
home (never had a case of FPV, EVER) and vaccinate mom (full dose) with killed or modified live after
kittens have been born, and vaccinate kittens of 4-5 weeks of age with (1/2 dose) of modified live
vaccine.

The literature indicates that a booster of killed panleukopenia vaccine if given at one year of age (after
kitten series shots) will still be effective 7.5 years later. It may last longer, therefore, we give our space is
clean of panleukopenia virus in our shelter after a FPV case.panleukopenia vaccine to all TNR (trap-
neuter-return) cats and those cats will generally be protected [24].
Additional information

In my experience, it takes about two weeks to contract a full blown case and about a week to show slight
symptoms of distemper, but a litter can contract it at different times and you may have one very sick (or
sudden death) kitten and others look fine. It’s very important to think ahead and treat healthy kittens
who have been exposed very aggressively and give Neupogen at this time (at least one dose) and start
vitamin B, fluids, and build up strength in these kittens. Keep them on careful watch and if they continue
to eat and thrive, you can modify their treatment as needed. You need to be proactive and not wait for
them to show symptoms. You can vaccinate kittens and cats early after exposure and with no symptoms
(with negative or very light positive parvo tests) but use either intranasal (which is faster) or modified
live vaccine delivered SC. Do not use the killed virus vaccine because it is too slow in building antibodies.
We prefer the modified live injection, but with younger kittens, the intra nasal can be very helpful. We
have at times given both, one for the first few days and ½ dose of modified live for the end of the week.
Reference [4] recommends vaccinating FPV exposed cats on the normal schedule. Once you vaccinate a
cat who you suspect has been exposed to FPV, you no longer can completely rely on the parvo test kit for
diagnostic purposes for a few days and sometimes up to ~2 weeks. Repeating the parvo test after a day
or two can give you an idea if your cat is coming down with FPV (stronger positive on testing) or
dissipating from vaccine (getting weaker on testing). You have to then use blood testing diagnostics (WBC
count) and symptoms such as temperature and lethargy, although, these symptoms can overlap with
vaccine reactions, too.

We do not vaccinate a cat showing panleukopenia symptoms or cats with very low WBC count. We move
forward with treatment outlined here.

If you suspect panleukopenia and cannot get parvo test or WBC count, you may consider giving first dose
of Neupogen anyway. It is ok to do it. It is better to give one injection and then give yourself some time
to put a plan in place than to wait and possibly lose the cat. It may cause an elevated WBC count, but the
alternative is a cat with deadly panleukopenia.

Treatment outline

1) Identify FPV with parvo test or WBC count and symptoms. Parvo test any severely sick or deceased
kitten or cat with unknown sudden cause of death. Isolate sick cats.
2) Start Neupogen, and give on days 1, 2, and 3 (optional), skip a day and resume on days 4 or 5.

3) Start two broad spectrum antibiotics, Baytril and penicillin G, typically.

4) If kitten is under about 2 lbs, start Tamiflu. (Or if a lot of bloody stool at any age); as alternative, start
metronidazole if feline is over about 3 months old.

5) Start Vitamin B12 or highly diluted Vitamin B-complex.

6) Give fluids, anti-vomit meds, and feed small amounts of A/D Hills diet.

7) Keep track of temperature throughout. Keep at or below 103.5 F, but a modest elevated temperature
is good.

8) Continue with supportive therapy and antibiotics for full course of treatment. (Typically 7 days, or 3
days past all symptom resolution, but at least a minimum of 5 days)

9) Cat will “break though” pretty suddenly and just get up and be very hungry and want to eat and drink,
usually 3-5 days after symptoms appear.

10) Closely watch and slowly remove supportive therapies as cat is able to do for him/herself. Feed often
during this time period.

11) Keep cat isolated for 2.5 to 3 weeks after recovery, bathe coat, and decontaminate environment.

Our guideline for vaccinating younger kittens

One highly susceptible time for kittens to contract panleukopenia is when they are weaning from mother
at 4-5 weeks of age. This is due to mother having some antibodies and kittens lacking enough to protect
themselves when they are weaning. It is so much easier to prevent distemper than to treat, therefore,
we generally vaccinate all healthy 5 week old kittens with modified live at ½ volume of a full dose (1/2
cc). Some kittens will have immunity from mother and some will not build immunity, but those that will
can be protected for a few weeks until they can build better immunity. We have also used nasal vaccines;
however, we have had a few cases of bad reactions to them and prefer MLV given SC at ½ volume. We
then give full dose 3 weeks later (at 8 weeks) and repeat again at 12 weeks of age. Some experts suggest
giving vaccines to the age of 16 weeks. Ref [2] reports a ~19% of their cats with two vaccines as kittens
and stopping at 12 weeks, came down with FPV. You will then need a booster of the FVRCP at one year of
age and this should be good for 3 to 7 years. Some veterinarians believe it is good for lifetime of the cat.
The on-line resource, Koret shelter medicine, UC Davis, also suggests vaccinating at 4 weeks with MLV.
We concur with their vaccine protocol, particularly in the shelter or rescue environment.

Epilogue

If you have a survivor, you have done very well. However, you may want to consider vaccinating the same
cat with the FVRCP (panleukopenia) vaccine several weeks or months after your case, when fully
recovered, because the panleukopenia vaccine has two other URI vaccines that are helpful to the feline.

If you have a survivor, and your feline had a very low WBC count (a late case), congratulations; however,
be ready for the unexpected aftermath of having a possible case of fungal infection or ringworm or other
opportunistic (nuisance, but not life threating) infection. It will seem like “nothing” compared to FPV.

Causes, Clinical Signs & Transmission of Feline Panleukopenia

Panleukopenia is caused by the feline parvovirus, which is an un-enveloped DNA virus. Another member
of this virus family is responsible for causing canine parvovirus in dogs. (Feline parvovirus was present
before the strain that affects dogs appeared. In fact, the first vaccination efforts to control canine
parvovirus were made using feline panleukopenia vaccines.)

Feline panleukopenia is very stable in the environment and extremely resistant to most disinfectants—in
fact, it can persist in the environment for more than a year.

Learn More

Prevention, Management & Treatment of Panleukopenia

How Panleukopenia Is Transmitted

Panleukopenia can spread from cat to cat in several ways. The virus is shed in all bodily secretions such
as urine and vomit, and largely shed in the stool. Direct contact with an infected cat is one mode of
transmission; the virus is also spread through contact with fomites (contaminated objects) such as
hands, instruments, clothing, food and water dishes, toys and bedding.

Insects and rodents can also provide a means for disease spread. The virus can remain on a cat's hair
coat long after recovery from clinical disease, which can also serve as a means of transmission.

INCUBATION

The incubation period is the time from exposure to onset of symptoms, typically 5-7 days but can be as
long as two weeks. Because the disease may be difficult for the shelter to detect during the incubation
period, apparently healthy animals with panleukopenia may be adopted out only to become ill a few
days later in their new homes, causing heartache for the shelter staff and the new owners.

SHEDDING

It is very important to know the shedding pattern of panleukopenia in order to design an effective
management, diagnostic and prevention strategy. Shedding is the period when virus is being excreted
and thus can be transmitted. With feline panleukopenia, cats begin to shed virus often before clinical
signs are obvious, during incubation, and can shed up to six weeks after clinical recovery.
On average, shedding is less than three weeks after clinical recovery. This means that it can be very hard
to know just by looking which cats are infectious, and this is why shelters often have animals enter care
that appear healthy, but are actually not. It is also why a strategy for control that only removes obviously
clinically ill cats from an area will not be effective. Cats are very likely to still be incubating and shedding
disease and thus perpetuate an outbreak.

Clinical Signs of Panleukopenia

Subclinical (no obvious signs)

Depression

Anorexia

Fever

Vomiting

Dehydration

Diarrhea

Lethargy

Sudden death

The signs of panleukopenia can vary and may be similar to other illnesses. Infected cats may even show
signs that resemble those seen when a cat has been poisoned or has swallowed a foreign object. The
first visible signs might include generalized depression, loss of appetite, high fever, lethargy, vomiting,
severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Sick cats may sit for long periods of time in front of their water bowls but not drink much water. Cats are
very good at hiding disease and by the time a cat displays the signs of illness, it may be severely ill. In
shelters, kittens and cats may simply be found dead in their kennel, when they were not previously
showing any notable signs of illness.

Pathophysiology of Panleukopenia

The feline parvovirus infects and kills cells that are rapidly dividing, such as those in the bone marrow,
intestines and the developing fetus. Infected cats usually develop diarrhea (which may or may not be
bloody) because of the damage to the cells that line the intestines. They also develop the hallmark of the
disease “panleukopenia” (shortages of all types of white blood cells) because the parvovirus infection
damages the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

White blood cells are necessary for the immune system’s response to infection and panleukopenic
animals are highly susceptible to infections that overwhelm the system.

When pregnant queens are infected in early to mid pregnancy, abortion or stillbirth is the usual result.
When infection occurs late in pregnancy, the kittens may survive but the virus may affect their brain
development, causing the kittens to be born with a condition called "cerebellar hypoplasia," which has
effects on the kittens' coordination.

Diagnosis of Panleukopenia

Common laboratory tests include the Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescent Antibody (ELISA) and complete
blood count (CBC). Some shelters also perform antibody titer testing in non-clinical cats to assess
immunity.

Shelters should be prepared to run ELISA tests. The ELISA test is a useful screen for canine parvovirus as
well as feline panleukopenia, both of which have significant population implication for shelters. This test
utilizes a fecal swab to detect viral antigen, and can be run in 10 to 15 minutes.

While no test is 100% sensitive or specific, positive results in a symptomatic animal are worth heeding.
Negative results may occur even when animals are infected depending on timing of sampling or
excessive blood in stool, so an ill animal with negative test results may require further testing and care
and should still be handled as though infectious. Results are most accurate with this test if it is
administered the first few days after infection, or within five days after clinical signs appear.

A complete blood count or blood smear can be done in-house in many shelters, or sent out for a nominal
fee. This can be done as further confirmation to look for low white cell counts, a hallmark clinical sign of
the disease.

Finally necropsy and histopathology have value any time animals are dying or being euthanized—and are
often the fastest and least expensive route to achieving a definite diagnosis. Any time a cat or kitten has
died suddenly from an unknown cause in the shelter, panleukopenia should be high on the list of
diagnoses to attempt to rule out.

Prevention, Management & Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia

happy grey cat being pet

Vaccination is a critical tool for preventing feline panleukopenia. All cats four weeks of age and older
entering a shelter environment should be vaccinated as soon as possible upon entry. The vaccine starts
working immediately, and can provide immunity within hours to days. This can be lifesaving in
environments where infectious disease exposure is common.

VACCINATING TIPS

Use a modified live FVRCP vaccine. Modified live vaccines provide quick onset of immunity.

Injectable subcutaneous FVRCP vaccines instead of or in addition to intranasal are best able to provide
panleukopenia protection in contaminated environments.

Begin vaccines at 4-6 weeks in kittens, and provide boosters every 2-3 weeks until ~20 weeks of age.

In adults, vaccinate once on entry and again in 2-3 weeks.

There is a small risk when pregnant queens are vaccinated that the vaccine may induce abortion or
abnormalities in kittens. This risk must be balanced against the life-threatening risk of contracting
panleukopenia.

Learn More

Causes, Clinical Signs and Transmission of Panleukopenia

Sanitation
Sanitation is the root of a healthy animal shelter environment and a key component in maintaining the
health of the animals housed within. Proper sanitation involves thorough cleaning before appropriate
disinfecting.

Note: Cleaning and disinfecting are not the same. Without proper cleaning and disinfecting, disease can
quickly spread. Because panleukopenia is a non-enveloped virus, it is hardy and resists some commonly
applied shelter disinfectants. It is therefore important to have a regular sanitation protocol that includes
products and processes that kill this virus.

SANITATION TIPS

Regular handwashing is the single most important disease prevention tool in a shelter. Disposable latex
gloves (changed between animals) and thorough handwashing when hands are soiled are key elements
of hand sanitation.

The order of cleaning and care of animals should move from healthy kittens and queens to healthy adult
animals to unhealthy animals, ideally with dedicated staff handling any sick animals.

Follow a written sanitation protocol for regularly cleaning and disinfecting the entire facility, not just the
kennel cages.

Understand the disinfectant you are using well!

Choose a disinfectant that has efficacy against panleukopenia for regular use in the shelter cat areas.
There are several common choices, including bleach, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and accelerated
hydrogen peroxide.

Unfortunately, many quaternary ammonium products commonly used in shelters are labeled as
parvocidal, but multiple studies over the past several years have proven they are not reliably effective.

Whichever disinfectant is used, the manufacturer's instructions should be followed for dilution,
application and required contact time in order for proper disinfection to occur.

Each area should have its own dedicated equipment and supplies to limit fomite transmission.

Launder clothing, bedding, towels, etc, in hot water, a good quality detergent and bleach. Severely soiled
items should be discarded.

Segregation

Placing animals into smaller groups in separate housing areas of the shelter based on species, health,
age and other factors helps maintain optimum animal health during a shelter stay. Designate at least the
following four housing areas: healthy hold, adoption, isolation and quarantine.
SEGREGATION TIPS

Kittens and queens with litters should ideally be housed in a separate area

Do not mix kittens from one litter in with another

Isolate sick animals immediately

Quarantine exposed and in-contact animals for two weeks if possible

Treatment of Panleukopenia in the Shelter

Panleukopenia can have a high mortality rate despite early or aggressive therapy. However, some
animals do survive, particularly adult cats. Because panleukopenia is a virus, there is no specific cure, so
treatment consists of providing supportive care. This includes fluid therapy to correct dehydration and
electrolyte abnormalities, antibiotics to fight off secondary bacterial infections, and control of the
vomiting and diarrhea.

Decisions to attempt treatment in the shelter should be thought out carefully. Consideration should be
given to the following:

Shelters are not hospitals and seldom have the resources to provide proper isolation and treatment.

It takes several days of intensive care therapy to treat, with overnight monitoring and care often
required.

Sufficient recovery to reach adoptability may take two to three weeks or longer.

The ability of the virus to persist in the environment long-term endangers the lives of both current and
future residents.

Recovered cats and kittens should still be isolated for at least 14 days post recovery from clinical signs
because they may still continue to shed virus. Repeated laboratory testing for the presence of
panleukopenia virus may also be helpful in documenting when a cat or kitten is no longer shedding virus
that poses a risk to other animals.

If a strict isolation area managed by staff skilled in maintaining the integrity of an isolation protocol is not
available, animals with panleukopenia virus should be removed from the facility for treatment or
euthanasia to curtail their suffering and minimize disease spread.
TOPICS: Animal Health, Disease Prevention & Treatment

TYPE: Article

FEATURED TOOLS & TIPS

SEE ALL

woman in purple scrubs cradles dog in veterinary setting

ARTICLE

Comprehensive Reference Book: Shelter Medicine for Veterinarians and Staff

This must-have shelter medicine resource includes information on management, animal husbandry,
veterinary care, disease prevention and behavior.

Feline Infectious Enteritis (Parvovirus, Panleukopenia Virus)

20th August 2018

Feline Infectious Enteritis (Parvovirus, Panleukopenia Virus)

Feline infectious enteritis (FIE) is a disease caused by infection with feline parvovirus (FPV), also known
as feline panleukopenia virus.

It is sometimes referred to as panleukopenia virus because one of the results of infection is the
development of a low white blood cell count (which is what panleucopenia means).

Feline parvovirus infection is probably the greatest major disease threat to any rescue facility and
infection carries a very high mortality rate, particularly in unvaccinated kittens.
This was the first disease of cats to be shown to be caused by a virus, and parvoviruses are particularly
dangerous as they are able to survive for long periods (up to several years) in the environment, and are
resistant to many disinfectants.

Source and spread of infection

Feline parvovirus is spread by direct faecal-oral contact, and indirectly following contamination of the
environment or objects (eg, on food dishes, grooming equipment, bedding, floors, clothing or hands).
Cats infected with FPV can continue to excrete the virus for at least six weeks following infection, and the
virus can also be transmitted by dogs.

Clinical disease

In kittens over three or four weeks of age and in adult cats the virus causes a very severe gastroenteritis,
following an incubation period of five to nine days. Affected cats develop acute onset haemorrhagic
vomiting and diarrhoea and some cats die rapidly. The virus causes severe damage to the lining of the
intestine and also travels via the blood to the bone marrow and lymph glands. Viral replication at these
sites leads to a marked depletion of white blood cells. Infected cats and kittens usually have a fever, are
obviously depressed and will not eat. Some cats may die before even showing signs of gastroenteritis.

Pregnant queens infected with parvovirus, the virus can spread to the unborn kittens where it can
interfere with the developing brain. Kittens may then be born with a condition known as cerebellar
hypoplasia (lack of development of the cerebellum, a part of the brain needed for fine coordination of
movement). Kittens may initially seem fine, but as they start to move and walk it becomes obvious that
they are highly uncoordinated. This may also happen in very young kittens (less than 4 weeks of age)
infected with FPV as the cerebellum is still developing at that age.

Treatment

No specific treatment is available for FPV infection and it is vital that any suspected cases are nursed in
isolation as this is a highly contagious disease. Protective clothing must be worn and hands washed
thoroughly after handling any cat or kitten suspected of having the disease. Where possible, one or two
people who do not handle any other cats should be assigned as nurses.

Affected cats often die from dehydration and massive secondary infection, so aggressive support with
intravenous fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics are crucial, but even with this, a high proportion of
affected cats may die. Anti-emetic drugs may be useful to help stop vomiting, and feeding the cat small
meals as soon as the vomiting has resolved is also important. Good veterinary and nursing care is vital to
help cats, especially young kittens, recover from the disease.

Interferons are chemicals made in the body that can exert an antiviral effect. Recombinant feline
interferon omega (or human interferon products) might be of some help in the treatment of severe
cases. Feline interferon has been shown to be useful in managing dogs with parvovirus infection.

Control

Feline parvovirus is much better prevented than treated. Highly effective vaccines are available and all
cats and kittens should be vaccinated (including indoor-only cats). Modified live vaccines should not be
used in pregnant queens or cats that are immunosuppressed and, in such cases, inactivated (killed)
vaccines are recommended. For further information see vaccinating your cat.

Control of the spread of FPV relies on both vaccination and good management practice, including
disinfection (with appropriate disinfectants) and use of isolation procedures. When faced with an
outbreak of FPV in a colony of cats, vaccinating all the cats will help, and in some countries anti-FPV
serum is available that may be given to susceptible cats and kittens to help protect them by providing
antibodies against the virus.

Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Cats (Feline Distemper)

CAT HEALTH LIBRARY

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV, pan-loo-ko-peeneea), also commonly referred to as feline distemper, is
a highly contagious and life-threatening viral disease in the cat population. Feline distemper is actually a
misnomer, as the virus is closely related to the canine parvovirus.
This panleukopenia virus affects the rapidly dividing blood cells in the body, primarily the cells in the
intestinal tract, bone marrow and skin. The name means pan- (all) leuko- (white blood cells) -penia (lack
of), meaning that all of the body’s defense cells are killed by the virus.

Because the blood cells are under attack, this virus can lead to an anemic condition, and it can open the
body to infections from other illnesses—viral or bacterial.

In the unvaccinated population, panleukopenia is one of the deadliest cat diseases. The causative virus is
very resilient and can survive for years in contaminated environments, so vaccination is the best
preventative available.

Kittens between the ages of two to six months are at highest risk for developing severe disease
symptoms, as well as pregnant cats and immune compromised cats. In adult cats, panleukopenia usually
occurs in a mild form and may even go unnoticed. Fortunately, cats who survive this infection are
immune to any further infection with this virus.

SYMPTOMS AND TYPES

Vomiting

Diarrhea/bloody diarrhea

Dehydration

Weight loss

High fever

Anemia (due to lowered red blood cells)

Rough hair coat

Depression

Complete loss of interest in food

Hiding

Neurological symptoms (e.g., lack of coordination)

CAUSES

The feline parvovirus (FPV) is the initiating cause for feline panleukopenia. Cats acquire this infection
when they come into contact with infected blood, feces, urine or other bodily fluids. The virus can also
be passed along by people who have not washed their hands appropriately or have not changed clothing
between handling cats, or by materials such as bedding, food dishes or equipment that has been used
for other cats.

Washing your hands with soap and water after handling any animal will minimize the chance of you
passing infections to healthy animals.

This virus can remain on many surfaces, so it is important to practice safe and clean methods for
preventing the transmission of this disease. However, even under the cleanest conditions, traces of the
virus may remain in an environment in which an infected cat has been. The feline parvovirus is resistant
to disinfectants and can remain in the environment for as long as a year, waiting for an opportunity.

Kittens can acquire this disease in utero or through breast milk if the pregnant or nursing mother should
be infected. Generally, the prognosis is not good for kittens who have been exposed to this virus while in
utero. Kittens may also be exposed in catteries, pet stores, shelters and boarding facilities.

DIAGNOSIS

You will need to give a thorough history of your cat's health and recent activities to your vet. Whether
your cat has recently come into contact with other cats, or if she is generally permitted to go outside can
be important in pointing your veterinarian in the right direction.

Panleukopenia can mimic many other types of diseased conditions, including poisoning, feline leukemia
(FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and pancreatitis, amongst others, so it is important to give
your veterinarian as much detail as possible so that the appropriate treatment can be started
immediately.

Your doctor will then perform a physical examination with routine laboratory tests, including a complete
blood count, biochemistry profile and urinalysis. The routine laboratory testing results are usually non-
specific, but the magnitude of blood cell loss will point your veterinarian towards panleukopenia.
The feline parvovirus attacks and kills the cells that rapidly divide, such as those produced in the bone
marrow and intestines, so the blood count typically will show a decrease in white and red blood cells.

TREATMENT

Affected cats will require immediate treatment, and often hospitalization. The first major goal of
treatment is to restore body fluid levels and electrolyte balance. Specific treatment will depend on the
severity of your cat’s illness, but it is likely to include in-hospital care for several days in an isolation room
to prevent spreading it to other animals.

Good supportive care can mean the difference between life and death. Once your cat is home from the
hospital, you will need to isolate her from other cats until all the symptoms have resolved and your
veterinarian gives the okay. This could take up to 6 weeks.

This infection has a particularly depressing effect on a cat's physical and mental health, and your cat will
need affection and comfort during the recovery time. Needless to say, you will need to practice strict
hygiene, and keeping in mind that this infection can remain on surfaces, make sure to stay especially
clean after coming into contact with your sick cat, so that you are not unintentionally spreading the virus
to other cats.

If your cat is treated promptly and effectively, she may recover fully. It may take a few weeks for your cat
to feel completely back to normal. Unfortunately, mortality is as high as 90 percent for panleukopenia.

LIVING AND MANAGEMENT

Follow your veterinarian's guidelines as far as dispensing medication, household disinfection and the
necessity for quarantine. If you have other cats, you will need to observe them closely for signs of illness.
Consult with your veterinarian regarding the possibility of vaccinating other cats in the home.

Everything that your cat touched should be deep-cleaned. Anything that can be machine washed and
dried should be, and anything that is dishwasher-safe should be machine washed. This includes bedding,
toys, dishes and litter boxes.
Again, keep in mind that even then, you may not be able to remove all traces of the virus. While your cat
will not be susceptible to reinfection after it has recovered, other visiting cats can still be infected by
contaminants that have been left behind.

Vaccination is the most important tool in the prevention of panleukopenia. Before you bring a new kitten
into your home, find out whether it has been vaccinated. Luckily, the vaccine is so effective that just one
dose prevents most infections. Be on the lookout for any signs of illness, especially in young kittens, and
have your veterinarian examine your pet as soon as possible if you notice anything of concern.

FELINE PANLEUKOPENIA

Feline - Veterinarian Articles

Feline Panleukopenia and Your Pet

Feline Panleukopenia is a highly contagious virus that causes severe intestinal tract disease in cats. Often
referred to as “Feline Distemper” or simply "Panleuk", the virus has made a significant comeback in
recent years, particularly among shelter cats and feral cat colonies. Panleukopenia is closely related to
and produces many of the same clinical signs as Parvovirus does in dogs, but can be even more deadly.

Direct contact with Panleukopenia infected cats is not required to spread the virus; cats need only ingest
the infectious virus particles. One of the hardiest virus known to science, Panleuk can live outside the
body in a dormant yet infectious state for more than one year. It may be passed via litterboxes, food
bowls, people’s clothing and shoes, and nearly any inanimate surface that has been in contact with the
virus. Bleach and specialty disinfectants are generally effective agents in preventing the spread of the
virus, but other common household disinfectants are useless against it.

The classic symptoms of Panleukopenia are vomiting and diarrhea (often with blood in it), extreme
weakness and severe dehydration. It attacks white blood cells in the body and literally destroys the lining
of the GI tract, allowing bacteria to infect the bloodstream (a serious condition called septicemia). It is
often this septicemia, combined with the effects of dehydration and the depletion of white blood cells
needed to fight the infection, which proves fatal to most cats infected with Panleuk. Some cats, however,
-particularly kittens – may die suddenly before symptoms are even apparent due to the aggressive
nature of the virus.

Treatment for Panleuk is similar to Parvovirus treatment – supportive care until the virus has “run its
course.” Immediate diagnosis and treatment is key to the survival of the cat. The administration of IV
fluids, antibiotic injections, anti-vomiting and antidiarrhea medications and intensive care hospitalization
is the best course of treatment for Panleuk-affected cats. However, those that do survive the virus
typically recover completely with no lasting effects.

Preventing Panleukopenia is as simple as following an appropriate vaccination schedule. Adequate

vaccinations begin before birth with a fully vaccinated mother cat who is able to pass some immunity to
her kittens through antibodies at birth. (Of course, spaying is even more ideal!) Then, it is important that
the kitten receive an initial FVRCP (the "P" standing for Panleukopenia) at 6-8 weeks of age with the
appropriate boosters following in the coming months. A booster should be given once each year
thereafter. Keep in mind that this very important vaccination does triple duty for your cat – in addition to
Panleuk protection, it also vaccinates against two other common viruses, Calicvivirus and
Rhinotracheitis… just a couple more reasons not to skip this vaccine.

Feline Panleukopenia Virus

"Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV, cat parvovirus, cat distemper) is a highly contagious virus that is still
present in the feline population. Most domestic cats are successfully vaccinated and protected from the
disease. The most vulnerable cats are those that live in shelters and who are exposed to un-vaccinated
wild cats or cats where the vaccine has never taken hold because it was administered when they were
too young. Treatment involves addressing the symptoms and preventing secondary infections."

Feline panleukopenia (Feline Parvovirus, FPV) is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease. It is caused by

feline parvovirus. It is environmentally resistant to many commonly used disinfectants. Vaccination or
previous infections provide protection from reinfection. Vaccine-resistant strains have not been
reported. Sometimes called "feline distemper", feline panleukopenia is not related to canine distemper.

The greatest risk of infection comes from outdoor wild cats that were never vaccinated and then enter a
shelter.

The incubation period for the virus is 3-14 days (usually 5-7 days, but a longer period is possible0. Cats
may be contagious 2-3 days before clinical signs appear. The virus is shed and transmitted in all body
fluids and feces and can be spread for 2-6 weeks post-recovery.

All cats older than 4 to 6 weeks should be vaccinated.

Symptoms of Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Symptoms of feline parvovirus include:

* Vomiting

* High fever

* Anorexia (weight loss)

* Lethargy/Tiredness

* Dehydration

* Diarrhea (not common)

* Endotoxemia and Bactermia (the presence of bacteria or toxins in the blood)

* Problems walking (Cerebellar disease)

* Eye problems

* Sudden death

Cat Panleukopenia is the number one rule-out for sudden death in an unvaccinated cat.

Diagnosis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Your veterinarian will conduct a medical history and record any clinical signs. He or she will also check
your cat's vaccination record and when those vaccinations were administered. For example it is possible
that if your cat got vaccinated for FPV while a kitten, it might not of taken hold due to interference from
antibodies passed on from the mother.

A Parvo SNAP test is used to test for the disease. It is possible to get a false negative reading. A negative
reading also means that your cat is no longer shedding the virus.

If your cat is suffering from inflammation of teh intestines (enteritis), is is not a symptom of
panleukopenia.

Prevention of Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Control of panleukopenia is dependent on prevention. an effective prevention plan include: effective

vaccination, isolation or removal of cats that are ill or quarantine for those who may be incubating the
disease, and careful cleaning and disinfection of all areas in which cats are housed.

Treatment of Feline Panleukopenia Virus

Cat's that show a positive test result for FPV should isolated. Treatment involves addressing the
symptoms while preventing secondary diseases such as infection.

Therapy includes avoiding dehydration with fluids and electrolytes provided with an intravenous drip.
Cat panleukopenia destroys a protective layer in the gut making your cat susceptible to bacterial
infection (called bacteriaemia and sepsis). Antibiotics are prescribed to prevent this condition.
A new natural remedy, Panleuk-Free is a "homeopathic vaccine" that temporarily relieves symptoms of
cat distemper and feline panleukopenia. Discuss this option with your veterinarian.

If your cat is vomiting your veterinarian may restrict water and food. Vitamin supplements can be helpful
with an emphasis on vitamin B.

Cats that develop blood issues such pressure may need a blood transfusion to restore depleted proteins.

Anti-FPV serum is available to prevent infection of susceptible cats following exposure.

Cleaning Your Cat's Environment After Cat Panleukopenia

The virus is resistant to many common disinfectants, but can be killed by cleaning agents that contain
peracetic acid, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), or sodium hydroxide. Household bleach in a
1:30 dilution is effective on smooth hard surfaces like litter trays. Formaldehyde gas can be used for
room disinfection.

Since the virus is stable living in the environment all contaminated cages, litter trays, food dishes, water
bowls, shoes and clothing should either be disposed of or if necessary, cleaned.