41/1

41 Heat pumps and

their applications

Andy Neave BSc (Hons), MBA, AMIMechE

Calorex Heat Pumps Ltd, Maldon, Essex

Contents
41.1 What is a heat pump? 41/3

41.2 Types of heat pumps 41/3

41.3 Coefficient of performance 41/3

41.4 Thermodynamic cycles 41/4

41.4.1 Mechanical vapour compression cycle 41/4
41.4.2 Mechanical vapour recompression 41/4
41.4.3 Absorption cycle 41/5

41.5 Climate change levy 41/5

41.6 Industrial applications 41/6

41.6.1 Heating 41/6
41.6.2 Cooling 41/6
41.6.3 Air conditioning 41/6
41.6.4 Heat recovery 41/6
41.6.5 Dehumidification 41/7
41.6.6 Swimming pools 41/7
41.6.7 Process drying 41/8
41.6.8 Evaporation and distillation 41/9

41.7 Sources of further information 41/9

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

41.1 What is a heat pump?
Heat pumps are mechanical devices that extract low-grade
heat from one source and transfer the heat to another. The
advantage of a heat pump is that it up-grades the heat and
delivers it at a higher temperature than the source from
which the heat was extracted.
Heat pumps are usually based on refrigeration cycles.
Unlike refrigerators the primary aim of heat pumps is to
provide heating, although reverse cycle heat pumps can
provide both heating and cooling.
Much of the technology used in heat pumps is identical
to that used in refrigeration plant. The bias to heating,
however, changes the emphasis of the design of the
refrigeration circuit towards the condenser.
41.2 Types of heat pumps
Heat pumps are characterized by the mediums between
which they transfer heat. There are three primary sources
of energy, air, water and the ground. The heat extracted
can be transferred to heat air or water, although it would
also be possible in a cooling application to reject heat to
the ground.
41.2.1.1 Air-to-air
In an air-to-air heat pump energy is extracted usually from
ambient air and transferred to heat or cool a second air
stream.
Ambient air is the most common energy source used
by heat pumps. It should be remembered that air contains
energy down to very low temperatures i.e. the point at
which its constituents, Nitrogen and Oxygen, become
liquids.
The energy in air comes from two sources, the sensible
energy available from reducing the temperature of the air,
and the latent energy available from the water content of
the air. The water content of air varies with its condition
but is approximately 1 per cent by volume.
41.2.1.2 Air-to-water
In an air-to-water heat pump energy is transferred from
ambient air, as above, to a water heating circuit. See
Figure 41.1.
41.2.1.3 Water-to-air
In a water-to-air heat pump heat is transferred from a
water circuit to heat an air stream. This can be viewed as
heating the air stream or alternatively, if the air is ambient,
as cooling the water circuit.
41.2.1.4 Water-to-water
In a water-to-water heat pump energy is transferred from
one water circuit to another at a higher temperature. This
gives the heat pump an advantage over a passive heat
recovery device, such as a plate heat exchanger, where the
maximum temperature available is just below the source
water temperature.
41.2.1.5 Geothermal or ground source
A geothermal or ground source heat pump is a variant
on either a water-to-air or a water-to-water heat pump. In
this case the energy source is from the ground, from a
bore-hole, ground water or a ground loop.
A ground loop is a closed circuit of pipe that is buried
1-1.5m below ground level. Water circulated through
this loop of pipe will be returned at ground temperature
(a constant 10-120C in the UK) throughout the year.
The length of pipe required and the area covered by the
loop will depend on the amount of energy that is to be
extracted.
A single bore-hole can be used in conjunction with a
closed loop of pipe as above. Alternatively two can be
drilled to exchange water with naturally occurring water
bearing rock strata.
41.3 Coefficient of performance
The measurement of efficiency of a heat pump is known
as the Coefficient of Performance or COP. This is defined
as:-
Total energy given out
Energy used to drive heat pump
The energy given out by a heat pump is equal to the
energy recovered from the heat source plus the energy
input from the driving force. The COP of a heat pump
will therefore always be greater than 1, as the power input
will always be added to the heat sink.
COPs of 2.5 to 3 are common, and in some situations
can be as high as 5 or 6. The COP of a heat pump is
seldom constant as it depends on the temperature of the
heat source and the heat sink.
As a point of comparison, the COP of a boiler operating
at 80 per cent efficiency would be 0.8 and of a heat
exchanger with a heat transfer efficiency of 65 percent
would be 0.65.
Figure 41.1 Small heat pump
41.4 Thermodynamic cycles
41.4.1 Mechanical vapour compression
cycle
The majority of heat pumps use the vapour compression
cycle, exactly the same as used in refrigeration. See
Figure 41.2.
In this type of cycle a mechanical compressor provides
the energy input into the cycle. The working fluid is

termed the refrigerant. There are four stages to the cycle
(refer to Figures 41.2 and 41.3):-
1. Heat is absorbed from the energy source into the
evaporator. In the evaporator the refrigerant changes
from a liquid to a gas at a constant pressure. The
refrigerant is vaporized or evaporated.
2. The compressor raises the pressure and temperature
of the refrigerant. The refrigerant goes from being a
saturated gas/vapour to a super-heated vapour.
3. The heat absorbed by the refrigerant and the energy
added by the compressor is released from the cycle as
the refrigerant passes through the condenser. In the
condenser as energy is rejected to the heat sink at
constant pressure the refrigerant changes from a super-
heated vapour back to a liquid. The gas condenses.
4. The high pressure, high temperature liquid passes
through an expansion device, either a valve or a capil-
lary. The pressure of the refrigerant is reduced back to
the lower evaporating pressure. The temperature of the
refrigerant also reduces during the expansion process.
The refrigerant is now a mixture of liquid and vapour
as it passes back into the evaporator.
It is common for the cycle to be reversed so that
cooling becomes the priority, rather than the primary aim
of heating.
There are many types of compressor used in this type of
cycle, e.g. reciprocating, screw, rotary, vane, centrifugal,
swing or scroll. They are usually driven by an electric
motor.
The use of compression devices driven by other forms
of energy is possible. The most common alternatives are
the use of prime mover such as gas or diesel engines.
High pressure side
Condenser
Jixpansion_
valve
Compressor
Evaporator
Low pressure side
Figure 41.2 Vapour Compression Cycle
Pressure
Enthalpy
Figure 41.3 Pressure Enthalpy diagram of a vapour compression
cycle
However, practical considerations often limit their use to
larger applications.
41.4. Ll Refrigerants
The most commonly used types of refrigerants are fluo-
rinated hydrocarbon compounds. These are either hydro-
chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) such as R22 or hydrofluo-
rocarbons (HFCs) such as R407c, R134a or R410a.
Hydrocarbons Butane and Propane are finding use in
small appliances such as domestic dehumidifiers where
their flammability is not a major concern due to the low
quantities used. Ammonia has traditionally been used in
large commercial and industrial applications, and systems
using carbon dioxide are under development.
41.4.1.2 Legislation
Legislation on ozone depletion and global warming has
forced the refrigeration industry to develop equipment to
use alternative and new refrigerants.
The production of old CFC refrigerants, such as R12,
has now been banned due to its effect on the ozone layer.
It has an ozone depletion factor (ODF) of 1. The use
of R12 for maintenance has been banned from 1 January
2001.
Although the production of HCFC R22 with an ODF
of 0.1 is not due to be phased out until 2009, European
equipment manufacturers will be forced to cease produc-
tion of equipment using HCFCs before 1 January 2004
at the latest. For some countries and types of equipment
earlier phase out dates apply. The use of recycled R22 for
maintenance will be allowed until 2015.
41.4.2 Mechanical vapour recompression
Mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) heat pumps use
the process fluid as the working fluid, usually in an open
or semi-open cycle. These systems often use water vapour The stages in the absorption process are:-
or steam as the working fluid.
In an open cycle vapour from an industrial process is 1. The evaporator absorbs heat from the energy source.
compressed to a higher pressure and consequently to a The energy absorbed evaporates some of the refrigerant
higher temperature. Once expanded through a nozzle or vapour from the liquid absorbent.
venturi the vapour is condensed in the same process giving 2. The vapour passes into the absorber where it is dis-
off heat. solved into the absorbent, releasing some energy and
In a semi-open cycle the heat from the compressed concentrating the solution. The heat sink fluid is usu-
vapour is transferred to the process via a heat ally passed through the absorber prior to the condenser
exchanger. in order to collect and remove this released energy.
Compared with the closed vapour compression cycle 3. Some of the solution is pumped to the generator, its
described above these systems eliminate the use of one pressure being raised to that of the condenser.
or two heat exchangers, and as the temperature difference 4. Heat is added to the generator to raise the temperature
between heat source and heat sink is low the performance of the solution and evaporate the refrigerant vapour out
of MVR systems is high. Typically COP of 10-30 can be of the solution. This reduces the concentration of the
achieved. Current MVR systems operate with heat source solution.
temperatures of 70-8O0C and deliver heat at between 110 5. The weaker solution from the generator is then passed
and 15O0C. back to the absorber, via an expansion valve to equalize
pressures. The solution in the absorber is diluted and
so can continue to absorb vapour without becoming
41.4.3 Absorption cycle saturated.
6. The high temperature, high-pressure vapour from the
The operation of the absorption refrigeration cycle is sim- generator passes into the condenser. Here the useful
ilar to the above vapour compression cycle. The evap- heat is rejected to the heat sink and the vapour is con-
orator, condenser, and expansion device serve common densed back to a saturated liquid at constant pressure.
purposes, but a heat-operated absorber and regenerator 7. The refrigerant vapour returns to the evaporator via
replace the compressor. A schematic of the absorption the expansion device, which reduces the pressure and
cycle is shown in Figure 41.4. temperature of the vapour. Prior to the collection of
In the absorption cycle the refrigerant vapour is dis- further heat from the energy source.
solved in a suitable liquid. The power required to pump
the working fluid around the cycle is less than that There are a number of practical drawbacks that limit the
required compressing a refrigerant vapour. applicability of this refrigerant cycle.
There are two common fluid pairings used. In smaller
equipment the refrigerant used is ammonia and the 1. Achievable COPs are low, typically 1.2 to 1.4.
absorbent used is water. In larger equipment the refrig- 2. Equipment sizes for lithium bromide/water systems are
erant is water and a solution of lithium bromide is used large.
as the absorbent. 3. Concentrations of fluids are critical for stable operation.
4. Practical systems are complex.
5. Operating ranges are restricted by fluid pair-
Generator Condenser
ings. Lithium bromide/water systems cannot oper-
ate below freezing. Ammonia/water systems are
Heat
in Heat restricted in top temperature due to high
out pressures.
High temp
side
However, these types of systems have found success
where heat is available from a cheap source, or as waste
heat from an existing process. Some smaller gas fired
equipment has also been developed.
Absorbant
pump Flpw_ Expansion
control device
41.5 Climate change levy
The Climate Change Levy being introduced by the Gov-
Low temp ernment will oblige businesses to pay a levy on their
side energy bills. One of the aims of this legislation, along-
Heat side reducing CO2 emissions, is to provide an incentive
in for businesses to reduce their total energy usage and to
Heat look at how efficiently they use energy.
out
Absorber Evaporate Heat pumps can be beneficial in reducing energy usage
in a number of applications, and so could be helpful in
Figure 41.4 Absorption Cycle reducing the levy imposed.
41.6 Industrial applications
41.6.1 Heating
41.6.1.1 Buildings
General heating for buildings using heat pumps is more
frequently used in Europe where district heating schemes
are more common. Here the higher initial capital cost
of a heat pump can be spread over a larger number of
properties. These are water-to-water heat pumps, or air to
water units often used in conjunction with low capacity
back-up heating for the coldest periods of the year.
In the USA air-to-air and ground source water-to-
air heat pumps are commonly used in domestic heating
where air distribution heating systems are the norm. This
usage occurs particularly in areas where higher average
ambient temperatures allow higher heat pump COPs or
where a ground source is available or a ground loop can
be accomodated. These units are often reverse cycle to
provide cooling in the summer.
Use in the UK is limited by the cost of available
alternative energy sources e.g. low cost gas. Here gas
fired boilers traditionally work in conjunction with a wet
radiator system. Even allowing for the inefficiencies of
boilers the COP of a heat pump would have to be in excess
of 3 in order to give any running cost saving to fund the
higher initial cost of a heat pump, based on the present
differential between electrical and gas energy prices.
The COP of an air-to-water heat pump falls during cold
weather just when the most heating is needed. A unit
operating in air temperatures of 50C and producing water
at 550C would have a COP of 2-2.5.
The increased use of under-floor heating operating
at approx. 4O0C has increased the consideration given
to using ground source heat pumps. With a constant
source temperature of 10-120C the COP of the heat
pump remains stable at around 3-3.5. In this scenario,
particularly where gas is not available, the viability of
heat pumps for heating looks a lot more favourable.
41.6.1.2 Hot water
Heating hot water using heat pumps suffers similar com-
parisons in the UK. In other areas of the world with higher
Figure 41.5 Example of a dehumidified body panel storage area
(Courtesy of Calorex Heat Pumps Ltd)
ambient temperatures e.g. the Far East and Mediterranean
countries, the use of air-to-water heat pumps to gener-
ate hot water for domestic and commercial/hotel use is
common.
However, hot water production when waste process
water is available as a heat source can be viable, see
section 41.6.4 below.
41.6.2 Cooling
The most common chillers providing chilled water to
industrial processes are air-cooled water-to-air heat pumps
or water-cooled water-to-water heat pumps. The cooling
duty of these chillers is always larger than the energy
input, the COP is greater than one.
The absorption cycle can be found used in industrial
chillers, particularly those of high capacity that can be
driven by a waste heat source, perhaps even linked to a
CHP plant.
Gas fired vapour absorption chillers are becoming
increasingly common. Small packaged units of 5OkW
cooling capacity are available on the market.
41.6.3 Air conditioning
Reverse cycle split air conditioning units are called 'heat
pumps', although the cooling only versions are also air-
to-air heat pumps. These heating and cooling systems
are a viable alternative to cooling only air conditioning,
eliminating the need for a separate heating system. They
are finding increasing use in commercial and industrial
office buildings.
The 'Versatemp' type water based system is a unique
concept that has been on the market for many years. In this
system individual reverse cycle water-to-air heat pumps
are located in each room in a building. They exchange
heat with a two-pipe water circuit providing heating or
cooling to the space as required. This water circuit is kept
a constant temperature by a central heating and cooling
plant, which could be a reverse cycle water-to-water,
water-to-air or ground source heat pump. The system can
simultaneously provide cooling on one side of a building
exposed to solar gain and heating to the other side in
shade.
41.6.4 Heat recovery
Heat recovery from industrial processes is perhaps the
most under-used application for heat pumps.
Heat recovery can be from both air and water, with the
most viable heat sink being water. Water can be heated
to as high as 7O0C lending itself to direct use in heating
buildings or domestic hot water, or for preheating water
for the same or another process.
There are many situations in which dynamic heat recov-
ery using a heat pump is superior to a passive heat recov-
ery device such as a plate heat exchanger or air-to-air
cross-flow heat exchanger.
41.6.4.1 Recovery from water
An example would be where waste process water at a low
temperature of 20-3O0C is discharged to drain. A passive
device could only recover heat by heating an incoming
water supply to 5-1O0C below the discharge temperature.
A water-to-water heat pump could recover this waste
energy and up-grade it to a higher temperature, heating
the second water circuit to 7O0C, or more efficiently to a
slightly lower level. This pre-heated water could be fed
to a boiler to be boosted for use in another part of the
process.
41.6.4.2 Recovery from air
It is similarly practical to recover heat from a ventilation
exhaust air stream. The recovered energy can be directed
towards the make-up air or to water, either to pre-heat
process water or to heat domestic hot water.
The practicality of such a heat recovery scheme is
limited by the proximity of the heat source and the heat
sink. If long water or refrigeration pipework runs are
required the installation cost and heat losses can out-
weigh the energy cost savings made by the installation
of a heat pump.
There are examples where air-to-water heat pumps are
being used to cool over heated plant room spaces. The
recovered energy is used to pre-heat water for hot water
calorifiers, and the cooling effect extends equipment life
of plant installed in the space.
41.6.4.3 Practical limits
The operating conditions in which a heat pump can be
used for heat recovery applications is limited first by
the characteristics of the working fluid, and then by the
mechanical components.
For example, an electrically driven mechanical vapour
compression heat pump will be limited to an operating
temperature range of -150C to 7O0C by the refrigerant
gases used.
41.6.5 Dehumidification
A refrigerant cycle based dehumidifier is a type of air-
to-air heat pump. The evaporator is designed to reduce
the temperature of the air to below its dew point. The
condensation that forms on the evaporator is collected
and fed to a drain. The latent energy absorbed by the
refrigerant is returned into the air stream passing through
the dehumidifier as sensible heat. Typically a heat pump
dehumidifier will return 3 times as much heat energy as
is used by the compressor.
Dehumidifiers can be configured to have an extra water
condenser to recover heat to water, if this was a more
viable use for the recovered energy.
41.6.5.1 Storage
Many storage warehouses require, or can benefit from, a
controlled humidity condition to protect the stored prod-
ucts. For instance paper and board products, hygroscopic
materials as varied as cement and sugar, timber, textiles
and steel. Dehumidifiers can limit the relative humid-
ity in a building to below 70 per cent to prevent mould
growth, to prevent dimensional change, or degradation
of a product, and in the case of steel if the humidity
is kept below 50 per cent RH corrosion can be reduced
Figure 41.6 Typical refrigerant dehumidifiers (Courtesy of Calorex
Heat Pumps Ltd)
to negligible levels see Figure 41.5. The advantage of a
package heat pump dehumidifier is that they can oper-
ate in an unheated warehouse, so eliminating the need to
heat the space (except for human comfort) and providing
a considerable running cost saving alongside the initial
benefit of protecting the stored product. If dehumidifica-
tion is planned from the start it can also eliminate the
need for an insulated building to be constructed saving
considerable capital cost. Figure 41.6 shows a range of
refrigerant dehumidifiers with capacities from 30 litre/day
to 600 litre/day at 2O0C and 75% RH.
41.6.5.2 Excess moisture
Many industrial processes produce moisture in enclosed
spaces. Dehumidifiers can be an energy efficient way of
removing the excess moisture from the space reducing
condensation and similar damaging effects on buildings,
equipment and products. They can replace the need for
ventilation with high volumes of air that need to be heated
to comfort levels before being dumped into the atmosphere
along with the entrained moisture. The heat recovered by
the dehumidifier can be used to assist in space heating
or process water heating, providing a secondary energy
saving to justify the capital outlay for a dehumidifier.
41.6.6 Swimming pools
41.6.6.1 Outdoor
Air-to-water heat pumps are commonly used for summer
heating of swimming pool water, in both commercial and
domestic situations.
These are usually electrically driven vapour compres-
sion heat pumps. With ambient air temperatures from
1O0C to 3O0C during a May to September swimming
season and required water temperatures of 25-3O0C, the
coefficient of performance of a heat pump varies between
3.5 and 5.5. This gives favourable running costs even
compared with gas fired boilers.
Initial capital costs can be comparable with conven-
tional boilers in this application, as the installation of a
heat pump is simpler, with no requirement for flues, water content, and where the time available for the drying process
pumps, fuel tanks and associated accessories. is a number of hours. Figure 41.7 shows an example of a
drying chamber using a heat pump dehumidifier.
41.6.6.2 Indoor There is no reason why heat pump dehumidification
All indoor swimming pools require heating of both the drying cannot be applied to a continuous process. There
pool hall air and pool water. They also require dehumid- would need to be sufficient dwell time in the drying
ification to control the moisture that evaporates from the oven for the moisture to be extracted. The total moisture
pool surface. Dehumidification is required to protect the extraction rate required will dictate the number and size of
building structure and to provide a comfortable environ- dehumidifier required. The greater the capacity required
ment for the users. A humidity level of 60 per cent RH the larger the capital cost of the drying system, as a greater
is considered desirable. proportion will be spent on the heat pumps. A point will
The use of heat pumps for dehumidification and heat be reached at which the additional cost of the heat pump
recovery for indoor swimming pools is a common and system compared to a conventional oven cannot be paid
well recognized practice. back in a realistic time frame by energy cost and other
Conventional practice 20 years ago was to use large savings.
quantities of fresh air to sweep the moisture out of the The products to be dried are usually loaded onto a
pool hall. A ventilation rate of 10-151itres/s per m2 of series of racked trolleys and moved into a chamber,
pool surface and wetted surround was specified. This see Figure 41.8. Chambers are either large enough to
fresh air was heated to 28-3O0C from winter ambient accommodate a whole shifts production or a number of
temperatures (typical design condition -30C) and then smaller chambers are used in rotation to give continuous
exhausted. Meanwhile the water was being continuously production.
heated to 26-280C to counteract losses from evaporation. At the start of a cycle heat is introduced to speed
This used large quantities of energy to heat the air and up the release of moisture from the product. Air is re-
further energy to maintain water temperatures. circulated within the chamber to move the evaporated
If any heat recovery was achieved it usually involved
a cross-plate heat exchanger between the two air streams.
This allowed some sensible heat to be recovered from the
exhaust air back into the incoming fresh air at an effi-
ciency of approx. 50-75 per cent. Therefore the majority
of latent energy available in the moisture evaporated from
the pool, was exhausted to atmosphere and wasted.
A heat pump based dehumidification system can recover
the sensible energy and also the majority of the latent
energy. This energy can be transferred back into the pool
water and also used to assist in heating the pool hall air.
By re-circulating the pool hall air and limiting the fresh
air input to that required for occupants and odour dilution
the energy input could be further reduced.
At pool hall air conditions of 3O0C and 60 per cent RH
a heat pump dehumidification system will have a COP
of 5. This gives rise to energy efficient maintenance of
the pool hall environment, allowing operators to see a Figure 41.7 Dehumidification drying chamber for cardboard tubes
saving of up to 66 per cent in running costs compared to (Courtesy of Caiorex Heat Pumps)
a 100 per cent fresh air system. Payback periods of less
than 3 years are possible on refurbishment projects.

41.6.7 Process drying

The drying of products is an established application for
using heat pumps. The heat pumps used are air-to-air
heat pump dehumidifiers, so the process is often called
dehumidification drying.
Drying is an important part of many industrial pro-
cesses, and there are a number of different technologies
available for drying. The drying method most applicable is
dependent on a number of factors such as the throughput
of product, the drying time available, the required mois-
ture content, the nature of the product and how it can be
handled.
Dehumidification drying is most applicable to batch pro- Figure 41.8 Example of racked trolley used in drying chamber
duction processes for products with a high initial moisture (Courtesy of CHP Ltd)
moisture away from the drying products towards the
dehumidifiers. The dehumidifiers then extract the moisture
and recover the latent energy. This is then returned as
sensible heat back into the chamber so maintaining the
operating temperature. The warm dry air is then circulated
backed past the drying products to extract more moisture.
The latent heat recovery of the air-to-air heat pump
dehumidifier makes a dehumidification drying chamber
highly energy efficient especially when compared with a
conventional hot air drying oven.
The ability to be able to control both the temperature
and humidity of the process allows a drying regime to be
tailored to suit a particular product.
The depressed vapour pressure created by the dehu-
midifier sets up a high enough differential vapour pressure
between the product and the air, for the process to operate
effectively at much lower temperatures than a conven-
tional drying oven. Typically a dehumidification drying
chamber operates at 40-7O0C compared with the typical
120-20O0C for a gas fired oven. This can give positive
benefits to the quality of the dried product and can allow
sensitive products that would have been damaged in a
conventional oven, to be dried more rapidly.
The energy efficiency of the process means that consid-
erably less kWhrs are used in extracting a given amount
of moisture, reducing both the running costs and the COa
emissions. Payback periods of 1-2 years have been cal-
culated for capital investment in dehumidification drying
chambers on running costs alone. Add to this the addi-
tional benefits of improved product quality, higher product
throughput and reduced space required for drying and
heat pump dehumidification drying becomes an attractive
proposition.
A number of industries have a well proven track record
of using heat pump dehumidification drying chambers:-
Ceramic
Textile
Paper & board
Food & confectionery
Timber
Brick & block producers
41.6.8 Evaporation and distillation
Evaporation and distillation are energy intensive pro-
cesses and a number of heat pumps are installed in these
processes in the chemical and food industries.
In evaporation processes it is the residue that is the
product, whereas in distillation it is the vapour, or dis-
tillate, that is the product of the process. The advantage
of using a heat pump is that heat is recycled within the
process so reducing energy costs.
Most of the heat pumps used are MVR open or semi-
open cycles. For instance they are used in distilleries for
pot ale concentration.
41.7 Sources of further information
UK Heat Pump Network. Managed for the DETR by
Building Services Research & Information Association
(BSIRA). Contact: Dr Sandra Gomez, BSIRA, V wing,
TRL, Old Wokingham Road, Crowthorne, Berks. RG45
6XA. 01344750515.
Heat Pump Association (HPA). Contact Tony Bendall,
c/o FETA, Henley Road, Medmenham Marlow, Bucks,
SL7 2ER. Web-site: www.feta.co.uk.
International Energy Agency (IEA) Heat Pump Centre.
Hosted by Novem the Dutch Energy and Environment
Agency. Contact: Novem, PO Box 17, 6130 AA Sittard,
The Netherlands. Web site: www.heatpumpcentre.org.
Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme. Managed
for the government by BRESCU (Building Research
Establishment) for building applications, and ETSU for
industrial applications. Contact: via free Environment and
Energy Helpline on 0800 585794
International Ground Source Heat Pump Association
(IGSHPA). 490 Cordell South, Stillwater, Oklahoma,
74078-8018, USA. Tel: 001-800-626-4747. Web site:
www.igshpa.okstate.edu.
Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc. 701 Pennsyl-
vania Avenue, NW. Third Floor, Washington DC, 20004-
2696, USA. Tel: 001-202-508-550, Fax: 001-202-508-
5222. Web site: www.ghpc.org.
The British National Committee for Electroheat
(BNCE), Heat Pump Group, Millbank, London, SWlP
4RD. Tel: 0207 963 5709.