MCU ESTIMATION UNIT

• Most battery management systems require an MCU or

an FPGA (Field programmable gate array) to manage
information from the sensing circuitry and to make
decisions with the received information. In a select few
offerings, such as I tersil’s ISL94203, the algorithm is
encoded, with some programmability, digitally
enabling a standalone solution with one chip.
Standalone solutions are also valuable when mated to
an MCU because the state machine within the
standalone can be used to free up MCU clock cycles
and memory space.
• Due to the modern advances in microcontroller, a
battery having a degree of logic via microcontroller unit
(MCU) is called Smart Battery.
 The Smart Battery has many advantages such as;
acquisition signal recognition, reporting battery voltage
and reporting charging / discharging current to refine and
calculate data to the main applications. Also, the
dangerous states such as; too high charge/discharge
currents can be reported to predict, automatically, the
dangerous situations and to make the cell balancing. The
task reporting battery voltage ensures that only the
correct type of battery is used.
• Reporting refine/calculate to the vehicle applications
include the voltage and charging/discharging. Battery
remaining life is based on the battery parameters such as
voltage, discharge current and the battery
charging/discharging characteristic which are stored in
the MCU data memory.
RUL – Remaining Useful Life
 Fault Warning Block
• Battery warning light
• Safe to drive: No, if the battery light shows red while
driving, you need to have the fault looked at
immediately as the battery isn't being charged.
• Next steps: Get in touch with us about your vehicle's
breakdown. Carrying on driving without knowing what
the problem is could cause engine damage.
• The problem: It's normal to see this warning light
briefly as you start the engine. If it doesn't light up, or
does so while you're driving, it may mean there's a
problem with the wiring, the alternator or the
alternator drive belt.
 SOH
• SOC (State of Capacity) has been gradually replaced by SOH
(State of Health) and become the mainstream of the focus
o attery’s life y le a d health e aluatio . Although there
is still no standard for measurement, many studies have
confirmed that SOH is able to provide a comprehensive and
a urate esti atio of a attery’s health status.
• The State of Health is a "measurement" that reflects the
general condition of a battery and its ability to deliver the
specified performance compared with a fresh battery. It
takes into account such factors as charge acceptance,
internal resistance, voltage and self-discharge. It is a
measure of the long term capability of the battery and
gives an "indication" not an absolute measurement, of how
much of the available life time energy throughout" of the
battery has been consumed, and how much is left.
 SOH
• SOH for EV applications
• For EV applications, the ability to achieve the range when called
upon to do so is most important, hence the SOH is based on a
comparison of current capacity with capacity when new.
• During the lifetime of a battery, its performance or "health" tends
to deteriorate gradually due to irreversible physical and chemical
changes which take place with usage and with age until eventually
the battery is no longer usable or dead.
• The SOH is an indication of the point which has been reached in the
life cycle of the battery and a measure of its condition relative to a
fresh battery.
• SOH for HEV applications
• For HEV applications the ability to deliver the specified power is
more important and so SOH is based on a comparison of the DC
resistance (or 1 kHz impedance) now with DC resistance (or 1 kHz
impedance) when new.
 State of Health (SOH)
• SOH describes the physical condition of a battery, ranging from
internal behavior, such as loss of rated capacity, to external
behavior, such as severe conditions. Unlike SOC, there is no clear-
cut definition of SOH. A general definition of SOH is that it reflects
the health condition of a battery and its ability to deliver specified
performance compared to a fresh battery . The SOH in EV
applications is used to characterize the ability to drive a specific
distance or range. SOH in HEV applications is a characteristic of
the specified power, such as the cranking power from
regenerative braking. Scholars and manufacturers use the
percentage of nominal capacity as the health threshold of the
battery . When the capacity reduces to 80% of the beginning of
life capacity after charge-discharge cycling, it is defined as battery
failure. However, studies have defined different rules or indicators
to quantify the SOH in terms of battery characteristics, test
equipment, and different applications.
 SOH
• Recently, the most popular method of SOH evaluation is to
compare the current status of a used battery with that of a
new battery. During the process, several different
para eters ill e o sidered a d the a relati e health
status will be calculated. The evaluation for a battery cell
focuses on the differences between charge/discharge
performances, while the battery pack focuses on the
consistency among each single cell.
• Comparative index between new and used battery cells:
capacity, internal resistance, voltage concentration ratio,
Self-discharge rate, energy conversion efficiency, etc.
• Comparative index between new and used battery packs:
capacity, energy conversion efficiency, consistency (internal
resistance, voltage difference, temperature difference), etc.
•