PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT ON

CRICKET

Cricket – “A magic word in the sphere of

sports.”
 INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11
players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular
22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as
possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the
batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is
scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the
opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being
dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of
an innings.
In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six
bowling deliveries per side to Test cricket played over five days.
The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket
Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) with additional
Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day
Internationals.[1]
Cricket is the second most popular sport in the world behind soccer. The
ICC, the game's governing body, has tenfull members.[3] The game is
played particularly
in Australasia, the Indian
subcontinent, the West Indies,
Southern Africa and England.
 HISTORY
The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th
century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844,
although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877.
During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a
game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth
of Nations.
The first evidence
of cricket being
played was
recorded in the
year 1550, by the
pupils of Royal
Grammar School,
Guildford. In the
year 1611 it is
reported that two young men from Sussex were punished for playing
cricket instead of going to the church. The first match is recorded to have
been played at Coxheath in Kent in the year 1646.
Cricket was in fact a major gambling sport towards the end of the 17th
century. It is recorded that in the year 1679, a 11-a-side match was
played with stakes as high as 50 guineas per side.
During the 18th century cricket survived and thrived due to the huge
amounts of money via monetary backing and gambling. The first instance
of a match to be played between counties in England is recorded to be on
29th June in the year 1709. This match was played between Surrey and
Kent at Dartford Brent.
 The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859
The 18th century also witnessed the emergence of two types of
cricket players. They were known as the retained player and the
individual player. Generally the retained player was the servant of the
lord and a cricketer as well. On the other hand the individual player was
free to play anywhere with his skills

INDIAN CRICKET
Cricket was popularized by English settlers and the British army. The
Oriental Club was the first all-Indian cricket club, specifically for a Indian
religious sect. In 1906, a triangular match was played with the Hindus,
the Parsis, and the Europeans; however in 1912, it became a
quadrangular tournament with a Muslim team. The National
championship has been played since 1934 for the Ranji Trophy, named
for K.S. Ranjitsinhji, one of the most famous Indian cricketers.

HOW IS CRICKET PLAYED ?

In cricket, there are two teams, the batting and the nonbatting. Nine
members of the nonbatting team are in the field, one is the wicketkeeper,
and one is the bowler, for a total of 11 players. The batting team
designates the order of the batters, where the first batter is called the
striker. A batsman tries to guard his wicket, while the bowler tries to hit it.
The batsman tries to keep the bowler from hitting the wicket with the
ball, while also attempting to hit the ball hard enough to give him time to
run to the other end of the pitch, before any of the nonbatting team picks
up the ball and hits the wicket. If the wicket is broken, by a thrown ball or
by the wicketkeeper or bowler, the batsman is dismissed. When a hit ball
goes beyond the boundary, the game is paused and four runs are added
to the team's score. In order for the team's score to go up, several other
things may happen other than the batsman scoring runs. A bye occurs
when a ball from the bowler is missed by the batsman, but he can still
make a run. A leg bye happens when the ball touches part of the
batsman's body, but he can still make good a run. A wide occurs when
the ball is out of reach of the striker, and this counts for a run. No balls
occur when the ball is improperly bowled. Each of these extras add points
to a side's score.
If a bowler bowls six balls, not counting wides and no balls, he
completes what is termed an over. A new over is then begun by a
different bowler at the opposite wicket. The field must also adjust
accordingly. If a bowler bowls a complete over without a batsman
personally scoring a run, it is called a maiden over.
A bowler may bowl either right or left armed, propelling the ball
overhand without bending his elbow. He is allowed any number of steps
to give a delivery, but he may not cross the bowling crease. A good
bowler must be able to control length and direction, which includes the
spin placed on the ball to attempt to deceive the batsman into being
dismissed.

CRICKET EQUIPMENTS
WICKET AND CREASES - A wicket is three stakes or stumps placed
into the ground so that a cricket ball cannot pass between them. There
are two wickets.
BAT AND BALL - The bat 11 centimeters wide. It, including the handle,
may not under regulation exceed 97 centimeters in length. The ball is
made of a core of cork encased in red leather. The two leather halves are
sewn together with a raised seam.
DRESS - The players usually wear white flannel pants and shirt, white
canvas or buck shoes, a white woolen sweater and multicoloured club
caps. A batsman wears protective white pads, or leg guards, rubber or
leather batting gloves, and a body protector. The wicketkeeper also
wears pads and reinforced gloves. However, the fielders in cricket do not
wear gloves when fielding.
 CRICKET LANGUAGE
CAPPED - A cricket player is"capped" when he is selected to play for a
representative team. This term comes from the use of club caps in the
game.
REPRESENTATIVE TEAM - A "representative team" is a team of
cricket players selected by their ability to represent a county, a country,
etc. These players are normally selected from among club teams or minor
teams.)
INNINGS - An innings has actually several term usages in cricket. (1) It
is a turn of a batsman to bat, (2) a turn of a team to bat, or (3) when
results are being given, it is when one team still has a turn to bat but has
scored more runs than the opposing team (which has completed its two
innings.)
FOLLOW ON - To "follow on" occurs when a team bats out of turn (e.g.
second innings directly after first innings) after scoring less than the
opposing team in first innings by a certain number of runs.
HIT A SIX - To "hit a six" means to hit the ball over a boundary without it
touching the ground, thus scoring six runs.
PITCH - A "pitch" can be used in several ways. (1) It is the area going
1.5 meters on either side of the center line between the wickets, (2) the
impact of a bowled ball on the ground, or (3) the distance from one wicket
to the other.
WICKET - The word "wicket" has four meanings in cricket. First, it is the
goal, consisting of three stakes, which two sticks lay on top of. The
batsman defends them and the bowler attempts to hit. Secondly, it is a
turn to bat.
STICKY WICKET - A "sticky wicket" is a wicket (pitch) that is drying
after a rain. Any soft soil - turf - makes playing more difficult for a
batsman.
 LAWS OF CRICKET
The laws of cricket are a set of rules established by the Marylebone
Cricket Club (MCC) which describe the laws of cricketworldwide, to
ensure uniformity and fairness. There are currently 42 laws, which outline
all aspects of how the game is played .
PLAYERS AND OFFICIALS
The first four laws cover the players, the umpires and the scorers.
Law 1: The players. A cricket team consists of eleven players,
including a captain. Outside of official competitions, teams can agree to
play more than eleven-a-side, though no more than eleven players may
field.
Law 2: Substitutes. In cricket, a substitute may be brought on for an
injured fielder. However, a substitute may not bat, bowl, keep wicket or
act as captain. The original player may return if he has recovered. A
batsman who becomes unable to run may have a runner, who completes
the runs while the batsman continues batting. Alternatively, a batsman
may retire hurt or ill, and may return later to resume his innings if he
recovers.
Law 3: The umpires. There are two umpires, who apply the Laws,
make all necessary decisions, and relay the decisions to the scorers.
While not required under the laws of cricket, in higher level cricket a third
umpire (located off the ground and available to assist the on-field
umpires) may be used under the specific playing conditions of a particular
match or tournament.
Law 4: The scorers. There are two scorers who
respond to the umpires' signals and keep the sco
 EQUIPMENT AND LAYING OUT THE PITCH
Law 5: The ball. A cricket ball is between 8 13/16 and 9 inches
(22.4 cm and 22.9 cm) in circumference, and weighs between 5.5 and
5.75 ounces (155.9g and 163g). Only one ball is used at a time, unless it
is lost, when it is replaced with a ball of similar wear. It is also replaced at
the start of each innings, and may, at the request of the fielding side, be
replaced with a new ball, after a certain number of overs have been
bowled (80 in Test matches, 34 inODIs). The gradual degradation of the
ball through the innings is an important aspect of the game.
Law 6: The bat. The bat is no more than 38 inches (97 cm) in
length, and no more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide. The
hand or glove holding the bat is considered part of the bat.
Ever since the Heavy Metal incident, a highly publicized
marketing attempt by Dennis Lillee, who brought out an aluminium bat
during an international game, the laws have provided that the blade of the
bat must be made of wood (and in practice, they are made from White
Willowwood).
Law 7: The pitch. The pitch is a rectangular area of the ground 22
yards (20 m) long and 10 ft (3.0 m) wide. The Ground Authority selects
and prepares the pitch, but once the game has started, the umpires
control what happens to the pitch. The umpires are also the arbiters of
whether the pitch is fit for play, and if they deem it unfit, with the consent
of both captains can change the pitch. Professional cricket is almost
always played on a grass surface. However, in the event a non-turf pitch
is used, the artificial surface must have a minimum length of 58 ft (18 m)
and a minimum width of 6 ft (1.8 m).
 Law 8: The wickets. The wicket consists of three wooden stumps that
are 28 inches (71 cm) tall. The stumps are placed along the batting
crease with equal distances between
each stump. They are positioned so they
are 9 inches (23 cm) wide. Two wooden
bails are placed on top of the stumps.
The bails must not project more than 0.5
inches (1.3 cm) above the stumps, and
must, for men's cricket, be 45⁄16 inches
(10.95 cm) long. There are also specified
lengths for the barrel and spigots of the
bail. There are different specifications for
the wickets and bails for junior cricket.
The umpires may dispense with the bails
if conditions are unfit (i.e. it is windy so
they might fall off by themselves).
Law 9: Bowling, popping, and return creases. This law sets out the
dimensions and locations of the creases. The bowling crease, which is
the line the stumps are in the middle of, is drawn at each end of the pitch
so that the three stumps in the set of stumps at that end of the pitch fall
on it (and consequently it is perpendicular to the imaginary line joining the
centres of both middle stumps). Each bowling crease should be 8 feet
8 inches (2.64 m) in length, centred on the middle stump at each end,
and each bowling crease terminates at one of the return creases. The
popping crease, which determines whether a batsman is in his ground or
not, and which is used in determining front-foot no balls (see law 24), is
drawn at each end of the pitch in front of each of the two sets of stumps.
The popping crease must be 4 feet (1.2 m) in front of and parallel to the
bowling crease. Although it is considered to have unlimited length, the
popping crease must be marked to at least 6 feet (1.8 m) on either side of
the imaginary line joining the centres of the middle stumps. The return
creases, which are the lines a bowler must be within when making a
delivery, are drawn on each side of each set of the stumps, along each
sides of the pitch (so there are four return creases in all, one on either
side of both sets of stumps). The return creases lie perpendicular to the
popping crease and the bowling crease, 4 feet 4 inches (1.32 m) either
side of and parallel to the imaginary line joining the centres of the two
middle stumps. Each return crease terminates at one end at the popping
crease but the other end is considered to be unlimited in length and must
be marked to a minimum of 8 feet (2.4 m) from the popping crease.
Law 10: Preparation and maintenance of the playing area. When a
cricket ball is bowled it almost always bounces on the pitch, and the
behaviour of the ball is greatly influenced by the condition of the pitch. As
a consequence, detailed rules on the management of the pitch are
necessary. This law contains the rules governing how pitches should be
prepared, mown, rolled, and maintained.
Law 11: Covering the pitch. The pitch is said to be 'covered' when the
groundsmen have placed covers on it to protect it against rain or dew.
The laws stipulate that the regulations on covering the pitch shall be
agreed by both captains in advance. The decision concerning whether to
cover the pitch greatly affects how the ball will react to the pitch surface,
as a ball bounces differently on wet ground as compared to dry ground.
The area beyond the pitch where a bowler runs so as to deliver the ball
(the 'run-up') should ideally be kept dry so as to avoid injury through
slipping and falling, and the Laws also require these to be covered
wherever possible when there is wet weather.
STRUCTURE OF THE GAME
Law 12: Innings. Before the game, the teams agree whether it is to be
over one or two innings, and whether either or both innings are to be
limited by time or by overs. In practice, these decisions are likely to be
laid down by Competition Regulations, rather than pre-game agreement.
In two-innings games, the sides bat alternately unless the follow-on (law
13) is enforced. An innings is closed once all batsmen are dismissed, no
further batsmen are fit to play, the innings is declared or forfeited by the
batting captain, or any agreed time or over limit is reached. The captain
winning the toss of a coin decides whether to bat or to bowl first.
Law 13: The follow-on. In a two innings match, if the side batting
second scores substantially fewer runs than the side batting first, the side
that batted first can force their opponents to bat again immediately. The
side that enforced the follow-on risks not getting to bat again and thus the
chance of winning. For a game of five or more days, the side batting first
must be at least 200 runs ahead to enforce the follow-on; for a three- or
four-day game, 150 runs; for a two-day game, 100 runs; for a one-day
game, 75 runs. The length of the game is determined by the number of
scheduled days play left when the game actually begins.
Law 14: Declaration and forfeiture. The batting captain can declare an
innings closed at any time when the ball is dead. He may also forfeit his
innings before it has started.
Law 15: Intervals. There are intervals between each day's play, a ten-
minute interval between innings, and lunch, tea and drinks intervals. The
timing and length of the intervals must be agreed before the match
begins. There are also provisions for moving the intervals and interval
lengths in certain situations, most notably the provision that if nine
wickets are down, the tea interval is delayed to the earlier of the fall of the
next wicket and 30 minutes elapsing.
Law 16: Start of play; cessation of play. Play after an interval
commences with the umpire's call of "Play", and at the end of a session
by "Time". The last hour of a match must contain at least 20 overs, being
extended in time so as to include 20 overs if necessary.
Law 17: Practice on the field. There may be no batting or bowling
practice on the pitch except before the day's play starts and after the
day's play has ended. Bowlers may only have trial run-ups if the umpires
are of the view that it would waste no time.
 SCORING AND WINNING
The laws then move on to discuss how runs can be scored and how one
team can beat the other.
Law 18: Scoring runs. Runs are scored when the two batsmen run to
each other's end of the pitch. Several runs can be scored from one ball.
Law 19: Boundaries. A boundary is marked round the edge of the field
of play. If the ball is hit into or past this boundary, four runs are scored, or
six runs if the ball didn't hit the ground before crossing the boundary.
Law 20: Lost ball. If a ball in play is lost or cannot be recovered, the
fielding side can call "lost ball". The batting side keeps any penalty runs
(such as no-balls and wides) and scores the higher of six runs and the
number of runs actually run.
Law 21: The result. The side which scores the most runs wins the
match. If both sides score the same number of runs, the match is tied.
However, the match may run out of time before the innings have all been
completed. In this case, the match is drawn.
Law 22: The over. An over consists of six balls bowled, excluding wides
and no balls. Consecutive overs are delivered from opposite ends of the
pitch. A bowler may not bowl two consecutive overs.
Law 23: Dead ball. The ball comes into play when the bowler begins
his run up, and becomes dead when all the action from that ball is over.
Once the ball is dead, no runs can be scored and no batsmen can be
dismissed. The ball becomes dead for a number of reasons, most
commonly when a batsman is dismissed, when a boundary is hit, or when
the ball has finally settled with the bowler or wicketkeeper.
Law 24: No ball. A ball can be a no ball for several reasons: if the
bowler bowls from the wrong place; or if he straightens his elbow during
the delivery; or if the bowling is dangerous; or if the ball bounces more
than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the batsman; or if the
fielders are standing in illegal places. A no ball adds one run to the
batting team's score, in addition to any other runs which are scored off it,
and the batsman can't be dismissed off a no ball except by being run out,
or by handling the ball, hitting the ball twice, or obstructing the field.
Law 25: Wide ball. An umpire calls a ball "wide" if, in his or her opinion,
the batsman did not have a reasonable opportunity to score off the ball. A
ball is called wide when the bowler bowls a bouncer that goes over the
head of the batsman. A wide adds one run to the batting team's score, in
addition to any other runs which are scored off it, and the batsman can't
be dismissed off a wide except by being run out or stumped, or by
handling the ball, hitting his wicket, or obstructing the field.
Law 26: Bye and Leg bye. If a ball that is not a no ball or wide passes
the striker and runs are scored, they are called byes. If a ball that is not a
no ball hits the striker but not the bat and runs are scored, they are called
leg-byes. However, leg-byes cannot be scored if the striker is neither
attempting a stroke nor trying to avoid being hit. Byes and leg-byes are
credited to the team's but not the batsman's total.
MECHANICS OF DISMISSAL
Law 27: Appeals. If the fielders believe a batsman is out, they may ask
the umpire "How's That?", commonly shouted emphatically with arms
raised, before the next ball is bowled. The umpire then decides whether
the batsman is out. Strictly speaking, the fielding side must appeal for all
dismissals, including obvious ones such as bowled. However, a batsman
who is obviously out will normally leave the pitch without waiting for an
appeal or a decision from the umpire.
Law 28: The wicket is down. Several methods of being out occur when
the wicket is put down. This means that the wicket is hit by the ball, or the
batsman, or the hand in which a fielder is holding the ball, and at least
one bail is removed.
 Law 29: Batsman out of his ground. The batsmen can be run out or
stumped if they are out of their ground. A batsman is in his ground if any
part of him or his bat is on the ground behind the popping crease. If both
batsman are in the middle of the pitch when a wicket is put down, the
batsman closer to that end is out.
WAYS TO GET OUT
Law 30: Bowled. A batsman is out if his wicket is put down by a ball
delivered by the bowler. It is irrelevant whether the ball has touched the
bat, glove, or any part of the batsman before going on to put down the
wicket, though it may not touch another player or an umpire before doing
so.
Law 31: Timed out. An incoming batsman must be ready to face a ball
(or be at the crease with his partner ready to face a ball) within 3 minutes
of the outgoing batsman being dismissed, otherwise the incoming
batsman will be out.
Law 32: Caught. If a ball hits the bat or the hand holding the bat and is
then caught by the opposition within the field of play before the ball
bounces, then the batsman is out.
Law 33: Handled the ball. If a batsman willfully handles the ball with a
hand that is not touching the bat without the consent of the opposition, he
is out.
Law 34: Hit the ball twice. If a batsman hits the ball twice, other than
for the sole purpose of protecting his wicket or with the consent of the
opposition, he is out.
Law 35: Hit wicket. If, after the bowler has entered his delivery stride
and while the ball is in play, a batsman puts his wicket down by his bat or
his body he is out. The striker is also out hit wicket if he puts his wicket
down by his bat or his body in setting off for a first run. "Body" includes
the clothes and equipment of the batsman.
 Law 36: Leg before wicket (LBW). If the ball hits the batsman without
first hitting the bat, but would have hit the wicket if the batsman was not
there, and the ball does not pitch on the leg side of the wicket, the
batsman will be out. However, if the ball strikes the batsman outside the
line of the off-stump, and the batsman was attempting to play a stroke, he
is not out.
Law 37: Obstructing the field. If a batsman willfully obstructs the
opposition by word or action, he is out.
Law 38: Run out. A batsman is out if at any time while the ball is in play
no part of his bat or person is grounded behind the popping crease and
his wicket is fairly put down by the opposing side.
Law 39: Stumped. A batsman is out when the wicket-keeper (see Law
40) puts down the wicket, while the batsman is out of his crease and not
attempting a run.
FIELDERS
Law 40: The wicket-keeper. The keeper is a designated man from the
bowling side allowed to stand behind the stumps of the batsman. He is
the only player from his side allowed to wear gloves and external leg
guards.
Law 41: The fielder. A fielder is any of the eleven cricketers from
the bowling side. Fielders are positioned to field the ball, to
stop runs and boundaries, and to get batsmen out by catching
or running them out.
 VIRAT KOHLI
Personal information

Born 5 November 1988 (age 31)

Delhi, India

Nickname Chikoo[1][2]

Height 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)

Batting Right-handed

Bowling Right-arm medium

Role Top-order batsman

Relations Anushka Sharma (wife) (m. 2017)

Website www.viratkohli.club

International information

National side  India (2008–present)

ODI shirt no. 18

T20I shirt no. 18

Domestic team information

Years Team

2006–present Delhi

2008–present Royal Challengers

Bangalore (squad no. 18)

Career statistics

Competition Test ODI T20I FC

Matches 84 244 78 109

Runs scored 7,202 11,703 2,689 8,862

Batting 54.97 59.71 52.72 54.03

average

100s/50s 27/22 43/56 0/24 32/28

Top score 254* 183 94* 254*

Balls bowled 163 641 146 631

Wickets 0 4 4 3

Bowling – 166.25 49.50 110.00

average

5 wickets in – 0 0 0
innings

10 wickets – 0 0 0
 in match

Source: ESPNcricinfo, 17 January 2020

Virat Kohli ( pronunciation (help·info) ; born 5 November 1988) is an Indian cricketer who
currently captains the India national team. A right-handed top-order batsman, Kohli is regarded as one of
[3]
the best batsmen in the world. He plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier
League (IPL), and has been the team's captain since 2013. Since October 2017, he has been the top-
[4][5]
ranked ODI batsman in the world and is currently 1st in Test rankings with 928 points. Among
Indian batsmen, Kohli has the best ever Test rating (937 points), ODI rating (911 points) and T20I
rating (897 points).
Kohli captained India Under-19s to victory at the 2008 Under-19 World Cup in Malaysia. After a few
months later, he made his ODI debut for India against Sri Lanka at the age of 19. Initially having played
as a reserve batsman in the Indian team, he soon established himself as a regular in the ODI middle-
order and was part of the squad that won the 2011 World Cup. He made his Test debut in 2011 and
shrugged off the tag of "ODI specialist" by 2013 with Test hundreds in Australia and South
[6]
Africa. Having reached the number one spot in the ICC rankings for ODI batsmen for the first time in
[7]
2013, Kohli also found success in the Twenty20 format, winning the Man of the Tournament twice at
the ICC World Twenty20 (in 2014 and 2016).
Kohli was appointed the vice-captain of the ODI team in 2012 and handed over the Test captaincy
following Mahendra Singh Dhoni's Test retirement in 2014. In early 2017, he became the limited-overs
captain as well after Dhoni stepped down from the position. In ODIs, Kohli has the second highest
number of centuries and the highest number of centuries in run-chases in the world. He holds the world
record for being the fastest batsman to 10,000 and 11,000 runs in ODI cricket, reaching the milestones
[8][9]
in 205 and 222 innings respectively.
Kohli has been the recipient of many awards such as the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (ICC Cricketer of
the Year) in 2017 and 2018; ICC Test Player of the Year 2018; ICC ODI Player of the Year in 2012,
[10]
2017 and 2018 and Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2016, 2017 and 2018. He was given
[11]
the Arjuna Award in 2013, the Padma Shri under the sports category in 2017 and the Rajiv Gandhi
[12]
Khel Ratna, the highest sporting honour in India, in 2018. Kohli is ranked as one of the world's most
[13]
famous athletes by ESPN and one of the most valuable athlete brands by Forbes