BBD 10803

Information Technology In Education

1 TOPIC 4:

INSIDE THE COMPUTER:

PROCESSING AND MEMORY

REFERENCES

2 DISCOVERING COMPUTER 2011 : Living in

a Digital World, SHELLY|VERMAAT
 Learning Outcome (1/2)

 At the end of this class, you should be able to:

 Describe the various computer and mobile device cases
and the contents they protect
 Describe multi-core processors, the components of a
processor, and the four steps in a machine cycle
 Identify characteristics of various personal computer
processors on the market today, and describe the ways
processors are cooled
 Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits
represents data
 Explain how program and application instructions
transfer in and out of memory
 Learning Outcome (2/2)

 Differentiate among the various types of memory

 Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB
adapters
 Explain the function of a bus
 Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries
 Describe how to care for computers and mobile devices
4.1 Introduction

 The topic of inside the computer are explain and

discuss about the system unit, processor, data
representation, memory, expansion slots and cards,
buses, port and connectors and lastly explain the
purpose of a power supply and batteries
4.2 System Unit (1/6)

 What is the system unit ?

 Case that contains electronic
components of the computer
used to process data
 Sometimes called chassis

• The case contains and

protects the electronics of
the computer or mobile
device from damage
 Figure 4-1 Cases for computers and mobile
devices are available in a variety of shapes and
sizes
 System Unit (2/6)

Figure 4-2 This figure shows typical components in a higher-end desktop and laptop. Many basic
desktops have integrated video and sound capability, similar to the laptop image shown here.
 System Unit (3/6)

 What are common components inside the system

unit? Power supply Drive bays Processor

 Processor
 Memory
 Adapter Cards
Memory
 Sound card
 Modem card Ports
 Video card
 Network card
 Ports Sound card

 Drive bays
 Power Supply
Video card
Network card Modem card

Figure 4-3 Common components inside the system.

 System Unit (4/6)

 What is the motherboard Adapter cards

 The motherboard is the Processor chip Memory chips

main circuit board of the

computer or system unit
 A computer chip is a small
piece of semiconducting
material, usually silicon, on
which integrated circuits are
etched
 Contains adapter cards,
processor chips, and Memory slots

memory chips Expansion

slots for
 Also called system board adapter cards Motherboard

Figure 4-4 A desktop motherboard

 System Unit (5/6)

Figure 4-5 A desktop motherboard and a laptop motherboard.

 System Unit (6/6)

 What is a Chip
Dual Inline
Packages (DIP)
holds memory
 Small piece of semi-conducting chips

material on which integrated

circuits are etched
 Integrated circuits contain many
microscopic pathways capable of Pin Grid

carrying electrical Array (PGA)

package
holds processor
 Chips are packaged so they can chips

be attached to a circuit board

Figure 4-6 A Chip.

4.3 Processor (1/17)

 The processor, also called the central

processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate a computer
 A complex set of circuitry that executes stored
program instructions
 A multi-core processor is a single chip with two
or more separate processor cores
 Processors contain :
 a Control Unit and;
 an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).
 Processor (2/17)

 Control unit directs and coordinates operations in

computer
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic,
comparison, and logical operations
 Processor (3/17)

Figure 4-7 Most devices connected to the computer communicate with the processor to carry out a task.
 Processor (4/17)

 The control unit

 The control unit is the component of the processor that
directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
 Carries out instructions that direct the computer system

 Communicates with the arithmetic/logic unit and the memory

Figure 4-8 The Machine Cycle shows the Control Unit

 Processor (5/17)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit

 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the
processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other
operations
 Performs all arithmetic
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Performs all Logical operations or comparisons
 Equal
 less than
 Greater Than
 Combinations of the above (i.e. greater than or equal to)
 Not equal is represented by greater than or less than
 Processor (6/17)

 What is a machine cycle?

 For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise
a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory

Memory
Step 2.
Step 4. Store Decode
Write result to memory Translate
instruction into
Processor commands
ALU Control Unit
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command

Figure 4-9 A Machine Cycle

 Processor (7/17)

 The Steps in Machine Cycle by example

Figure 4-10 This figure shows the steps in a machine cycle.

 Processor (8/17)

 What is pipelining
?
 CPU begins fetching
second completing
machine cycle for
first instruction

 Results in faster
processing

Figure 4-11 A Pipelining processes

 Processor (9/17)

 What is a register
 The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data
and instructions
 Temporary high speed storage area that holds data and
instructions
 A register is a temporary storage area built into a CPU.
 Some registers are used internally and cannot be accessed
outside the processor, while others are user accessible.
 Most modern CPU architectures include both types of
registers.
 Processor (10/17)

 What is the system clock?

 Controls timing of all computer operations
 The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is
usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
 Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set
operating pace of components of system unit
 Older CPU processing speeds are in megahertz
 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second
 Current CPU processing speeds are in gigahertz
 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second
 Processor (11/17)

 Workstation and mainframe speeds are measured in

MIPS
 MIPS stands for millions of instructions per second
 Workstations perform at 100 MIPS or more
 Mainframes now perform as fast as 981,024 MIPS
 Processor (12/17)

Each tick
is a Pace of system
clock cycle clock is clock speed
Most clock speeds are
in the gigahertz (GHz)
range (1 GHz = one
billion ticks of system Processor speed can
clock per second) also be measured in
millions of instructions
per second (MIPS)

Figure 4-12 A Clock Cycle.

 Processor (13/17)

 The leading manufacturers of personal computer

processor chips are Intel and AMD

Figure 4-13 Intel processor chips.

 Processor (14/17)

 What is a zero insertion force (ZIF) socket?

 Allows you to install and remove chips with no force

Step 1. Step 2. Step 3.

Lift the lever on the socket. Insert the chip. Push the lever down.

Figure 4-14 A Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) Socket

 Processor (15/17)

 A processor chip generates heat that could cause the

chip to malfunction or fail
 Require additional cooling
 Heat sinks
 Liquid cooling technology
 Cooling pads

Figure 4-15 A Heat sink fan and heat sinks

 Processor (16/17)

 What are heat sinks and

Heat sink fan
heat pipes
 Heat sink — component
with fins that cools
processor
 Heat pipe — smaller
device for notebook
computers
Heat sink

Figure 4-16 A Heat sink fan and heat sinks

 Processor (17/17)

Figure 4-17 A laptop cooling pad helps reduce heat generated by a laptop.
4.4 Data Representation (1/7)

 Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength

and quality
 Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off
 Most computers are digital
 The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
 Bits and bytes
 Data Representation (2/7)

 How do computers
represent data?
 Most computers are digital
 Recognize only two discrete
states: on or off
 Use a binary system to
recognize two states
 Use Number system with
two unique digits: 0 and 1,
called bits (short for binary
digits)
Figure 4-18 Data representation use a binary system to recognize two states
 Data Representation (3/7)

Figure 4-19 The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by
the presence or absence of an electronic charge.
 Data Representation (4/7)

 What is a byte ?
 Eight bits grouped together as a unit

 Provides enough different combinations of 0s and

1s to represent 256 individual characters, numbers,
uppercase and lowercase letters, punctuation marks
 Data Representation (5/7)

 What is a byte?

Figure 4-20 A byte for the letter, symbol and number

 Data Representation (6/7)

 What are three popular coding systems to represent

 ASCII American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (most commonly used)
 EBCDIC — Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code
 Unicode — coding scheme capable of representing all
world’s languages
 Data Representation (7/7)

Step 1.
The user presses Step 2.
the capital letter D An electronic signal for the
(shift+D key) on capital letter D is sent to the
the keyboard. system unit.

Step 4.
After processing, the binary Step 3.
code for the capital letter D is The signal for the capital letter D
converted to an image, and is converted to its ASCII binary
displayed on the output device. code (01000100) and is stored in
memory for processing.

Figure 4-21 A process of data representation

4.5 Memory (1/22)

 What is memory?
 Electronic components (holding area) that store instructions,
data, and information
 Like motherboard, memory is contained on chips connected to
the system board.
 Each memory stored in unique location called an address,
 Memory (2/22)

 Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and the
results of processing the data
 Stores three basic categories of items:
 The operating system and other programs
 Applications
 Data being processed and the resulting information
 Memory (3/22)

 Computers and mobile devices contain two types of

memory:
 Volatile memory
 Loses its contents when power is turned off
 Example includes Random Access Memory(RAM)

 Nonvolatile memory
 Does not lose contents when power is removed
 Examples include Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, and
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
 Memory (4/22)

 Each byte resides temporarily in a location in

memory that has an address
 Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes
(GB)

Figure 4-22 Temporarily location in memory

 Memory (5/22)

 RAM

Figure 4-23 Sample of Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Memory (6/22)

Figure 4-24 This figure shows how program and application instructions transfer in and out of RAM.
 Memory (7/22)

 Two common types of RAM exist:

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

 Static RAM (SRAM)

 Memory (8/22)

Table 4-1 common DRAM Variations

Name Comments
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) • Synchronized to the system clock
• Much faster than DRAM
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) • Transfers data twice, instead of once, for each
clock cycle
• Faster than SDRAM
DDR2 • Second generation of DDR
• Faster than DDR
DDR3 • Third generation of DDR
• Designed for computers with multi-core
processors
• Faster than DDR2
DDR4 • Fourth generation of DDR
• Faster than DDR3
RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) • Much faster than SDRAM
 Memory (9/22)

RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are

inserted into memory slots

Figure 4-25 Memory modules contain memory chips.

 Memory (10/22)

 How is memory measured?

 Memory(11/22)
Primary Memory Chips Explanation

RAM Random Access Memory chips are volatile and hold:

a. Software instructions
b. Data before & after the CPU processes it
ROM Read Only Memory
a. Cannot be written on or erased without special
equipment
b. Are loaded at factory with fixed (permanent)
start-up instructions (BIOS), that tell the
computer how to load the operating system
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
a. Powered by a battery
b. Contains time, date, calendar, boot password
Flash Nonvolatile memory that can be erased and
reprogrammed more than once
a. Doesn’t require a battery
b. Used in newer PCs for BIOS instructions
 Memory (12/22)

 What is cache?
 Helps speed computer processes by storing frequently used
instructions and data
 Also called memory cache

 L1 cache built into processor

 L2 cache slower but has larger capacity
 L2 advanced transfer cache is faster,
built directly on processor chip
 L3 cache is separate from processor
chip on motherboard (L3 is only
on computers that use L2 advanced
transfer cache)
Figure 4-26 Computer Specification
 Memory (13/22)

Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because

it stores frequently used instructions and data

Figure 4-27 Memory cache helps speed processing times when the processor requests data, instructions, or
information.
 Memory (14/22)

 How much RAM do you need?

 Depends on type of applications you intend to run on your
computer
 Memory (15/22)
4.2 Table of RAM capacity and uses

RAM 128 to 256 MB 256 to 1 GB 1 GB and up

Use

• Home and • Users requiring more

• Power users creating
business users professional Web sites •
advanced multimedia
Running sophisticated
managing capabilities CAD, 3D design, or other
personal finance
• Running number-intensive graphics-intensive
• Using standard accounting, financial, or software
application spreadsheet programs
software such as • Using voice recognition
word processing
• Working with videos, music,
• Using educational
and digital imaging
or entertainment • Creating Web sites
CD-ROMs
• Participating in video
• Communicating conferences
with others on the
Web • Playing Internet games
 Memory (16/22)

 Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory

chips storing permanent data and instructions
 Firmware
 RAM vs. ROM (17/22)

 Random access memory  Read Only Memory

 Volatile  Permanently recorded
 Can be written to and data
erased  Things such as boot
 SRAM-static RAM routine are stored in ROM
 DRAM-Dynamic RAM  Nonvolatile
 SDRAM and RDRAM  Some ROM chips, called
 Comes on SIMMs and PROM are programmable
DIMMs with a ROM burner
 Memory (18/22)

 Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
 CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information
when the power to the computer is off
 Memory (19/22)

CMOS Memory

Figure 4-28 CMOS Memory Chips

 Memory (20/22)

 Three kinds of busses linked between the CPU,

memory, primary storage and the other devices in
the computer system:
 Data bus
 Pass information in bi-directional.
 Address bus
 Transmits signals for locating a given address in primary storage,
indicating where data should be placed.
 Control bus
 Transmits signal specifying whether to read or write data to or
from primary storage address, input device or output device.
 Memory (21/22)

Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to

read from memory
❑ Measured in nanoseconds

 Figure 4-29 It takes about one-tenth of a second to blink your eye, in which time a computer can perform
some operations 10 million times.
 Memory (22/22)

Table 4-3 access Time Terminology

Term Abbreviation Speed

Millisecond ms One-thousandth of a second

Microsecond µs One-millionth of a second

Nanosecond ns One-billionth of a second

Picosecond ps One-trillionth of a second
4.6 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (1/6)

 An adapter card enhances functions of a

component of a desktop or server system unit
and/or provides connections to peripheral devices
 Sound card and video card
 An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or
server motherboard that can hold an adapter card
Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (2/6)
Types of Adapter Cards

 What is an adapter
card?
 Enhances system unit or
provides connections to
external devices called
peripherals
 Also called an expansion
card
 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (3/6)

 Table 4-3 adapter cards

Type Purpose
Bluetooth Enables Bluetooth connectivity
MIDI Connects to musical instruments
Modem Connects to transmission media, such as cable television lines or phone
lines
Network Provides network connections, such as to an Ethernet port
Sound Connects to speakers or a microphone
TV tuner Allows viewing of digital television broadcasts on a monitor
USB Connects to high-speed USB ports
Video Provides enhanced graphics capabilities, such as accelerated processing
or the ability to connect a second monitor
Video capture Connects to a digital video camera
 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (4/6)

 What is an expansion
slot?
 An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard
that can hold an
adapter card

Figure 4-30 An Expansion Slot

 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (5/6)

 With Plug and Play technology, the computer

automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you
install them

Figure 4-31 Cards inserted in expansion slots on a desktop motherboard.

 Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards (6/6)

 A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile

computer and/or provides connections to peripheral
devices

Figure 4-32 A USB adapter inserts into a USB port on a computer or mobile device.
4.7 Buses (1/3)

 A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system unit to
communicate with one another
 Data bus
 Address bus
 Word size is the number of
bits the processor can interpret
and execute at a given time

Figure 4-33 Just as vehicles travel on a highway, bits travel on a bus. Buses are used to
transfer bits from input devices to memory, from memory to the processor, from the
processor to memory, and from memory to output or storage devices.
 Buses (2/3)

 A computer might have these three types of buses:

 System bus

 Backside bus

 Expansion bus (AGP Bus, PCI Bus, ISA Bus)

 Buses (3/3)

 What is an expansion bus?

 Allows processor to communicate with peripherals

Figure 4-34 An Expansion Bus

4.8 Ports and Connectors (1/8)

 What are ports and connectors?

 Port connects external devices to system unit

 Connector joins cable to peripheral

 Available in one of two genders: male and female

 Ports and Connectors (2/8)

Figure 4-35 Ports and Connectors

 Ports and Connectors (3/8)

 What are different types of connectors?

Figure 4-36 Different type of connector

 Ports and Connectors (4/8)

 What is a serial port?

 Transmits one bit of data at a time

 Connects slow-speed devices, such

as mouse, keyboard, modem

Figure 4-37 A Serial port

 Ports and Connectors (5/8)

 What is a parallel port?

 Connects devices that can transfer
more than one bit at a time, such
as a printer

Figure 4-38 A parallel port

 Ports and Connectors (6/8)

 What are USB ports?

 USB (universal serial bus) port can connect up to 127

different peripherals together with a single connector
type

 It can be used to connect keyboards, mice, game

controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, and
removable media drives, just to name a few
 Ports and Connectors (7/8)

 What are special-purpose ports?

 Allow users to attach specialized peripherals (digital video cameras,
color printers, scanners, and disk drives) or transmit data to wireless
devices

Figure 4-39 A special purpose ports

 Ports and Connectors (8/8)

 What ports are on a notebook computer?

Figure 4-40 Ports on a notebook computer

 4.9 Power Supply and Batteries (1/2)

 The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts

the wall outlet AC power into DC power

Figure 4-41 Examples of desktop power supply and laptop AC adapter.

 Power Supply and Batteries (2/2)

 Mobile computers and devices can run using either

a power supply or batteries
 Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion
batteries

Figure 4-42 Rechargeable batteries for mobile computers and devices.

 4.10 Bay

 What is a bay?
 Open area inside system
unit used to install
additional equipment
 Drive bays typically hold
disk drives

Figure 4-43 A bay

 Summary

 Various components inside computers and mobile

devices
 Types of processors, steps in a machine cycle, and
processor cooling methods
 Advantages and services of cloud computing
 How memory stores data and various types of
memory
 Adapters, buses, power supplies and batteries
 Ways to care for computers and mobile devices