SPEIDOESeoioty

of
Petroleum Engineers
U.S. Oepartmont
of Energy

SPEIDOE 13895

Prediction of Vertical Hydraulic Fracture Migration Using

Compressional and Shear Wave Slowness
by B.M. Newberry, R.F. Nelson, and U. Ahmed, Sch/umberger We// Services
SPE Members

Copyright 1985, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper wee presented at the SpE/DOE 19S5 Low PermeabilityGas Reaawoira held in Denvar, Colorado, May 19-22,1985. The material is subjastto
correction by the author, Permiaaionto copy is restrktad to an abstract of not more than S00 worda. Write SPE, P.O. Sox SSSSS6,R)chardeon,Tesea
7S0S3-SSS6.Telex 7S0989 SPE DAL.

ASSTSACT Too large a fracture treatment can be an

unnecessary waste of completion funds, while too
Documented field results of vertical hydraulic small a treatment may result in such inefficient
fracturing suggest that quite often the created drainage of the reservoir as to make a well
fracture migrates vertically away from the unprofitable. Because of this economic double-
formation of interest (the hydrocarbon-bearing edged sword~ a hydraulic fracturing trea?me~t ~Qsk
zone), thereby producing undesirable results. The
~ing~~ ~e~ ~f iil?~?rit~~ioti needed to help answer
I be designedwhich best exploits the reservoir.

questions concerning fracture migration consists Much research, both theoretical and applied,
primarily of in-situ stress, tensile strength, and has been conducted in recent years toward greater
elastic constants of the rock material in and understanding and control of fracturing
around the forrnat.ion Qf i~tey~~t. t.restriierlt,s.~~thougn severai general three-
dimensional computer-based models have been
This paper describes the use of full waveform developed, their applicationhas often been limited
data from a sonic wireline tool to determine the because of poor input data. Consequently, many
relative stress distribution and the resultant rule~f-thumb schemes are often employed for local
induced hydraulic fracture height. Compressional areas. When the proper input data are available,
and ahear wave slowness, derived from the sonic most of the more sophisticatedmodels can predict
waveforms, are used to calculate the dynamic the size and shape of a created fracture.
elastic rock properties. A transverselyisotropic Therefore,powerful tools exist in the industry for
model is used to compute the in-situ stress from efficient fracture treatment design but have been
the elastic properties. Advantages of the use of underutilized for lack of sufficient field data.
wireline meaaured data are discussed, as are the The consensus among investigators is that the
limitations of the technique. Final evaluation of information most needed for making realistic
~he technique is shown through the comparison of fracture geometry design decisions consists of the
predicted and poststimulation measured vertical elastic parameters of the rook, the in-situ stress
fracture height. TWO field cases are presented to conditions,and the created fractureheight.
illustratethe technique.
In general, this information has been
IN’r$oDucTIoll unavailable except on a relatively few research
type operations. Therefore,data from a few wells
Uith the recent advent of uncertain prices for oil are being extrapolated for uae over large regions
and gas, the importance of efficiently developing ao that predictions from even the most
hydrocarbon resources has increased sophisticatedmodels often have a large degree of
significantly. Many costs are relatively fixed and uncertainty. Usually, the greatest uncertainty
cannot be greatly impacted by improved about the created fracture geometry arises from the
technology. However, new technology can make estimation of the vertical migration or height of
significant contributions in hydraulic fracturing the fracture with changes in treatment pressure and
operation. Often, a hydraulic fracturing pumping conditions. A maJority of hydraulic
treatment not only represents a large fraction of fracturing models require a realistic fracture
initial well costs, but also determines the height as an input.1 Equations in fracture models
economic viability of a particular well or field. also require.elast,icconstants (Poissontsratio and

.lZn
 PREDICTIONOF VERTICAL HYDRAULICFRACTURE MIGRATION
2 USING COMPRESSIONALAND SHEAR WAVE SLOWNESS
moduli) in order to calculate fracture length and
width. With information from wireline logs
(compressionaland shear wave travel time), it is
now possible to quantify the changes in vertical
fracture migration at the wellbore resul!-ingfrom
changes in treatment pressure, elastic values of
formation rock, and boundary lithology. This paper
shows the use of combining sonic waveform analysis
with bulk volume analysis and treatment fluid
density (1) to yield an accurate picture of the in-
situ stress distribution in and around the
b..,A..-e-...l.-..
,,JU, k--.-a
UbaaUu,l-u=ar
Lng fOrm~tiGF1, Urlu
‘-” (2) t.cl pmlduee
an accurate prediction of fracture migration
behavior in relation to bottomhole treatment
pressure.
COHPRESSIOWALAWD SHEAR SLWUESS
The heart of this procedure is based on the proper
utilization of information contained in the
wavetrain of an acoustic wave traveling through a
section of the formation. In traveling through a
section of rock, an acoustic pulse deforms the rock
and, in turn, has its propagation characteristics
altered by the rock. Measurementsof the slowness
of the compressionalwave yield information about
the reaction of the rock to a longitudinal
stress. Likewise, the slowness of the shear wave
is a measure of the reaction of the rack tm a
stress in the transverse direction. By combining
this data with bulk density it is then a
straightforward process to calculate Pofsson~s
ratio and other elastic constants of the rock. The
dynamic definitionof poissonfsratio ia8
2 ‘properties,and fracture height ❑igration. The
Y= [0.5 (vc/v5)2- l]/[(vc/vg) - 1] ....(1)
and the dynamic definitionof Young*s mdulus is
E = Pbv: [(3V:..4v:)/(v: - v:)] x 2.15 X 108 (2)
where
‘JC. compressionalslowness
V5 = shear slowness
Pb = bulk density of rock
C.,..b.maour-emcrl
““s,,
-A-- . . . —-.-k-
have been a IA standard
laboratory procedure for several years. Houevere
until recently it has been impossible outside the
laboratory to measure accurately and consistently
the slowness of the shear wave. Attempts to
estimate the shear slowness based on lithology and
compressional slowness have met with only limited
.sllnna!ia
-.-..”-”-
. The ~a%p?e=si~iial ii=vetravels through a
formation at higher velocity than the shear wave.
For proper detection of the shear arrival, the
travel path of the wave must be sufficientlylong
to allow the earlier arriving compressionalnave to
dampen before the first shear arrival. Many of the
● Mark of schlumberger
SPE 13895
newer sonic logging tools have receiver spacings
such that the compressional and shear waves are
sufficiently spread out in time to make routine
detection of the shear wave possible (Fig. 1).
Sophisticatedcomputer analysis of these digitized
wavetrains has provided the capability of rapidly
extracting a shear slowness curve.10 After first
motion is detected, automatic windowing of the
waveform allows frequency domain operationa to
locate the shear wave arrival. This technique
eliminates the need for an analyst to continuously
decide visuaiiy what constitutes the first shear
arrival from the various other modes of
propagation. Fig. 2 presents an example of a
Variable Density~ log display of a typical section
Qf QpeRhQle Yz$?efe?’fi
ectz, Showifigthe ccxapiitier-
located first motion and estimated compressional
and shear arrivala before final processing. With
measured values of bulk density and compressional
and shear slowness available, it is then a
straightforward process to calculate the in-situ
stress, sx, and the elastic constants which
characterize the pay zone and boundary Iithology.
Appendix A details the derivation of the in-situ
stress.
FRACTURE HEIGHT
Fiecent developments in tne modeling of
hydraulic fracture geometry have shown that the
migration of hydraulic fractures is primarily
dependent upon in-situ stress distribution and
treatment pressure. Simonson et al.2 has presented
fracture equations that relate wellbore injection
pressure to in-situ stress distribution, material
successful use of the Simonson et al. concept to
calculate variable height at the wellbore has been
reported by Voegle et al.3 and Settari.4 Ahmed5
has shown how this concept can be applied to the
hydraulic fracturing models of Geertsma and De
Klerk6 and Perkins and Kern~ for design of
optimized hydraulic fracture treatments. As
depicted in Fig. 3, this fracture migration model
has been modified to include fracturing fluid
gravity effects and can be summarized in the
followingequations:
+C2 “
(Ub - Ua) Cos (:)1
u
’03 ‘f+ ‘hu-o”5h) ““”””””””*””””(3)
AP =PW-PO=C1 [Kic(+&)
d
SPE 13895 B. M. Newberry, R. F. Nelson, and U. Ahmed 3

-1 h implemented in a computer-generatedproduct called

+C2 (u - Ua) Cos (#1 the FracHite* log. An example of the log output is
c
d shown in Fig. 4. The followingis a descriptionof
the data In each track.

-0.5h) ...............(4) Depth - Depth is labeled every 100 ft (30 m).

“3 ‘f ‘hd
Perforationsare flagged.

Frac Height vs. Pressure - Two presentationaare

ht=~+hd-h ........... .......0. ● ● . . . . (5)
presented of how fracture height migrates at the
wellbore with increase in treatment pressure above
where
the fracture gradient pressure of the perforated
zone. On the left is a step profile illustration
M = net pressure above initial fracture
of fracture height migration at discrete net
extensionpressure, Pw - p.
pressures. The step profile is a realistic way of
presenting the information. The step increase
Pw . wellbore treatment pressure during t-w-+n~nvsm.
. . . . . “. ..-
u++h
“+”..f?fict.weti=eatrneiit
i-ha
“,1=
mh4
a“.L*4
3 4 +..
“,
of bk-
Wtc
fracturing
service company to control pressure within 50 to
100 psi. The curve on the right presents increase
Po = pressure required for fracture
in fracture height with continuous increase in net
extensionbeyond initial breakdown
pressure. ThiS curve iS presented S~eCif’iCall~ tL2
allow the user to see what is happening between
hu . fracture height migration into upper
steps and between zones and, also, to calculate
barrier
fracture height for pressures within the specified
steps as illustrated to the left. For this
‘d . fracture height migration into lower
example, an increment of 350 psi was chosen. The
barrier
first bar marks the height migration for a pressure
h . pay zone gross height increase of 350 psi; the second bar marks the
migration for a 700-psi increase,etc.
% = total fractureheight
Qualitative Fracture GeQrnetry - &~~~~y~
= critical stress intensityfactor geometry is related to treatment volume and
~ic
conditions directly related to fracture costs.
a . pay .“.”. -.+”4
~Qfl~ t.mt.91 “,-..“
.* stress ~.i~ S~Q~im.._4-.Sl ‘---.+
“..”-”..-*
.“, Qtd&litGtiiVel~ k)iti ,,,-” Z!KW.5
a
(fracturegradient pressure) the fracture geometry changes with fracture height
and treatment volume. It also allows the user to
= upper barrier total matrix stress see where the treatment volume will go (boundary
‘b
(fracturegradient pressure) lithology or the hydrocarbon zone) and nh~~
relative volumes will be required to attain
a = lower barrier total matrix stress adequate fracture. This display is designed to
c
(fracturegradient pressure) allow the user to easily recognize the important
considerations required in preparing an optimized
Pf . fracturingfluid density hydraulic fracture treatment design. If problem
areas are revealed, then a quantitative fracture
CJ, C.2,C3 = numericalconstants design model should be used to Wfine detail~ the
design. Such models are available from the
As shown in Appendix A, fracture gradient fraotureservice companies.
pressure at any particular depth can be expressed
as a function of overburden pressure, pore Bulk volume Analysis - The bulk vOIUIM
pressure, Poissonqaratio, Biot~s constant, and any presentation consists of the rock and its
unbalanced tectonic Streaa. Overburden pressure constituents (minerals,clays, porosity, and fluid
can be calculated by a simple integration of the saturations). There are two specific uses for this
bulk density; pore pressure oan be measured by Oolumn: first, the selection of compatible
t$i~~li?!~ +rmr.1
.“”.” . m
~~$ai~,e~ ~.,. ~~kp,er
fcx=maticm-
~“-~b..-a--
‘1 abuur
f~~i~
secona, identification of
A[l&
~n~ ------

pressure measuring methods. In tectonically possible nearby aquifers.

relaxed areas, unbalanced tectonic stress will
normally produce only an offset to calculated Therefore, for a particular bottomhole
Stress values and, because of the technique of treatment pressure, it is possible to determine the
using differences in minimum horizontal stress, resulting upward and downward migration of the
will not be an important consideration. Therefore, fracture. Conversely, for a particular height
all the data needed to use the above model to growth, it is possible to determine the maximum net
relate net treatment pressure to fracture height treatment pressure (pressure above the average
migration is available. !fhiaprocedure has been fracture gradient pressure of the perforated zone)

m+
-.
 PREDICTIONOF VERTICAL HYDRAULICFRACTURE MIGRATION
4 USING COMPRESSIONALAND SHEAR WAVE SLOWNESS SPE 13895

that can be applied and still remain within those to only the pay intervals, give no information
bounds. This informationis immediatelyuseful in about the location and quality of the barriers.
defining where barriers are located and quantifies Economically, the cost of routinely coring long
the containment potential of each barrier. It iS sections is usually prohibitive. Likewise,to gain
possible to quickly determine if sufficient minifacture information about the prospective
containment exists for a particular fracturing barriers would require perforating, testing, and
treatment or to assess the risk of fracturing into then squeezing off each tested interval. Such a
nearby water zones. The application of this procedure of actually fracturingthe barriers would
t.mr-hnintna +- u-ll- COil~aiiiiiig multiple perforated be an expensive and unwise method. This analysis
--- . . ..-Y”” WV -=-A-
intervalsis describedin another paper.~ is based on dynamically determined elastic
constants, while hydraulic fracturingis considered
h-situ stress in the perforated interval is a quasistatic process. The dynamic constants tend
treated as a single, lumped value. For the to be consistently higher than static measured
boundary lithologies, in-situ stress values are values. Therefore, there should be a consistent
used every 2 ft (0.6 m) as they are encounteredin offset to the calculations if static values are
❑oving up and down from the perforated interval. used instead of dyanmic data. However, the
The contribution of hydrostatic pressure as the fractura height prediction model uses only stress
fracture migrates out of zone is included in the differences and not absolute values ——— with the
calculation by using an input value of borehole result that any consistent shift has little effect
fluid density. on the calculations. Should core or minifracture
data be available, it is a simple procedure to
FIELD EXAHPLES include this information,in effect, to calibrate
the output to yield accurate absolute pressures.
The example illustratedin Fig. 4 shows the results
of the use of this technique on a section of the CWCLUSIONS
Cotton Valley formation in east Texas. In this
zone, the calculationsindicate that there is very
The QS~ Of ‘iy~li!?~ -“”.”..
‘nn*qa++C tiat,a ifi tjCjfij~~~~i~~
good containment.for net treatment pressures up to with proper computer modeling provides an accurate
about 900 psi. By the time the pressure rises to and cost-affective means of obtaining important
1050 psi, the height will have almost doubled, with
information needed for designing a hydraulic
much of the fracture treatment going into the side
fracture treatment; i. e., fracture height,
beds. For net pressures greater than about 1200
Poissonts ratio, and Youngfs modulus. Such data
psi, the situation worsens and most additional
can be readily used by operators and service
fracture fluid goes into the adjacent shales. The
companies as input to their computerized fracture
perforated interval was 12021 to 12016 ft (3665 to
design programs.
3662 m) and the maximum net treatment pressur~ vzs
approximately 900 psi. For this net pressure, the
MOHEMCLATURE
predicted total height of the created fracture was
11 ft (~=s ~) f~Q~ ~~n~u,GVG7 to 1~~1~ f~ (~&~ to
After-fracturemonitor logs indicated Vc compressionalslowness
3661.5 m).
the fracture extended from 12024 to 12012 ft (3665 ‘JS shear slowness
~Q 3&j~.3 fi) fO? ~ tGtd h~ight ~ %’uzglS md”ul’us
of 12 f~ (~.~ M).
bulk density of rock
‘b
fracturingflul& density
The second example (Fig. 5) demonstrates this
tehnique on a section of the Blanco formation in 2P net pressure above initial fracture
extensionpressure
Ojito County, New Mexico. Perforationswere from
Pw wellbore treatment pressure during
8068 to 8081 ft (2459 to 2463 m) and from 8110 to fracturing
8135 ft (2472 to 248o m). For this well the
P. pressure required for fracture
maximum net bottomhole treatment pressure was
extensionbeyond initial breakdown
approximately 1000 psi. The predicted total
hu fracture height migration into upper
fracture height was 118 ft (36 m) from 8040 to 8158
barrier
ft (2451 to 2487 m). The after-fracturegamma ray
fracture height migration int~ huer
log indicated the created frsc%!!reextefitieti frm
barrier
8039 to 8159 ft (2450 to 2487 m) for a total height
h pay zone gross height
of 120 ft (37 m).
ht total fractureheight
kic critical stress intensityfactor
COHPARIS(NOF HETSODS
a pay zone total matrix stress
a
The primary benefit, from a scientific and (fracturegradient pressure)
practical viewpoint, of using wireline data for upper barrier total matrix stress
ab
such an analysis is that continuous data are (fracturegradient pressure)
obtained. Measurements of cores or minifracture u lower barrier total matrix stress
c
results normally yield only isolated, sporadic (fracturegradient pressure)
values. Also, minifracturedata, normally confined C2* C3 = numericalconstants
SPE 13895 B. H. Newberry, R. F. Nelson, and U. Ahmed 5

ACKN(%ILEDGEUENTS Transit-Time Logging by Means of Long

Spacings and Digital Techniques,n paper SPE
We would like to acknowledge the contributionsof 7446 presented at the 1978 SPE Annual
Darrel Cannon, Vic Cook, and James Baker in the Technical Conference and Exhibition,Houston,
development and testing of this technique; and.the October.
assistance from the sales engineers, log analysts,
and applicationsdevelopmentengineerswho provided APPENDIX A
field data and suggestionsfor this project.
When pressure is increased in the borehole,rupture
REFERENCES occurs in the plane that is perpendicularto the
direction of least compressive stress. The
1. Veatch, R. W., Jr.: noverview of Current pressure required to induce this fracture is called
Hydraulic Fracturing Design and Treatment the initiation or breakdown pressure. Once a
Technology, Part 1 and Part 2,n Sot. Pet. fracture has been started, the pressure necessary
=g. J. (April,May 1983). to hold the fracture open will be equal to the
minimum total horizontal stress. This stress is
2. Simonaon, E. R., Abou-Sayed, A. S., and often referred to as fracture gradient pressure and
Jones, A. H.: *tContainment of Massive also as closure stress.
HydraulicFractures$nSot. Pet. ~g. J. (Feb.
1978) 14, 1, 27-32. In tectonicallyrelaxed areas, such as the Gulf
Coast, the least principal stress is probably
3* Voegle, M. D., Abou-Sayed,A. S., and Jones, horizontal. In these areas, fracturing should
A. H.: ‘Optimization of Stimulation Design occur along vertical planes. In tectonically
Through Use of In-Situ Stress Determinationt@t compressed areas, the horizontal stresses may be
paper SPE 10306 presented at the 1981 SPE greater than the overburden stress. In these areas
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, where the least principal stress is vertical,
San Antonio, October 5-7. horizontalfracturesshould be expected.

4. .%ttari, A.: ‘Quantitative Analysis of The following derivation illustrates these

Factors Controlling Vertical Fracture Growth stress relationships in a tectonically relaxed
(Containment),wpaper SPE 11629 presented at area. In addition, an equation will be developed
the 1983 SPE/DOE Low-Permeability Gas which can be used to estimate fracture gradientsin
ReservoirsSymposium,Denver, March 13-16. areas where no prior data have been accumulated.

5. Ahmed U.: NA Practical Hydraulic Fracturing From Biot*s theory of poroelasticdeformation

Model Simulating Necessary Fracture Geometry,
Fluid Flow, Leak-Off and Proppant Transport,” s= o+ CYp ............................(A-1)
paper SPE 12880 presented at the 1984
SPE/DOE/GRISymposium on Low-PermeabilityGas where
Reservoirs,Pittsburgh,May 13-15.
s . total stress gradient,psi/ft
6. Geertsma, J. and de Kleck, F.: nA Rapid a . matrix stress gradient,psilft
Method of Predicting Width and Extent of P = pore pressure gradient,psi/ft
Hydraulically Induced Fractures,n J. Pet. a = Biot elastic constant
Tech. (December 1969) 1571-1581; lkana. ~
AIME, 255. The Biot constant, a , can be expressed in
terms of bulk compressibility and grain
7. Perkins, “T. K. and Kern, L. R.: flWidthsof compressibility(the compressibilitiesof the rock
Hydraulic Fractures,n J. Pet. Tech. with and without porosity).
(September1961) 937-949; lkans., AIME, 22.
In the vertical direction
8. Howard, G. C. and Fast, C. R.: nHydraulic
Fracturing,~ Monograph Series, SPE, Dallas, s = ciz+ clp = 1 psi/ft ...............(A-2)
2. z
The horizontalmatrix stress gradient (u ) can
9. Ahmed, U., Cannon, D. E., and Newberry, B. be related to the vertical matrix stress gr~dient
M ●: ‘Hydraulic Fracture Treatment Design of (Uz)
Wells With Multiple Zones,” paper SPE 13857
presented at the 1984 SPE/DOE Symposium on
b..,c.* MSIV— ..-.
Inu—k~ma=hilitv
--—. -. ,,,.-””..”J”J
Ra.aF.rmiwe
..W”W. .“-, “, -,,.-, * ,,=,.
u= * (uz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-j)
x
10. Aron, J., Murray, J., and Seeman, B.:
~e--—-..
rormab~on
-- bompresszona~
#.—–——-.-, —--- and ~iiear iii~erWai- where
 .

PREDICTIONOF VERTICAL HYDRAULICFRACTURE MIGRATION

6 USING COMPRESSIONALAND SHEAR WAVE SLOWNESS SPE 13895

Y . Poissonlsratio For such a transversely isotropic model, Eq. A-6

would become
In the horizontaldirection

s Y Clp) +p ..............(A-9)
s =0 + ap ..........................(A-4) 1
x ‘7(sz-
x x
SubstitutingA-3 in A-4 This model has provided results which are in close
agreementwith actual field data.

s Y + ap .......9..*.... ...(A-5)
x ‘~~z
1
● ●
The calculationof fracture gradient in an area
that cannot be classifiedas a tectonicallyrelaxed
basin is not straightforward. In basins containing
Rearranging Eq. A-2 and substituting the
numerous thrust faults, in areas near mountain
vertical matrix stress gradient (uz) into Eq. A-5, ranges, or in basins which have been uplifted over
the equationwould become geologic time, externally generated horizontal
stresses can affect fracturing pressures. Eq. A-9
should be rewrittento include such cases
s Y Up) + ap ...........(A-6)
1
x ‘7(sz-
Eq. A-6 shows the minimum horizontal stress s~ =*%- ap) + p + P+=- ...o.o(A-1O)
.=-
relationship for a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic
material. In hard-rock areas, this model does not
seem to adequately describe existing stress Eq. A-10 is a more general form of th fracture
conditions. Another model of in-situ conditionsis gradient equation. The first two terms of the
to assume the presence of microcracks in the equation express the portion of the fracture
rock. Such microcracks would tend to be aligned gradient that is caused by the vertical stress
perpendicular to the least principal stress. gradient and the elastic properties of the rock.
Physically, the result of using such a model is The third term, ptec, includes the effects of
externally generated horizontal forces. Normally,
that in the direction of least principalstress, it
is appropriateto use Ptec is determinedempiricallyby using field data.

In tectonicallyrelaxed and geologicallysimple

a= 1 ............................(A-7]
areas, Eq. A-g can be used to predict the fracture
gradient. In the more complex geologic area, Eq.
and Eq. A-4 would become
A-10 must be used and empirically calibrated by
using field data from the specific geological
s = ox +p .....**..***..**
............(A-a)
x region of interest.

[ FLUID
f
,-
SHEAR
RECEIVERS I

r
C~MPRESSION~L

‘, ~11111 ‘

I
................
%

11!
1’
. t II U“ll

I I -
---------------
111 11111111
~
ii TRANSMITTERS

FigureI-Typical Long-SpacedSonic waveform pairs.

.

Figure 2-Variable density display

of digitized waveform data.

Figu~ 3-Smplified illustrationof the fracturing

model parameters (modified from Ahmed5).

‘“q%Rg’s2!!0:Py
rre.alm.n d WI). d{sln butl.n w,th tlm memo,.
BUI&V(’WI\~ME

I
Fmd”re height migrotrm at
the .ellb.re d.e t. i..m,., ;“ created fr.ci.m he~ht.
,. tr.otme.t pre.s.r.
the dew r, pre#swe
.b. am
100 z o
‘l----

I
s- Continuous I
l— Inmw”
(m)

4
L I
-------

--------------
-_-----_:----
-------
-----
-----
-------
-------
-------
-------
-------
---------
-----------
-------------
-----------
-------
-----

-------
-------
-------
.:-=-=-
-------
-------
-------

2100 _l
Figure4—Typical FracHite log presentation.

~ 13895
 FRAC HEIGHT
NET P%ESSURE
,f at
miydii
Qy’’!’%.~J&y~Ry
Tmd-mn vd.me di.t.b.tion wth the ikr.ase
BULKJLKV~l#fE
1..to incm.mes in meow fraci”rs Iw,qht .

Pm.w.
,. pressure.
ob.w 100 z c
I

Figure5—FracHite logon an example well from Ojito County New Mexico.

.= 13895