y @ BIT- muvror wilh base - Curved Compensahen ay Oe 233 oe (6) st Inf: al» ge 32) 2b AOD YS peed Oy 47 Ap p=P Trowsis bors Ker at wmode 26° A atc Typ = Tet apo aoe gun Lo=te 2 Le (+3; \ ae ene meet eee aaa Te Ze Laep Cy 3(4)- wt (Poe Hod Wb A dee SOL, fe i. a - ANTES 52ip ot (Bah ad th > Vee — Vee, — Vaes Vcc — Vibes - Vee Lys = - { = ind &, feLo 9y a ars db - LLL wats 22 B pe ve Lani sicheap oir ot are rE eek Bratt Ped ae (fe) pr» 4 Evan’ (p25 a sade en tttokees! eats Ji) 0nd - Q,- PAD ESL Ms Goh wi lp EL) 650) ot 3 hid oid ait — (Nhe,) 0, - A (Sy - Ect) a iad Re od oad es - EL, Wes Ld beso Q, - 27H Me Ld Ly “wr él Vee eu I, z= I, e “e - Very Le 4, e “ " Ne eee (Vie, Vee) V5 foe Du = & La (Wat - Ja, Vee, - View = “7 ml) eeiy KVL fr He ematler brace Loop t= Vat, = Yeeg + (Leet Le) FE @a) o Vee, - Veer = (4 % Le) he = (4) EA (0 8)5 (O pt + (4+) Te, Re = Vr In (2) ' Ke = —Mtr_ tn (fe (4k Usa )la ( te) ker ak node ai— | Ive = & +L, +1br sE,(id)rie Amy b-ph) ol. e a Sov) 6 ade (ty, ech) 2 A 108 ’ a a Tre > T.(t+4) => I, = a Tree Trp = Vee -Vee fer 6B >>! ~ > Le, = = De ref? 1 Gah 8 BU @ —bplp topes wil - se Q ) Seb t & Aah Lgele cis eb OSG, erg ak cheat dak Betas hel $ as ool7 or Ke gives Cnet debormian Tey f Ler Fes Ex Assume paw, Vsg = 6 4 Lap = Q-6F 2o01%twA 20 a ak vode a? Teep = Ter 3%6 =— Ze ( 4 2 t= Ie (ig (| @ Lee Lee (az pat Bee inten 9 #Wilson current sour oad “acta | GlRY ~ Also Ug = Leg + Las we : Gon @FB we ob bce ne (ong) tal) B+r\ 5 oe = ae Aa Sinte dg= ter 2 ~. Arrpi2 - sinker ries 2 Ps Br bel, = “ee zig = oo ~pry osu) LLL - Lb, . 2/88 [Wo = io BTMultistage Transistor Amplifier A transistor circuit containing more than one stage of amplification is known as multistage transistor amplifier. In a multistage amplifier, a number of single amplifiers are connected in cascade arrangement i.e. output of first stage is connected to the input of the second stage through a suitable coupling device and so on. The purpose of coupling devices To transfer a.c. output of one stage to the input of the next stage and To isolate the d.c. conditions of one stage from the next stage. Following figure shows the block diagram of a N-stages amplifier. Each stage consists of one transistor and associated circuitry and is coupled to the next stage through a coupling device. , ; a mA, z, The name of the amplifier is usually given after the type of coupling : used. Name of coupling Name of multistage amplifier RC coupling R-C coupled amplifier Transformer coupling Direct coupling Direct coupled amplifier Transformer coupled amplifier | In RC coupling, a capacitor is used as the coupling device. The Capacitor connects the output of one stage to the input of the next stage in order to pass the a.c. signal on while blocking the d.c. bias voltages. In transformer coupling, transformer is used as the coupling device. The transformer coupling provides the same two functions (to Pass thesignal on and blocking dic.) but permits in addition impedance matching. In direct coupling or d.c. coupling, the individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that the two stages may be directly connected without the necessity for d.c. isolation. reser re pol rhe ps Js) vy = 10 mV rms Yor = Ya = 200 mV rms vq = 4.V 408 OWN ot td Daaticall Vb Pp oie! Apa hey by Uj, = lomy Cems) piel AW nb pp ou - Ay, = 26 g Ar, = a aed Mal x wm Views) Uo = As, Uy = ae abjert - = wo ww (ons) 3 a Ve nn = Yr. Aa Vig = Aes Ave M1 S (w) (10) (10m Voms) = 4 Vm oo == 20 (ze an.) U2 U, Av = =4 Volk (rs) pido} Abi aH = Use - YVees 8, aes rf "faite wt bpd Ay = Av, Ave = (20)(xe) = Yoo Wow, o> cys wm (mn) 24h wal fed pat he mes Doe 7 LY A 734? os d ceed PP A) pwd - Yor = Ya. %2 = Va Yon = % Yona = Yin f Yon tk—s—+p Am (n) sat oo nb ad aba Bau ey ee (3 (A, Aa, Agy Aa) Ve Vig Vore Meas Sd git SA? AG abs rah 8 MeL Jyh de) o Ze ~ Une 2 PaUix = Arvin esos ey Usa = (Atv),0 EE OO Ee 7 ¥ LS CA yuh Ils gd We BAPE? OAL i - Un, = AsVis = Ag Ver ~ |Uos = (AsA2A) ve, BY Mug BE ae) ut es bd op it - uF (Au Arent Away" As lon = Ven = An Any - AA, Ue — 7 : fF 7 rly) wr eS els pede Abad SAD OL, ‘pw ined ~ Oh we Ber WS BS eh one wh? OY DU ELSE pic ol Bate Ces SYD diem - ph Lip yer eBid (NEY pl af Bo 18 Les se i - Lovaey ad Pin ad) Code tw SEAL ary away cop wy Spy - : , | CSG 2h oF E J vac Cplen (nah (9 i . wy ud ap @ cs (a ) a Bay Aa wai) Ys+¥erw _ 7 Decibel Gain + PP al BSA oyu! - Xue V _ Xe ; Az a & eS 39601 Are Bay fe © ae! Zeoy Ze ‘ Ay: Py wi PR € ED yeti Jb 6 US 4 DS rious eins cgs one wd Poy Ley 2? . CM) 02D Chaps St gh 93) (vel) © Y F (deble) dB & +! REP BM percom bem ert) swap» bel a Gz Jog, <= ps (vel) Y &p> (48) sy po ieaslces 9 (bts A ps Aies7 { bex Jo decbles . - as on Jet, fet (be) 9d) ear donred yon 76 aIDS dyed ap bud pb WP ut - P= M ik, € Vez Vi pod Pit - Na oo dN ress Toa Vis ew I) - 2 Pas ve like ED 4 28 dw yi Dube abl aed) - Welk Velboge Gam = 10 14, vik Gv 210 lg, |S = 2» 104, vs cag) » 0G = = 20 ly, —— bd C48) pana bon adr v . Ib Ne = coret geo = 1° Se Tre4 OEE eee — ee Tee eee Beir BSNS baat ELIT aed Spy - + Gat) 6 aid orb), Salleh pay ay Brats Cyfed WO oO wv (yg) de? 1D bop alt pied Gesal | ee ed =f, eal jeer é bu sh coking Avz Guz G,# Git Gi® ot) wm) wb e8i WM Gaiw (48) = 20 ty, (Benne) { p S < = | 4 S otk DD tl ed eS Gi) Sax oF = AG DI CG yh of oh 1d Az Gu =3° Ay= Gp = 100 A = Gu Cae)= 22 (3° = 29.54 46 _~ 20 db Ap = Gy (48) = 2 tag, (02 = ~ Toa td off 2 cue ol Wee Vins (Sebged) = sauce Ate => Yo = Bub pre * (sows) 9 = od Cope GER") cf en -orek Vol Fage ga (unload, Rau - Ya At - ye 7 Ot = Jed Voltage Goia) = esos) aos! q wr) II Cix)lis%) | . . +t) ae! Btn Cy fa one) b8k + 42k = 22-8laAca lead Por a sage Yi = Cloa)(sva) 5 0 Ving = (Reo) Bi (er +t) = (ése)qae)M joo [casa +(09)] seats: (21) 20 Were 2) gta COW es ow er eA GB nee po reds (Wi= oe en mi) eb dbs us coed - %. 2k! [re Baxi = (bse) (re) = 29:81 Y= Yo (shyt) = 7 ale (24-8, NOPD + Yoo (stay 2) = (ry fay ee nara Shy Rr — Unleaded vsltage gam of Shige 2 ts -_4e = tow = 0 108 oe Ye, Re © Cash) + (rola) ke (paend ted Sanh 51 pro ZO wo lek (eo ett) dO!) Aa? ht yy SER ws YW. 248i Letts 5 Oke st = | —, 13+3 Us [ Coen) + (2:48) (3 ) | x (0-418) (oa = -72:86 (by: br )+ SoeP23 Eynle (Cece) Oe LW nie Ae -1 de pztoc 4 Gross (v= 0) ab) Bip ab up) PeAbl a Dlods' - abs 2h) Bs Sh er DP Mi Saul ag dP ape, I~ I) clad mda aey adU3 tie ee Us us a. yr _\u, + = Pain 2 tee (ge) in us. - pte =-B (ge) . poox2/® ~ -%0 ie - BE 2 ee at Ar, an Pest On 2a hea : : spel of shat 2 40) , L ttA-Pa= Bo = Oda Ya, = Yr = Uta = Gere = Abin + (Ar) tke =, Eealtae! ) Vir = tb akene te 2 aise. “ Ra = = Yar (B41) Re — Also Vix = Vy —@™ 2 Vy “a +lndee Ror ter Ay ++ (An) ke * Van=ty (Arye ={ vs \ (#0) Re = Lene (8n) ge Tat (prdee pre Gy)y Vin afer curable (Bei) ge . eee (ve) Geatee | Berths Sar tpayre ” en = br )he rs, te 2 Re + Ya'(pry ee Ay, =x = (Ar) fe 0-285 y= Via Ci Basin a (pede ~ Ws Bie Ay, Avr 7 (-80)(0- 995) > -99°6 —_ Vs I, Ve 8 ts™ e fs = i288 Au - Ay a ob (-tes)o-347 SsExample: Determine Ri, Ro, Ai, Av, for the first stage and second stage for the circuit shown in following Figure. Also determine the overall voltage gain and the gain in dB. Schon 1 My, lus pis (YA ol Loy OL bet Sates cer Te 20 ote) Cae wlysisyesd ph yak co de] 318) — (vy: asuv)e) wv (ve) wnt | ops Vee = Y= tlm Rex fe xd 4 EE ree & yen : US mY ag, e—Ng = i © a 24S AW Rios Bre = 100 (2% s) = 7aswr_ =F , an fy 2 Bot Rye Riya ron Roz REN Re = SHH 27S = IG Pore Re, WAL = Sh om = 3333 4— Le ty Dp 2 Bo IBA shoe "Ye WTA i + hea _ 33a. te Ye 24-5 Ay = Ag, Ave = bys xe om* ovesall db voller aes Qu = 26 "4, Av 73-5 db - ao tog, (287-9 * m9% RC Coupled Transistor Amplifier © This is the most popular type of coupling because it provides excellent audio fidelity over a wide range of frequency. © Itis usually employed for voltage amplification. Operation © When an a.c. signal is applied to the base of the first transistor, it appears in the amplified form across its collector load Rc. The amplified signal developed across Rc is given to base of next stage through coupling capacitor Cc. The second stage does further amplification of the signal. In this way, the cascaded (one after another) stages amplify the signal and the overall gain is considerably increased. It is because when a second stage is made to follow the first stage, the effective load resistance of first stage is reduced due to the shunting effect of the input resistance of second stage. This reduces the gain of the stage which is loaded by the next stage. For instance, in a 3-stage amplifier, the gain of first and second stages will be reduced due to loading effect of next stage. However, the gain of the third stage which has no loading effect of subsequent stage remains unchanged. The overall gain shall be equal to the product of the gains of three stages. Frequency Response Following figure shows the frequency response of a typical RC coupled amplifier. It is clear that voltage gain drops off at low (<50 Hz) and high (>20 kHz) frequencies whereas it is uniform over mid- frequency range (50 Hz to 20 kHz).wp) TN Z| H 5 3) {Lt 0 50 He 20 kHz FREQUENCY This behavior of the amplifier is briefly explained below: © At low frequencies (<50Hz), the reactance of coupling capacitor Cc is quite high and hence very small part of signal will pass from one stage to the next stage. e Moreover, Ce cannot shunt the emitter resistance Re effectively because of its large reactance at low frequencies. These two factors cause a falling of voltage gain at low frequencies. ¢ At high frequencies (>20 kHz), the reactance of Cc is very small and it behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect of next stage and serves to reduce the voltage gain. Moreover, at high frequency, capacitive reactance of base-emitter junction is low which increases the base current. This reduces the current amplification factor B. Due to these two reasons, the voltage gain drops off at high frequency. © At mid-frequencies (50 Hz to 20 kHz), the voltage gain of the amplifier is constant. The effect of coupling capacitor in this frequency range is such so as to maintain a uniform voltage gain. Thus, as the frequency increases in this range, reactance of Cc decreases which tends to increase the gain. However, at the same time, lower reactance means higher loading of first stage and hence lower gain. These two factors almost cancel each other, resulting in a uniform gain at mid-frequency.Advantages © It has excellent frequency response. The gain is constant over the audio frequency range which is the region of most importance for speech, musicetc. © It has lower cost since it employs resistors and capacitors which are cheap. © The circuit is very compact as the modern resistors and capacitors are small and extremely light. Disadvantages © The RC coupled amplifiers have low voltage and power gain. It is because the low resistance presented by the input of each stage to the preceding stage decreases the effective load resistance (RAC) and hence the gain. They have the tendency to become noisy with age, particularly in moist climates. Impedance matching is poor. It is because the output impedance of RC coupled amplifier is several hundred ohms whereas the input impedance of a speaker is only a few ohms. Hence, little power will be transferred to the speaker. Applications The RC coupled amplifiers have excellent audio fidelity over a wide range of frequency. Therefore, they are widely used as voltage amplifiers e.g. in the initial stages of public address system. e However, because of poor impedance matching, RC coupling is rarely used in the final stages. When there is an even number of cascaded stages (2, 4, 6 etc), the output signal is not inverted from the input. When the number of stages is odd (1, 3, 5 etc.), the output signal is inverted from the input.Hints about RC multistage amplifiers Solutions Steps Loading Effects: In determining the voltage gain of the first stage, you must consider the loading effect of the second stage. Because the coupling capacitor C3 effectively appears as a short at the signal frequency, the total input resistance of the second stage presents an ac load to the first stage. We will use the two-stage capacitively coupled amplifier shown in following Figure. Notice that both stages are identical common-emitter amplifiers with the output of the first stage capacitively coupled to the input of the second stage. Capacitive coupling prevents the dc bias of one stage from affecting that of the other but allows the ac signal to pass without attenuation because Xc= 0 Q at the frequency of operation. Notice, also, that the transistors are labeled Quand Qz. Aststage #0v Dod suage Bc = Bac = 150 for Q, and Q- Looking from the collector of Qu, the two biasing resistors in the second stage, Rs and Re, appear in parallel with the input resistance at the base of Qz. In other words, the signal at the collector of Qi “sees” Rs, Rs, Re, and Z»(2nastage) of the second stage all in parallel to ac ground. Thus, the effective ac collector resistance of Quis the total of all these resistances in parallel, as following Figures illustrates.24 stage AC equivalent of first stage, showing loading from second stage input resistance. | Input resistance of second stage ph frst Shage -— Vel haige. go 4 Ry 2 Rohe Re Me (2%stage) ” Av, zi - fe vea Voltage Gain of the Second Stage: , Bleed Overall Voltage Gain: Ay = Ay, Ar (4 An) 648) Av; (a8) = 20 04, = 2 leg (Avr) C48)