Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Globalization PDF
Globalization PDF
!"#$%&%
'((#)**+++, "*##-*+$%&%
!
"
#
$
#
#
"
% & '
(#!(
#$ ) )
(
)% ) !
%
*
#
+,-
.
"
/
(
!
$%&%
22-(
7000
06
/
,9(
(5
5
1
'-
+
3
('
-(
':1(2
2(
(
-
--
4 --3
('
4-(
:14-(-
('6
;255
('
,
('
-(55
/00
-
,
('
' ('(1
-(55
1(
((
((
'
5124(-
('
<((
,9(6
5
-4
--
('
,-
('(
4-
(
('
,
1-5-
('
4 1(-
141
+('
5
('
4 1(-
-
(
4-25
,
=
>
?2(
5
('
34(
'
112-
-
('(
,9(
-
(
('
4
,-(1
(
(-
(
55--
-21'
11-
"5
#1'
34(
35
.3-(
$@
"
#((
4,56
07/8%:&%0/
5
!
;AB'3552
A
!
!" "
!"
B #
"
'
!
#
#
$"
!
!
%! $
!
"
!!
" #
"
!
" "%
"
"
!!
'
"
"
! $
#
""
C
"
#
"#
.
..
" "
0,!"
&"
!D.BD.4
.. 6
.7
..#
"
""
!!D58D
""
"
<#"
##
!
1!!
! "E" 7
!
"
!<?@
!D335BD77=
&
*
"!
"
!
"
,!!!
!"
!">
! #
" !
!""#
!
#
F
&"
"
#
"
!
#
!
"
! " # *
!
G
!
! "!
!"!
!
!
'
"
!
"
" # !! "
'
..#& !"# !!
,
1 "7
4..-6+!
4..B6!"
1
!
!!"
8-#
"#""#
"1"4..B6
"
!
+!
!#
#A
'
4...6
7
!" !
#!
4
!,6
.5#
"2%
!
#
!"
% "
";; ''
!
#"
#
*
$
!
"
%
"
.
!"
"%!
"
!!
""
.& !"# # !"#
"#
"
#,"
; 4...6
2
4
H() 6#
" " !4
!
6# ! "
#
! '
!
"
!#
!"
3
!
" ") &
#
!
!
"
EI=
; !
4...6 # "
#
!!"
! 3
'
"
" !*!+
4.6
J;
&
"
"!
!
.3KL%
@
"
#""
!
# " L !!
!!
"
* LM
%
" !
!
"
.3.33,!
C
!
"
"
"#
!
"
0,1
,!/
" ! "
!
.3
%##!
" ! !
J%
MA
!
3
.
*
! !
"
##
A&"
EI=
; !
4...6
! J
M
""
B
#
"
!" %
!
#
!
#
# !
G'
2
#;
#
!
%
% 4%0
,
#
!
! #&"!"!
,
.- !
&"
.N #
.
! #!"
!
!!
#
!
!
!
"
5
2""
"
";; '
!"
.-%
!"
!
$"
G
!
!#
G
.
%
;#</ !"#
.33 ""
4
'
% E
#
"!
'
"##0,1
" "$
B
)
I@ <
#!
'%E
"
'
..B " "
%%
!
!
#;% E
2
4...6"
" !"
"
5
8.3
5
" !
7 4.3.336
!"
"
"
"%
"
# !!
!
! ;; ''#
!
! ;
; '
!
"
"
) ""
!
!
%
"#
!
""#
!"&
$
!
!"
#
I
E
""
!"
* !
1
#
I &"
# !"#
(); "
#
N0
, %
"
# #
#
!
"
2
! "
0," O"%"
"
P"'
!
-
"
!
" !!
"#
"
0,"
*
"
"
%0,!"H() *
E
!""
%
!
" 0, %
&"#
!
!
"
#
A0
0,'
!
6
'
# !
"
I"
!!"
7 4E
"
"6;
%
R
"
"4%
6
8!!'26%
#
..R"
"
#!
!
,
"
/
+
&"
%&"
!" !
N()#"
"
!
! #
! ()'
#
!
&!"#
!
8
!""
!! I
!E
#!
!"
0
, # !""
Closedness
100 - SQ
)U
0[
6S
6
8
,3
,WDO\
90
8.
80
HUODQG
1HWKHUODQGV
70
1RUZD\
6ZLW]
Openness
60
50
40
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Share of world output (%) in log scale
!!"
;
!!"F%
!
"
# #
!
!
#!!"
.
'
! !
!
"#"
"
!!
"
" !
&
% #& !"#!
!!#
!%
"! !"
7
!"
! ""
I
"MJ
M6%!
0, ! .R
"
.B 5"
..4%
3
"
6 "
""
%
!"
#
!
!!
"
8
)
,4..36
7
!!#!
0,
! -N
8
"
8N # BN #"# #
"
!
0,
"
#!
!-N
2&B8N
#" 33B
'!
!! !
"
!
#
!
"
"
2 *
! "" !CJ
FM
!
" "! '
" #
*
"
*
4%"
! G
"
&!#
&! 6
'
" #
" #
"
"
# !
&
1
& !"0,
"!"'
"
"
0,"
!"
"!"
! A
"
!
#
!
"
4..-6
"
#
$
$
!
$
!# #
!
" "
!
!!
&"
#"
* ' "
" "
!4" "
K6E
&"
!!
*
!! #
!
#
#
!
2;
! ! @&#
2;
!
J)
)) M#
"
!!!
%
"
"
A&
"10
A
!"
"
"
!
"#+!
=4..B6
"
A
/
-7"
! "
" #
"
% =4..56
9
""
" ! A
">
A"I1!!
)#
&
"
11
%$
&
'
$
"
" !
! !"
" ""
%
!
"&!#
# # #
"
;!
@
!
4.556 J"
M
(
4.86
!J$
M
!
!
""
!"
#
!"
" !
%
"
!!
"
#
!"
!
2
!
!
,
S %
" !!
& !"#A
4..76
10
E"8-.7#
#EI=
; !
4...6#
11
"
A"
0
7
""
= #
!"
&
!
%!"
"
'
"
!"
#
$"
"!
" A
=4..56
"
3
!"
71
0,%
<
!
"
!#
""
" #
<
I
' ! #
!" '
"
4
&..Q.#. " &"
6#
!
;
"
#
#
#
"
%
""E
@ ,*
,
3
! #
"#
# ..-# =#
#
=#
@
!
#.556
E"
@
H7#
* 12%
$
8"
!
!
@
!
!"!
%
" !
B"
!
!
%!
!
!
!!"
A"
0
1
!"
'
.5#
"
3!
! "
13%# !
"
#
.-
.8
"" '
#!
"
!"#
!
! 8N!
!
4
..6'
#
"
!
# B.!
14
=!4...6
12
+!
4.-56
13
%
"
.3B
&"
#
14
B
%
"!
#
& !
%
!" 4
!6
!
#
!
"
0
#
#
'
.."
.5B2
"
8"
..15
=
!
"
#
!!)
%
!
A
!0
E
!!"
"&!#!!
#
#
!#!
%
!
--"
16
!!
! # A"
0
#
<#
A0!!
#
!
<
4..-6
!
!
A0"
!
T
!I
&"
!#
"!
! -B
..#.-."6
2
4..76#2
4..-6#
2
4..76
15
#..->=#"B
16
5
"
# !
! !
' "
!"
#
" !
#
&" "
A
$
4
6
#
&
!
;4..56! EA1(
>
!
40
"
;
"
!!
!!"
"
;
"
"
!!
# '
!!
!#
! (
!
0, # "
"#
!
#
#
" !
&
1
"
# !
! $
!
%
E
&"! !
4% .886
-
21 !4..B6 "" ! !
"
"
! ! "
1
..7.5#
!-
.88
FU A
=#
1
0, !
"
"
B
!
%
1
"
!"
!
#
1
0
,
! !#
!
#
#
A ;
/
21 !4..B6U"
"
!
!
""
"
# !!
#
"
"
!"U)!
"&!
1
0
,
8
%
" &
#
"
&
!
A&
"
! ;
#
#
& # "
!
#
"! " 0
#
!
% !
""17'
!
&
# !
!
-N
"
! 7"
!>!"
7B!
)!
!
"
!!
4
!!A"
A
!
2
0
...6
!
&
# "!,
4..-#7B7.6#
;4..-6
=4...6
17
.
(
$
$
%
()
"
!
! &"
! "!"
#"!"
!
" "
!
!
#
" &"
.7 !
" !!
'
.-7
!&&
!
0
, ! "
"
0
+
!"
.-#
!A"
.82
!
!
"
"
" !!
..4
*
!
;
! #
!
!
7 # !"
""%
""*
"
) "!!"
!
&
! CDB
" #
"..8#
!
!
!
#
#
1
18!#
/ 4.86
" "
" !
&"!
"
" !C
&"
!!!
!
#
!
"
! 19,! #
""
"
!
I
"# "
!
20A
#
!"
!
!"
!
E
&"
#
*
"
"
'
!
&
! !
*
!
#
" !!
!
*
$&"
&
% 4..56
18
4..6
!
"
19
&
#
*
$
&"
A
!"
&"
!#
!"
!
""
!
*21%
!
!
!
#
"
!
"
'
#
! #!! #
! !
#
"
#
!"#
;
!!
&
#
#
#
!;!
'!
@4..B6
20
1
"
!
!"
21
%"
<?1
!J
#M"
#
A
!"
#
( 4...6 , !
= (H,&
!"
#"= (
" <?
2#
&
$
! &!
!
!
! " # $!
!
" <#
!
!" !
*
+
,
"
;
!
!
!"
F;
!F
1
!
! #
&
"
%
"
#! &!
"'
!
#
"
;
"
F%
!
*
!
, " @
!
7
"
!
! %
!"
!
4
" "
6"
"
'
!
2
" !
!
#
!
,! #!
0
, " !"
"!
4 "" ##" #
!
6# 0, !"
4 #
#
!" 6
#
&
# !"
,
#
! "!
#
!%!
!#!
!
!"!"
#
#
'
"
*
#
#""
22
!
/"!
4..6
/"!
+!
4.8B6
22
3
%# #
"
#
4# 6#"
!
& #
"
""
#
!
"#
! #
!
! '
#!
!
4<
%
1
I
;%E6 !
!"
"
"
*! %
!
!
"!
!
!"/
! "J!
!!
!#
!
!
#
"
*
"
",
"
!
!!""
!<
!
""
! " 4&
B
"6>
" "
"
4&
6
2!"
#
"
"!
I #
$ ()
!
" "
!
!
" #"
#
!" !
"
%
!
!!
!%
!"!
"
,
!#& !"#!
!
!
""
#&"!" !
"!
!
!;
!
#
*
"
! #
#
1
!"
*
#U/
FU;
!"
A
!
!
V '
!
" "
!
!
" !!
#
5
! & !" !&"
!" ()
C("
F;
"
!
# !"
!
%! "
!" "
!7
7231
!
! %
0,"
.B2"
!!"
"
0,
!2 ! #!"
N
! I "
V ""
()
U
U
!
!!"
E
""
"" !
"
24 ""
!
"!# !!
%! ! !
23
!!
!
#!
" #
4.56
!#
!!
!
! "
#
7 B "
'
%46#
.7#
=
=46 *!"
24
-
"
!
! !
!
!
" #!"
"
"
!
%
!
I
;
" !
#
!"
# ".-7
!
! $
!
!
"
!"!
#!"
!
1
!
% ..
& !"C...7
A"
A&
= 2
!#
A
!
! !..-
...A
%
!
!
#
#
" ! "
!
!
'
$
" "
!
8
!"
"
!
!25
-
$
2
"
!#"
G*
!
26
"
'
!
"
"
#"
! "
!
"
%
!"
!"
" A
.5
..#!
!
! ..-.8
"!
#
"
!
*
!2
% !
"
E4..86
4...6
25
!
" !
E
!!"
!
!G
26
"!"
#
"" !
!
!
"%
" !
%
" $ # !
""
!
G #& !"#
"
1;
.
!
## "" !! #
*
*
&
#/E
, !
!#
"
!
!
' "
!
%!
# "
&"
#
"
% !"
" !4#
"
!
"
"#
"
2
"
!
#
#
"
# !!"
!
/E
, !
!27
'
0
, # "
"
"
8"
"
.-7
..B#
!
1!!
! G"
%
#
!
""#! $ "
4#+!
EI=
; !
4...6
! $*
27
"
#
#
"
.
#"
/E
&"
7
@
#..36E
!
"
28
E
!"-7
#1 46
* # !
%
"
!
E
"
!
'
! "
!"
JM"
!"!
!"
!
*
#
!" %
&"
"
!
#
+
#
!
29 !!
!
"
!
J"MG!
" !#
#
&"
* #
!
%
5"
*
%!"
28
""#
>
*
&"
!
N
"
1
4..-6
4...6
#
" ""
"
29
!
7
$
"
" "
!!
+4..7#
..B6
!
+
C
"
#
"
#
!
"
"
!
* &
"
"
! "
!I
!
! $!
!I !"
31!#
J !#M) !"!
"
C
!
*
!
!'
"#
#1"
% 4..86! "
()
/ #@
;
46
!
30
""
0 "
"
!
"
"
#
!
;
#!
!" !
31
!
!
%4..6
#)
#)
,
4..B6
7
"
#
"&
"
%!"
%
!
!
"
! "
%
!
'!
#& !"#
"
"#
!
"!
% !
"
"
!
! "! J #M
,!
!
&
## #
#"
"
#
!
& !"
&
#
!"
!
#
!
""
!
)#
!!
'"" !"
#
"!
!1 !
""
!
""
"
"#
77
!
'
!
#
"
#
"
#
" # !"
!C " !
#
!
#
"
0,
""
+)
!!
&
#
!
!!"
W
"
#
%" C
" "
%
"
" "
!
!
!
!
#
"
!
! "
!
"#
73
% "
*
&
!
#
!
!*
;; ''#
"
!!
!
%"
!
!"#'
#
! !
"
;; #
!"
!
!
'
#
!!"1
"" !"
#
! !"
#!
##
"
"
% "I
!"
!
&
""
""
"
!%
!
!"
"
#
A
!
"
#"
#
7B
!
'
! #
!
!
"
#! "
#
!, !
!! ! "
&
! #!
! '
#
" # ! !
! #
! "
!
%
!
&%
'
(
X
" " '
$
!
#
"
!
<!...;%E!
,
'
%!! !"
#
#
C
#
!
!
F) "
#
!
"#
!
!
!
%"!&
%
!
!
G
!
!
!
75
"!)! !
!
!
"
<
;%E
%
# !
"
!
#
+)
1!
1
#
#
!
!
" "
!
%
!
#
#
0
,
%
!
# !
, !
"" #
!
;%E
7-
$
#
#A
,"
=!
; #...#JA
!'
) (
#M(!
#;
#
1"
#
2,% #..8#J'%
A
!
FM< A=;
) "<5--#
#= #
)""2
#...#J%;
C,"
,! #
!
(
#M< A=;
) "<5.3#
#=#...#J'
* ##
'
!
#M< A=;
) "<
-78#2
# 2 # A
( '
# ...# J'
%
= (
%
/
?
FM
)
*+++,
1 #
# # J( <
% 2 / 2 0
*
(
'
!FM0
;
#2
1
# ; !# ..-# % # #
'
! (
# '
'
A
!#;
#(1
( #)#
=
.8#U% '
%
2
1
;#U/
A
!#583
A
#1 #..7#U= A&
=
= )C
A!"
'
#U
2
A
!7#
#7BB
A
# 1 #
=# U/ ; FU
!
A
!
=85#
B#(!..5#B
#2
1 / #.8#J(!,
'
1 "
#M$
-
.C73.
##U2
'
1 " 2C
=#U
!
A
!=8#
42 ..6#.-
# # =
%
; %
,!# '
'
A
!#;
(1#..-
##...#J)" =
=
1 " #M
#"
78
#
( =!#...#U(% 1 FU
!
A
!=#
#
=##J
A! A1
0
%
#M
#,
0
#
,
;#U=
;%
1
C
A
!
)U
%=
;A
!#
#
#0
1 )#1 #..-
#+
#
A!( #...#J/
,)
@
% #M
A
!B7#
#85
#+
#2 +!#
+
=#J%@ E
)E-
? #M< A=;
) "<B7#2 ..B
#
#
A 2
#..7#U))
'
% #U
!
) ,
=8-#
#
#383
!
#
#
A
/"!
#..#"
.
.
$
#2'%)C1 !
!
#
#
+#..7#JA
!
'!" <
!
%
!
#M
%0,2&%
!
#) ##
1 !2
#2'%)
!
#
#
+#..B#JA
!
A
!
#M
X
A
!#7B77--
/ #; !#
@
#
( ;
##J=& !
A!" A
A
!
+
1#M< A=;
) "<
--#2
/#
#..8#/2(<
2 F
'
C
;
(1
/#
#
21 !..BU<
,2 % U
/
05#H
C3338
/"!
#A
) +!
.8B2 ,
% #
1 !#2'%)
'
#( #
2 %##J(% = '
!FA
!
%
1
#M"!
#2
7.
#
!#,)
#) )
=,
#..B#JA
!
=
1!"
0,2
C; (A
%0FM
A
!@ 77#757
+
#
2
#.#%A
!1
*
) #/
#
/C<?
+!
#A" !#.-5#U%
(
1
!#U%A
!
85#,"!#3B.38
+!
#) #..B#J
;% C1
1
*
#M
) "
A
!
#7-75
+!
#) #
=@
#..3#J% #
; #M,
!
#
"
@#+
#J)
'
2 #M
/
'
A
!#7#
!
+
=#</
#..B
@
!
#/
.55
A
!,'
% #<
/
#
! !
2
# A # ..7# UA '
)
=
!
'
% #U
+!
= # # =
'
%
,!#/ ;
2
#A #
=
#..-#U%) A
!2 $)
% #U
A 2
/
2
# # % ) A
!
=
!#<?C1! 0
)
21 !#
#..B#U<
2 C1
0,=
%
)
#U
!
A
!=8B#
7#
#5B57
E#2 #..8#J% 1 " 2 C
2
FM< A=
;
) "<5BB.#2 !
#
A
!)"
EI=#+
#
; !
#...#J%/E
2
3
;A&"
)1
#;
'(<#
;#M
< A=;
) "<-3#<!
)#@
#
,#..3#J% = #% =
% =!C
,!< #M;
A
!=8#
#
C5
=# (
#
=Y# ...# J% )
A
! C
,"V 1<
A
#M +
3
=#+
#..5#J%"
"" "#M
A
!
@ #73C46#
#53-558
=#
##JE
2
#E
2 CA!
A1!!
1
% #MA
!)#7#
"#-35
% #
#..5#J'
1 " 2
/C%,
'
!
=
"#M< A=;
) "B-37
%#
#..#J%A(!A
!
)
)
;% C
A!" %#M+37#..
;#,
..5U/,
<
,
FU< A=
;
) "B77
"
3