What are the two primary components of whole blood

Plasma and formed elements

What are the functions of the circulatory system?
1) Transport O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes to lungs and kidneys, hormones
2) Protection against inflammation, limit the spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize
toxins, and initiate clotting to prevent blood loss
3) Regulation : Fluid balance in circulatory system, stabilizes pH, and body temperature control

Which Leukocytes are Granulocytes

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils
Which Leukocytes are Agranulocytes?
1) Monocytes
2) Lymphocytes
What is the normal pH range of blood?
7.35-7.45
What is the average blood volume for males? Females?
REMEMBER 5!
Male 5-6 L
Females 4-5 L
What are the types of plasma proteins and what are their functions? Which is least abundant? Which is most
abundant?
1) Albumins: smallest and most abundant (60%) produced by liver , carrier of other molecules, blood buffer, Plasma
oncotic pressure (contribute to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance)
2) Globulins (36%) Alpha, beta- produced by liver, transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat-soluble
vitamins (A,D,E,K)
Gamma globulins-antibodies released during immune response by plasma cells
3) Fibrinogen (4%)
Produced by the liver. Precursor of fibrin threads of blood clots

What is oncotic pressure?

Contributes to viscosity and osmolarity; influence blood pressure, flow, and fluid balance .
what is the difference between plasma and serum
plasma still has the fibrinogen in the liquid component = has clotting factors
serum: has the fibrinogen removed
What is the average Hematocrit?
REMEMBER 45%
Men 42-52%
Women 37-48%
What is the average Hemoglobin?
14 g/dL
What is the structure of Hemoglobin?
Each Hb molecule consists of:
 Globin
4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)
 Heme pigment
bound to each globin chain, binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+) (iron)
What is a thrombus?
a stationary clot
What is an embolism?
anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels
Where are most clotting factors synthesized?
The Liver
What conditions might cause a rise in EPO release from the kidneys?
1. Decreased levels O2 (hypoxemia)
2. High altitude
3. Increase in exercise
4. Decreased lung function (emphysema, pneumonia)
5. Testosterone enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males
Factors essential for RBC production
1. erythropoietin
2. iron
3. intrinsic factor
4. vitamin B12
5. folic acid
What is the composition of Plasma?
1. 90% water
2. over 100 dissolved solutes
What is the normal range of Leukocytes?
5,000-10,000
What is the primary function of Neutrophils?
increased numbers in **bacterial infections**

Phagocytosis of bacteria & release antimicrobial chemicals

What is the primary function of Eosinophils?

increased numbers in **parasitic worm infections**

Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals

Release enzymes to destroy large parasites
What is the primary function of Basophils
Responsible for inflammatory reactions, formation of acute and **chronic allergic** diseases, including anaphylaxis,
asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever.
Phagocytosis
Secrete **histamine** (vasodilator): speeds flow of blood to an injured area
Secrete heparin (anticoagulant): promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area

What is the average normal range for thrombocytes (platelets)?

150,000-400,000
What is the cell from which all cells arise?
Pluripotent stem cells
What is the site where erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis occur?
The red bone marrow in spongy bone
What are the characteristics of erythrocytes?
Biconcave
lacks a nucleus 
hemoglobin takes up 97% of cell volume 
no mitochondria 
ATP production is anaerobic do
 not
 consume O
 2
 transported

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
When a mother who is pregnant with a baby whose blood type is incompatible with the baby’s, antibodies may cross the
placenta and attack the babies RBC - causing anemia in the baby.
What are the three steps of clotting?
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
What is the difference between Prothrombin Time and Partial Thromboplastin Time?
Prothrombin measures the extrinsic system while Partial Thromboplastin measures the intrinsic system.
What is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
What is agglutination?
An antibody molecule binding to antigens causing clumping of red blood cells
What blood type is a universal donor?
O negative (also most common blood type)
What blood type is a universal recipient?
AB
What enhances vascular spasm and platelet aggregation?
Serotonin and thromboxane A2
What is the buffy coat?
Platelets and Leukocytes
What is the common pathway of the coagulation cascade?
PT and PTT meet at Factor X which is activated by Factor V
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
1. It can use any fuel source
2. Aerobic respiration
3. Intercalated discs
4. Branched
5. A lot of mitochondria
6. Supply of oxygen has to be oxygen
What is the intrinsic conduction pathway of the heart?
SA node through the internodal pathway to the AV node to the bundle of HIS through the Purkinje fibers
What is the hearts natural pacemaker?
the SA node
Which node allows the atria to contract before the ventricles?
AV node
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization and systole
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization and systole
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization and diastole
What is preload?
The amount of blood that the ventricles can hold at the end of diastole
What is cardiac reserve?
the difference between resting CO and maximum CO
What is EDV?
The end of diastole or the maximum amount
What is ESV?
The amount of blood that remains int he ventricle at the end of systole/contraction
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricled every minute (HR x SV)
What is afterload?
The amount of pressure that the ventricle has to overcome to open the semilunar valves
What is responsible for vagal tone?
The parasympathetic nervous system
What causes the heart sounds?
The first one is the AV valves closing and the second one is the semilunar valves closing
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart?
Increase in CO, HR, SV, and contractility
 
Atrial Fibrillation


Atrial Flutter

Normal Sinus Rhythm


Premature Ventricular Contraction
Second Degree Heart Block
How does changing the EDV affect CO?
Increases SV and CO