REPRESENTATION OF POWER SYSTEM

A. Single Line Diagram (SLD)

This shows the main connections and arrangements of the system components along with their data
(such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance etc.). In SLD, the system components are
usually drawn in the form of their symbols.
B. Impedance Diagram
Here, each component is represented by its equivalent circuit.
C. Reactance Diagram
Generally, if the resistance is less than one-third of the reactance, the resistance can be ignored.
PER UNIT (PU) METHOD OF REPRESENTING QUANTITIES

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟)
𝑃. 𝑈 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
For a common representation, base MVA and base voltage (line-line) are to be chosen. The base
current and base impedance can be expressed as follows.

𝑆𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
𝐼𝐵 = ; 𝑍𝐵 =
𝑉𝐵 𝑆𝐵
CHANGE OF BASE
2
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑆𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 ( 𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) ( 𝑛𝑒𝑤 )
𝑆𝐵 𝑉𝐵
If 𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑉𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑤 then
𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝐵
𝑍𝑝𝑢 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢 ( 𝑜𝑙𝑑 )
𝑆𝐵

(𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 )2
Also note that: 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑆∗
Step 1: Assume a system base, SB (usually given).
Step 2: Identify the voltage base, VB.
Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For a 22/220 kV transformer, the VB
in the primary side is 22 kV while VB on the secondary side is 220 kV. It does not matter what the
voltage rating of the other components are that are encompassed by the VB zone.
Step 3: Calculate the base impedance, ZB
Step 4: Calculate the pu impedance, Zpu