ESTIMATION OF DISTRIBUTIONTRANSFORMERS LOADING BY FUZZY LOGIC

Zorel Zisman Gheorghe Cartina

Israel Electric Corp. Ltd. Tchnical University “Gh. Asachi” of Iasi, Romania
Network National Unit Faculty of Electrical Engineering
uj40aBemail.hai. iec.co.il gcartinaaee.tuiasi.ro

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a method of distribution transformers loading estimation, using the fuzzy
logic technique of representation of loading levels of transformers by linguistic variables and
their associated trapezoidal membership functions. The method was developed for some
hundreds distribution transformers of the Israel Electric Corporation (EC).Based on this
method, it will be possible to estimate the lateral and segment medium voltage (MV) feeder
loads and losses for reconfiguration purposes.

1. INTRODUCTION

The operators at most utilities have to rely on their past experience to reach a proper
service restoration plan. This is mainly due to the lack of real-time information on the
distribution system. Normally the only information available is the total feeder current
recorded at substations. Therefore, the operators are not able to know the section loads on a
M V feeder, not to mention the loads of laterals. Even in those utilities where the distribution
automation projects are already installed, only a few number of sections and laterals are
monitored, and that, only on a selected number of feeders.
Due to this situation, it is desirable to find an approach to estimate these loads, as close as
possible to their real values and in real-time [l+5].
In order to estimate the feeder lateral loads, it is first necessary to estimate the distribution
transformer loading. In this paper, a new method of distribution transformer loading
estimation, using the fuzzy set theory, is proposed [5].
2. UNCERTAIN LOAD ESTIMATION USING THE FUZZY SET THEORY

The uncertain loads will be represented as fuzzy numbers, A

represented as trapezoidal membership hnctions [3,4,5]. 5
A fuzzy number - A, is usually represented by its breaking f Transformers with
points [3,4]: A = (al,a2,a3,ad).An example of load repre- g
sented by a trapezoidal fizzy number is sketched in Fig. 1.
In this case the fuzzy load is given by (1). Its breaking
1
Q
points (PMl, pMz, pM3, pM4) are loads or the loading factors
of a distribution transformer. fr,
E
9
E
PM = (PM1> PM2,PM3 > PM4) (1) 0.0 P M I pM2 Pm PM4 x
Fig. 1 Trapezoidal fuzzy load
The reason that has led to this representation is based
on the fact that human experts tend to use linguistic declarations/variables for loading
estimation [ 1,2,3,4,5]. These declarations can be used to generate trapezoidal fuzzy loads. For
example, let us consider that a load is supposed to more likely occur in the interval [ p ~ zpM3],
,
but values from [PMl to PMZ] and from [PM3 to pM4], should not be neglected. This means that
values in interval [PM~,pM3] h e considered to offer good representations of the possible

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behavior of the load and therefore a 1.0 membership value is assigned to them. On the
contrary, values smaller than pl and larger than p4 are not possible representations of the load
behavior and so a 0.0 membership value is associated to them. This reasoning leads to a
trapezoidal fuzzy load shown in. Fig. 1. This representation can be considered as the
translation of the following linguistic declaration: load may occur between pM1 and pM.4 but
is likely to occur between pm and pm.

For dehzzification of loads represented by fuzzy numbers, the Removal criterion -

Rem(A,k), of a hzzy set A from a real number k, is used [3,4]. For the trapezoidal fuzzy load
PM,the Removal of it from zero is given by (3), which represents a crisp load (real load).
The Removal criterion is used to compare the loads and losses [3].

Since thousands of transformers are installed in a distribution system and each one has a
different loading, it is proposed to divide them into five linguistic levels, according to the
following loading factor values on their peak day [SI:
0 Very Small (VS)- for transformers with loading factors PVS in the range (Ot0.25) p.u (per

unit of transformers rated power).

0 Small (S) - for transformers with loading factors ps in the range (0.26t0.50) p.u.

Medium (M) - for transformers with loading factors PM in the range (051~0.75)p.u
0 High (H) - for transformers with loading factors PH in the range (0.76+1.00) p.u.

0 Very High (VH) - for transformers with loading factors p w in the range (1.01t150) p.u.
Each one of these linguistic levels or fuzzy levels [ 5 ] , p~ (I=
., VS, S , M, L, VL) will be
represented by a trapezoidal membership function, characterized by its breaking points:
p~ = {PLL,pu, pu, pu}, as shown in Fig. 1 for transformers belonging to M linguistic level.

3. THE DETERMINATIONOF BREAKING POINTS PROCEDURE

The procedure for determining the breaking point values is hereby exemplified for M
fuzzy level. This level contains nM transformers of the same rated power, they feed residential
consumers and their load curves on their peak day are known.
First, the breaking point values of 24 hourly trapezoidal function shall be determined and
after that, the breaking point values of the equivalent trapezoidal hnction.
The following expressions are proposed for calculation the breaking points values, for
each of the 24 hourly trapezoidal functions:

l ax ; pM2 = PMavg 1 . 2 8 0 ~; pM3 = PMavg + 1 . 2 8 0 ~

pMl= PMmin ; pM4= PMvm (3)
Where:
PM- = the minimum demand of the minimum loaded transformer in group nM [P.u.].
p ~ - = the maximum demand of the maximum loaded transformer in group nM [p.u].
plvlaVg= the average demand of nM transformers [P.u.];
OM = the standard deviation of nM group demands [P.u.].

The reason for calculating the breaking points PMZ and pM3 with p ~ ~ ~ ~ k l is. 2based
8 0 on~
the fact, that for loads described by a Gauss Distribution, the probability of loads occurrence
in this interval is 90 % [5].
The above procedure shall be repeated for all other linguistic levels, as well as for all rated
powers of transformers, for all types of loads and for all typical system days.

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 4. THE DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY LOADS

To estimate the loading of transformers by using trapezoidal h z z y functions, it is first

necessary to determine the “breaking points” of the equivalent trapezoidal tinction for one
fizzy level, one size of transformers, one type of load and one typical day. This problem was
solved by taking into consideration a practical example from EC. 578 transformers of
630 kVA, with load curves known on their peak day (similar to IEC system peak day in
winter), residential load, were considered and studied [SI. These transformers were divided
into 5 linguistic levels, according to their loading factors chosen above: VS (67 transformers),
S (1 70 transformers), M (1 90 transformers), H (104 transformers) and VE (47 transformers).
For these 5 linguistic levels, 5-24 trapezoidal tinctions were determined [5], with the
procedure described in chapter 3 above. For example, the breaking point values of
24 trapezoidal function of level M for 630 kVA transformers, residential load, on peak day,
are given in Table 1. These tinctions are drawn in Fig. 2 and they represent in fact the
trapezoidal hzzy hourly loads of the transformers with M linguistic level.

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75

Th- Trapezoidal fuzzy hourly loads of transformers with M linguistic level, peak day (i =ls24)
The breaking points of trapezoidal fuzzy load TL (at hour “i”)

Fig. 2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Hourly Loads of 630 kVA transformers

with M linguistic level, Residential load, Peak day

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 The trapezoidal h z z y hourly loads are essential for the determination of the Equivalent
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Load (ETFL) for each linguistic level of the above group of transformers.
For the determination of ETFL breaking point values, the following two methods’ are
proposed (exemplified for M linguistic level):

Method “A”
- The first and the second breaking- point
- values of ETFL are equal to the minimum values
of breaking points pM1 & pM2.
- The third and the fourth breaking point values of ETFL are equal to the maximum values
of breaking points pM3 ~r PM4.

Method “B
- The first breaking point is equal to the minimum value of the breaking points PMl.
- The second breaking point equal to the average value of the breaking points PMZ.
- The third breaking point is equal to the average value of the breaking points pM3.
- The fourth breaking point is equal to the maximum value of the breaking points pM4.
The ETFL for the considered lot of 630 KVA belonging to M linguistic level is sketched in Fig. 3 .

& T 6 B - Equivalent Trapezoidal Fuzzy Load - ETFL (by methods A & B)

EA
TM.
- The breaking points of ETFL (method “B”) : p z (i = 1,2,3,4)

Fig. 3 Equivalent Trapezoidal Fuzzy Loads of 630 kVA transformers,

with M linguistic level, Residential load, Peak day

The ETFL’s breaking point values of the considered group of 578 transformers and their
five linguistic levels, were calculated (with methods “A“ and “B”) [ 5 ] . The ETFL’s obtained
with method ”B”are sketched in Fig. 4 .

It is noted that these ETFL’s can estimate, with sufficient accuracy, the loading of all
630 kVA and even of other transformer sizes which feed residential loads in IEC, during the
winter system peak day.

It should be emphasized that at this stage, it is impossible to decide which method, “A”or
“ B , is adequate for ETFL determination. This issue will be established after the
determination of breaking points for all distribution transformer sizes, for all types of loads
and for different typical days, and, after the estimation of transformer “fizzy losses”.

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 A
n
X
W

2 T g T: TL T i

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Fig. 4 Equivalent Trapezoidal Fuzzy Loads of 630 kVA transformers
with VS, S, M, H, VH linguistic levels, Residential load, Peak day

5. CONCLUSIONS

Due to the lack of meters on the load points of a distribution system, it is difficult for the
operators to estimate the loads of MV feeder sections and laterals. For a better estimation of
these loads, a new approach was developed based on some historical data of transformers
loading. Since the transformer loads are uncertain, we propose to use hzzy logic to deal with
these imprecise loads. At this stage, was estimate the loading, in the system peak day, of
about six hundred 630 kVA transformers which feed residential load in IEC, by developing
theirs Equivalent Trapezoidal Fuzzy Loads (ETFL’s) breaking points.
Detailed procedures for estimating the loading of these transformers are described. It is
noted that these ETFL’s can estimate, with sufficient accuracy, the loading of all 630 kVA
transformers which feed residential load in IEC,and even of other transformers sizes witch
feed residential load, in the system peak day.
The procedures described in this paper are general and can be used for estimating loads
and losses for all sizes of transformers, for other types of loads and for different typical days.
Based on these procedures, it will be possible to estimate the lateral and segment M V feeder
loads and losses for distribution network reconfguration.

6. REFERENCES

[ I ] Han-Ching Kou, Yuan-Yih Hsu, “Distribution System Load Estimation and Service
Restoration Using a Fuzzy Set Approach”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8,
No.4, October 1993, pp. 1950-1957.
[2] Z. Zisman and G . Cartina, “Application of Fuzzy Logic for Distribution System Load
Estimation”, Proceedings of the 22”d Seminar of Fundamentals of Electrotechnics and
Circuit Theory, SPET0’99, Gliwice-Ustron, May 1999, Poland, pp. 353-356.
[3] G . Cartina, C. Bonciu, M. Musat, Z. Zisman, “Application of Fuzzy Logic for Energy
Loss Reduction in Distribution Networks”, Proceedings, Melecon ‘98, 9~ Mediterranean
Electrotechnical Conference, IEEE, May 18-20, 1998, Tel Aviv, Israel, Vol 11,
pp.974-977.
[4] J. T. Saraiva, A. V. Sousa, “New Advances in Integrating Fuzzy Data in Monte Carlo
Simulation to Evaluate Reliability Indices of Composite Power Systems”, Melecon 98,
IEEE Regional Cooperation in Technology, May 1998, Tel Aviv, Israel, pp. 1084-1088.
[SI Z Zisman, “Supervising and Optimal Control of Distribution Networks”, Doctoral Thesis,
Technical University “Gh. Asachi”, Iasi, Romania, July 1999, pp. 74-76, 88-107.

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