A Written Assignment Presented to

Captain. Venancio Simon Sulit

Technological Institute of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Subject
Seamanship 2 - Trim Stability and Stress
WEEK 6

Presented by:
CASIM, EIDL JARED C.
MT12KA5
December 14, 2019
Shear force and bending moment
Shear force is a force which tends to break or shear a beam across (perpendicular to)
its major axis.

Bending moment at any point on abeam is the total moment tending to alter the shape
of the beam.

Hogging and Sagging bending moments

The bending moment which causes a beam to bend with the concave side upwards, is
called a Sagging Bending Moment. This kind of bending moment is treated as a positive
bending moment. On the other hand, the bending moment which causes a beam to
bend with the concave side upwards is called a Hogging Bending Moment.
• When a ship is floating in still water conditions the hull will experience
longitudinal deflections created by the uneven distribution of weight forces and
buoyancy forces along its length. These stresses will always exist no matter how
the ship is loaded and will never be totally eliminated.
• When floating freely, the forces of gravity and buoyancy, acting on the ship, are
equal.
• The force of gravity, acting on the ship, would have different values at various
places along the ship's length depending on the longitudinal distribution of the
weights on board, including the weight of the hull itself.
• The force of buoyancy also would have different values at various points along
the length of the ship as it depends on the shape of the underwater part of the
hull in the vicinity of the point under consideration.
• If the vessel is box-shaped and on an even keel, the force of buoyancy would act
evenly all along the length of the ship. If the box-shaped vessel is trimmed by the
stern, buoyancy would be more at the stern and less at the bow, and vice versa,
but the total buoyancy must always be equal to the total gravity experienced.

• In still water a ship will experience shearing forces and bending moments as a
consequence of uneven distribution of weight forces and buoyancy forces acting
along its length.
• Consider a box-shaped vessel of uniform construction having three holds of
equal length. The light displacement of the vessel is 9000 tonnes and it is floating
on an even keel.
• The vessel will displace a mass of water equal to the displacement of the vessel
in the light condition. The total weight force (Wf) acting downwards equals the
total buoyancy force (Bf) acting upwards.
• Since each of the holds are the same length, the weight force attributable to each
hold will be the same, being 3000 tonnes for each. The volume (and hence
 mass) of water displaced by each hold will also be the same, 3000 tonnes. It can
be seen that the distribution of weight force and buoyancy force exactly matches
throughout the length of the vessel and in this condition the vessel's structure will
experience no stress.

• 6000 tonnes of bulk cargo is now loaded into No. 2 hold and is trimmed level.
• The buoyancy force is evenly distributed along the length of the vessel, since
5000 tonnes of water is displaced by each hold, however, the distribution of the
weight force is not the same as can be seen.

In numbers 1 and 3 holds there is an excess of buoyancy force of 2000 tonnes,

whereas in number 2 hold there is an excess of weight force of 4000 tonnes. These
excesses of weight forces and buoyancy forces create the shearing forces. The
shearing forces are the vertical forces that tend to cause the ship to be sliced into
different parts
 Simple Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams for Box-Shaped Vessels

The values of shear force and bending moment can be easily calculated for any position
within the box-shaped vessel’s length. However, it should be evident that the maximum
values of shear force will occur at the bulkhead positions. Following example which
details a method of calculating the values of loads, shear forces and bending moments.

Example 1

In the light condition a box-shaped vessel is 45 m in length, 8 m in breadth and floats at

a draught of 3.0 m in fresh water. The vessel has three holds each 15 m in length. 90
tonnes of bulk cargo is loaded into number 2 hold and is trimmed level. For the loaded
condition construct the following:

a. load curve;

b. curve of shear forces,

c. curve of bending moments.

d. Identify the positions where the maximum shearing forces and bending moments
occur.

3. Calculate the load displacement and distribution of the buoyancy force.

Load displacement = Light displacement + Deadweight

Load displacement = 1080 + 90 = 1170 tonnes

Being a box-shaped vessel of uniform construction the buoyancy force evenly

distributed 1170/45 m = 26t/m

4. Calculate the loads in each hold and plot the ‘load curve’.

Hold Lightweight Deadweight Total wf Bf Load

No. (t/m) (t/m) (t/m) (t/m) (t/m)
3 24 0 24 26 2 upward

2 24 6 30 26 4 downward

1 24 0 24 26 2 upward
 • The load in tonnes per metre represents the excess of buoyancy force or weight
force in each hold. The load curve is shown in the Figure.

• Note: Because total weight force equals total buoyancy force, it follows that the
excesses of buoyancy force (represented by the area above the base line) and
the excesses of weight force (represented by the area below the base line) must
also be equal. This is always the case.

• Note also that the unit of load is tonnes/metre.

Producing the Curve of Shear Forces

The shear force at any position is defined as being the algebraic sum of the loads
acting to the left (or right) of the position in question and is measured in tonnes.

• Integrating the load curve will produce the curve of shear forces.

• The maximum shear force values will arise at the positions where the loads
change direction, being at the bulkhead positions.

• Consider the aforementioned definition of shear force. For our purposes this
definition of shear force can be modified to read as being the area under the load
curve to the left of the point in question.

• Therefore; SF at AP - 0 tonnes (since there is no area to the left of the AP under

the curve!)

• Placing a sheet of paper over the curve and moving it to the right at 5 metre
intervals, calculate the net area to the left of the edge of the sheet for each point
in question.

SF at 5 m foap (forward of After Perpendicular) = 2t/m x 5m=10 tonnes.

• Now calculate the SF value at 10 m foap (by moving the paper further to the right
and revealing more of the curve to the left.

SF at 10 m foap = 2 t/m x 10 m = 20 tonnes.

SF at 15 m foap (Bulkhead 3/2) = 2 t/m x 15 m = 30 tonnes.

 At 20 m foap there is area revealed above and below the baseline and this is treated as
positive and negative as per the load scale.

SF at 20 m foap =(2 t/m x 15 m) + (-4 t/m x 5 m) = 10 tonnes.

Continuing with this method gives:

SF at amidships (22.5 m foap) = (2t/m x 15 m) + (-4 t/m x 7.5 m) = 0 t

SF at 25 m foap = (2 t/m x 15 m) + (-4 t/m x 10 m) =-10 tonnes.

SF at 30 m foap (bulkhead 2/1) = (2 t/m x 15 m) +(-4 t/m x 15 m) = -30 t

SF at 35 m foap = (2t/m x 15 m) + (-4 t/m x 15 m) + (2 t/m x 5 m) = -20t

SF at 40 m foap - (2 t/m x15 m)+ (-4 t/m x15 m) + (2 t/m x 10 m) = -10t

SF at 45 m foap = (2t/m x 15 m) + (-4 t/m x 15 m) + (2 t/m x 15 m) = 0

In summary, the values of Shear Force are as follows:

From
0 5 10 15 20 22.5 25 30 35 40 45
AP(m)
SF(t) 0 10 20 30 10 0 10 30 20 -10 0
The curve of shear forces can now be plotted as shown in the Figure.