‫ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻒ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺦ ﻋﻜﺴﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺦ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
 ‫أﻧﻮاع ‪RNA‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ ‪ RNA‬وهﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ر‪.‬ن‪.‬ا‪ .‬اﻟﺮﺳﻮل – )‪،messenger RNA (mRNA‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ر‪.‬ن‪.‬ا‪ .‬اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ – )‪، transfer RNA (tRNA‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ر‪.‬ن‪.‬ا‪ .‬اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻲ – )‪ribosomal RNA (rRNA‬‬

‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ أو ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ اﻟﺸﻔﺮات اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫أﺣﺪ ﺧﻴﻄﻲ اﻟـ ‪ ، DNA‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ هﺬا اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬وﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮاة‪.‬‬
 ‫)‪transfer RNA (tRNA‬‬
‫وهﻮ ﺟﺰئ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 80 - 75‬ﻧﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪة‬
‫وهﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ رواﺑﻂ هﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪﻩ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ وهﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻟﻴﻮراﺳﻴﻞ وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أو أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ ‪ ، CH3‬وﺗﺮﺟﻊ أهﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ هﺬﻩ إﻟﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ أزواج اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰئ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺞ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻦ ورﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو أرﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻮص وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮذج ورﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﺳﻴﻢ ‪Clover Leaf‬‬
‫‪ .Model‬وﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟـ ‪ tRNA‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺮف‬
‫'‪ 3‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ‪ CCA‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺰئ أﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮدون اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ‪ anticodon‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻹرﺗﺒﺎط‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻜﻮدون اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﺰئ ‪mRNA‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﺰئ اﻟـ ‪tRNA‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ‪ .DNA‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ E. coli‬ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟـ ‪ tRNA‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ %15‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ‪ RNA‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬وﻳﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ ‪. tRNA‬‬
 tRNA in cytoplasm has a codon attached to an amino acid

• 3-base code (triplet) is an “anticodon”

• Protein molecule
• Attached amino acid that is carried from cytoplasm to ribosomes
 ‫‪ t-RNA‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﻫﻰ ‪ :‬ـ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺯﻴﻡ ‪Aminoacyl t-RNA‬‬
‫‪ Synthetase‬ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻯ ﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫‪Loop 3‬‬ ‫‪Loop 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ‪ t-RNA‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻜﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻨﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺒﻭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪. Ribosomes‬‬
‫‪Loop 2‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ )Anticodon‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Anticodon‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻰ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟـ ‪m‬‬
‫‪ RNA‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻤل ﻟﻬﺎ (‬
 ‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ر‪.‬ن‪.‬ا‪ .‬اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫)‪Ribosomal RNA (rRNA‬‬
‫اﺗﻀﺢ دور اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن‬
‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ وهﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫و‪ ، rRNA‬وﻳﺘﺮآﺐ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮزن وﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪ S ) S‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ‪ Svedberg unit‬وهﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ‪. (sedimentation‬‬

‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم ‪ E. coli‬اﺳﻢ ‪ ، 70S ribosome‬وهﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺁﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮآﺰي ‪.centrifuge‬‬
‫وهﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ ‪ 30S‬و ‪ ،50S‬وﺗﺘﺮآﺐ آﻼ اﻟﻮﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬وﺣﺪة ‪ 21 + 16S rRNA : 30S‬ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -2‬وﺣﺪة ‪ 34 + 23S rRNA + 5S rRNA : 50S‬ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت رﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻴﻊ ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ ، polysomes‬وﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ ‪. mRNA‬‬
‫‪ Ribosomal RNA‬هﻮ أﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع ال ‪ RNA‬وهﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم‪ .‬ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ال ‪ RNA‬اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺖ وﺣﺪة آﺒﻴﺮة وﺗﺤﺖ وﺣﺪة ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ذو وزن ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ آﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ال ‪ RNA‬اﻟﺮﺳﻮل وال ‪ RNA‬اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
IN Eukaryotes :
There are small subunits and large subunits : 80s subunit
Small subunit: 40s subunit
Protein numbers 33 or 34 proteins
large subunits: 60S subunit
protein number 49 or 50 proteins
rRNA: 28S, 5.8S, 5S, RNA

In prokaryotic
There are large subunit and small subunit 70S
Small subunit: 30S subunit
Proteins number 21 proteins
large subunits :50 subunits
proteins number 34 proteins + 5S r RNA + 23S rRNA
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮل ‪• m RNA‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ‪•t RNA‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ r RNA‬ـ‬
‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
• DNA must be copied to messenger RNA
(mRNA)
• mRNA goes from nucleus to the
ribosomes in cytoplasm
• mRNA complements known as codons
– Only 3 nucleotide “letters” long

• Remember RNA has uracil (U) instead of

thymine (T)!
Transcription RNA ‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟـ‬
DNA encoding gene messenger RNA
‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟـ ‪ RNA‬ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ ﺧﻴﻄﻲ اﻟـ‬
‫‪ DNA‬آﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻩ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫)‪ (RNA polymerases‬اﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﺑﻠﻤﺮة اﻟـ ‪ ، RNA‬وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺣﺎﻣﺾ اﻟـ ‪ RNA‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ او‬
‫‪.Transcription‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ‪initiation‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪elongation‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪termination‬‬
‫وﻳﺠﺐ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻴﻦ هﺎﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ وهﻤﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد اﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﺪأ وأﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻴﻂ‬
‫اﻟـ ‪. DNA‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟـ ‪ RNA Polymerase‬ﻓﻲ ‪E. coli‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪ RNA polymerase‬ﻓﻲ ‪ E. coli‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة‬

‫ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل اﺳﻢ‬
‫‪ ،Holoenzyme‬وﺗﺘﺮآﺐ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫وﺣﺪﺗﺎن ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻔﺎ ‪ ، subunit α‬وﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬
‫ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ‪ β‬واﺧﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع ‪ ،'β‬وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ‪ σ‬واﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اوﻣﻴﺠﺎ ‪ . ω‬وﻳﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫)‪ (α2ββ'σω‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 450‬أﻟﻒ داﻟﺘﻮن )‪.(450 Kda‬‬
‫واﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ واﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ‬
‫وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻃﻮل اﻟـ ‪ DNA‬وهﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟـ ‪ ،promotor‬ووﺟﺪ ان اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ‪ σ‬ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫اﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ إﻃﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟـ ‪ ، RNA‬وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪RNA‬‬
‫‪ polymerase‬اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪة ﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ اﺳﻢ ‪. Core enzyme‬‬
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes

Holoenzyme
Core enzyme
ω

450 Kda
 Initiation of transcription
Transcription begins at the 5’ end of the gene in a
region called the promoter.
The promoter recruits TATA protein,
a DNA binding protein, which in turn recruits
other proteins.
TATA binding protein
Promoter Gene sequence
to be transcribed

DNA GG TATA CCC

TATA box Transcription begins

Transcription factor

When a complete transcription complex is formed

RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins.
 ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
‫‪Trancription in eukaryotes‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ إﻟﻲ ﺣﺪ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ‬
‫‪ ، mRNA‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺧﻤﺲ ﻓﺮوق هﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاةا ﻋﻠﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪ RNA polymerase‬وهﻲ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ أﺣﻤﺎض ‪ RNA‬اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺴﻤﻲ ‪.RNA polymerase I, II, III‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻜﻮن آﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻲ '‪ 5‬و'‪ 3‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺮآﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻳُﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﺳﻢ ‪ cap‬وهﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ '‪5‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ .mRNA‬وﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ '‪ 3‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة )ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻲ ‪ 200‬ﻧﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪة( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ‬
‫‪ polyadenylic acid‬أو )‪ ،poly (A‬وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪.mRNA‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﺟﺰئ ‪ mRNA‬واﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ )ﻳﻌﻤﻞ آﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ( ﺟﺰءا ﺻﻐﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠـ ‪ mRNA‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟـ ‪ ،DNA‬ﻓﻘﺪ وﺟﺪ اﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ‪intervening‬‬
‫‪) sequences‬أو ﻣﺎ أﻃُﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﺳﻢ ‪ (introns‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰئ اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬وذﻟﻚ اﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺮدهﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰئ اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﻟﺤﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫واﻹﻟﺘﺤﺎم ‪ splicing‬أو ‪. processing‬‬
‫‪ -4‬وﺟﺪ ان ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺴﺘﺮون واﺣﺪ ‪ monocistronic‬وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬أﻏﻠﺐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟـ ‪ mRNA‬ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪي دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
 ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ال ‪RNA‬‬
‫‪ polymerase‬ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﻮدى‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺢ ال ‪ DNA‬وﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎل ‪open‬‬
‫‪promotor complex‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ال ‪ RNA polymerase‬ﻟﺒﺪا اﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ال ‪RNA‬‬

‫‪ polymerase‬ﺑﺎل ‪DNA‬‬
 Translation
messenger RNA protein

Amino
acids

tRNA

mRNA ribosome
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪ mRNA‬ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ )اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻧﺴﺨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟـ ‪ (DNA‬إﻟﻲ أﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫أﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪ tRNA‬وذﻟﻚ داﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ‪ mRNA‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻌﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ‪ Genetic codon‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬
‫‪ tRNA‬ﻗﻬﻮ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑـﺎﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ )او اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة(‬
‫‪ Anticodon‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻲ ‪.mRNA‬‬
‫وﻳﻨﻘﻞ ‪ tRNA‬اﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم إﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ‪ .‬وآﻞ ‪tRNA‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ أﻣﻴﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬
 Protein Synthesis

Start: Ribosome binds to mRNA at start codon

(AUG=methionine)
Elongation:
tRNA complexes bind to mRNA codon by forming
complementary base pairs with the tRNA anticodon
The ribosome moves from codon to codon along the
mRNA.
Amino acids are added one by one
Release: release factor binds to the stop codon
UAA, UAG or UGA
 ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪ tRNA‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ أوﻻ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪Aminoacyl-‬‬
‫‪ tRNA synthetase‬وهﺬا‬
‫اﻻﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ‪amino acid‬‬
‫)‪adenylates (AA~AMP‬‬
Attachment of an
amino acid to a tRNA
molecule. In an
aminoacyl-tRNA
molecule (charged
tRNA), the carboxyl
group of the amino
acid is attached to
the 3’-OH group of
the 3’ terminal
adenine nucleotide of
the tRNA.
‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (NH2-‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭﻜﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ )‪(COOH-‬‬
(RNA splicing ) RNA ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ال‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪Genetic Information (The Genetic Code‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات ﻓﻰ ال ‪ DNA‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوى او اﻟـ‬
‫‪ DNA‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ آﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت او اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠـ ‪ ، DNA‬واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ او ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات ﻓﻰ اﻟـ ‪ DNA‬وﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ أو ‪ . GENETIC CODE‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ D.N.A‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ آﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺟﻴﻦ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ وراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟـ ‪ DNA‬واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪ .‬وﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻴﻂ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻄﻰ اﻟـﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوى او اﻟـ ‪ DNA‬هﻮ اﻟﺬى ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﻧﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ او اﻟـ ‪genetic‬‬
‫‪ code‬ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ او ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ )ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ازواج اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰيء ‪ DNA‬هﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد ﺗﺘﺎﺑﻊ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪ Endoproduct‬ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﻦ‬
Note that 3rd Base Position is Variable
 The nature of mutation
• Change in DNA sequence
• Genetic code
– 64 codon possibilities
– 20 amino acids + “stop”
– Redundancy, mostly at 3rd
position
• Substitution
– Replace 1 nucleotide with another
– Synonymous (silent) or non-synonymous
Synonyms
codons specify the same a.a.
- most synonyms differ only in the third base of codon
- GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG all code for valine
- each codon in mRNA is recognized (base
pairing; complementary) by a triplet bases
(anticodon) in tRNA

Non Synonyms
Alter Amino acid
 ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ‪Triple‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮا ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺑﻼ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ او ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻮدوﻧﺎت ‪Non overlapping‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮ راﺛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪Universal‬‬

‫‪ -4‬اﻟﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺪهﻮرة ‪Degenerate‬‬

‫‪ - -5‬اﻟﺘﺎرﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﺎد اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ‪Wobble in anticodon‬‬
 ‫وﺟﻮد ﺷﻔﺮة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ أﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ هﻞ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳﺪات ﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ )‪ (20‬ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ؟‬
‫آﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳﺪات اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺤﻤﺾ‬
‫أﻣﻴﻨﻲ واﺣﺪ؟ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ دﻗﻖ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﺎﻳﺪات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻴﻔﺮة‬
‫ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺤﻤﺾ أﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻮ )‪ (Gamow‬ﻋﺎم ‪ 1954‬م ﻣﻦ أن آﻞ ﺷﻔﺮة ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺤﻤﺾ‬
‫أﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻧﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات‪ ،‬إذ أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (64‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن آﺎﻓﻴًﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ )‪ (20‬ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫أن آﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ أﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺄآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻔﺮة ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
The genetic code is non-overlapping
The genetic code is universal
• All known organisms use the same genetic code.
• (Rare organisms use one codon for an additional amino acid.)

The genetic code is degenerate

Some codons encode the same amino acid.
e.g. GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG all encode glycine
Degeneracy is mostly at the third base of the codon.
Some codons have additional functions
AUG encodes methionine.
Methionine can be used within a protein sequence
and is often the first amino acid cueing the beginning
of translation.

UAA, UAG, and UGA do not encode an amino acid

These codons signal termination of the protein.
 ‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪:Genetic Code is Universal‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ، Universal‬أي أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﻓﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻔﺮة ﺗﺸﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﺒﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أدﻟﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬أﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت هﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ اﻷراﻧﺐ ﻳﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ‪ mRNA‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ دم‬
‫اﻷراﻧﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻏﺒﺮ ﺧﻠﻮي ﻣﺄﺧﻮذ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ آﻮﻻي ‪ E. coli‬ﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ‪ TMV‬أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن وهﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺎذﻧﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻧﺒﺎت اﻟﺰﻳﻨﻴﺎ وهﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﺻﺎﺑﺔ اي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪ ، TMV-RNA‬ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ان ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻻﺣﻤﺎض‬
‫اﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ آﻼ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن واﺣﺪا ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻨﻴﻮآﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﺾ اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ آﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬