Atanup EC303 Semfile f1562735175569 PDF

Paper Name: Signals and Systems Paper Code: EC 303
Institute of Engineering & Management
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Workbook
Paper Name with code:Signals & Systems(EC 303)

Name of the Teacher: PAYEL MIDYA
Name of the Student:

Year: Section:
Class Roll No.:
University Roll NO:
1 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

1. MAKAUT Syllabus
Paper name: Signals and Systems
Code: EC 303
Contacts: 3L
Credits: 3
Pre-requisites: you must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus, limits
and adequate knowledge of mathematics.
Detailed Syllabus:
Module 1: Introduction to signal and systems: Continuous and discrete time signals:
Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even
– Odd – energy and power signals – Deterministic and random signals – complex exponential
and sinusoidal signals –
Periodicity –unit impulse – unit step – Transformation of independent variable of signals: time
scaling, time shifting. System
Properties: Linearity, Causality, time invariance and stability. Dirichlet’s conditions,
Determination of Fourier series
Coefficients of signal.
Module 2: Signal Transformation: Fourier transformation of continuous and discrete time

signals and their properties. Laplace
Transformation- analysis with examples and properties. Parseval’s theorem; Convolution in time
(both discrete and
Continuous) and frequency domains with magnitude and phase response of LTI systems.
Module 3: Laplace Transform: Recapitulation, Analysis and characterization of LTI systems

using Laplace transform: Computation of impulse response and transfer function using Laplace
transform.
Module 4: Sampling Theorem: Representation of continuous time signals by its sample –Types
of sampling, sampling theorem. Reconstruction of a Signal from its samples, aliasing –sampling
of band pass signals
Module 5: Z-Transforms: Basic principles of z-transform - z-transform definition –,

Relationship between z-transform and Fourier Transform, region of convergence – properties of
ROC – Properties of z-transform – Poles and Zeros – inverse z-transform Using Contour
integration - Residue Theorem, Power Series expansion and Partial fraction expansion
Module 6: Random Signals & Systems: Definitions, distribution & density functions, mean
values & moments, function of two random Variables, concepts of correlation, random
processes, spectral densities, response of LTI systems to random inputs.

2. Recommended Books:
Text Books:
1. P.Ramesh Babu & R.Anandanatarajan- Signals and Systems 4/e- Scitech
2. A.V.Oppenheim, A.S.Willsky and S.H.Nawab -Signals & Systems, Pearson
3. S.Haykin & B.V.Veen, Signals and Systems- John Wiley
4. A.Nagoor Kani- Signals and Systems- McGraw Hill
References:
1. J.G.Proakis & D.G.Manolakis- Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms and
Applications, PHI.
2. C-T Chen- Signals and Systems- Oxford
3. E WKamen &BS Heck- Fundamentals of Signals and Systems Using the Web and
Matlab- Pearson
4. B.P.Lathi- Signal Processing & Linear Systems- Oxford
5. M.J.Roberts, Signals and Systems Analysis using Transform method and MATLAB,
TMH
6. S Ghosh- Signals and Systems- Pearson
7. M.H.Hays- Digital Signal Processing “, Schaum’s outlines, TMH
8. Ashok Ambardar, -Analog and Digital Signal Processing- Thomson.
9. Phillip, Parr & Riskin- Signal, Systems and Transforms- Pearson
3. Course Outcomes:
CO1: Student will be able to get knowledge on various signals and its property.
CO2: Student will get knowledge on signal transformation using Fourier & Laplace and
learn different property of LTI system.
CO3: Student will be able to explain Concept of sampling.
CO4: Student will able to analysis different signal and system using Z- transform. Get
knowledge on Random Signals & Systems.
4. Day wise Lesson Plan with book reference:
Recommended
Sl. No Day Module Topic
books for the topic
1 1 1 Continuous- P.Ramesh Babu &
time-signals & R.Anandanatarajan-
Discrete-time Signals and Systems
signals. Signals –
exponential and
sinusoidal
signals – –unit
impulse – unit
step

2 2 1 Transformation P.Ramesh Babu &

of independent R.Anandanatarajan-
variable of Signals and Systems
signals: time
scaling, time
shifting.
3 3 1 Classification of P.Ramesh Babu &
Signals – R.Anandanatarajan-
Periodic Signals and Systems
aperiodic even
– odd
Signals – Energy R.Anandanatarajan-
Signal and Signals and Systems
Power Signal
5 5 1 System P.Ramesh Babu &
properties: R.Anandanatarajan-
Linearity, Signals and Systems
Causality, time
invariance and
stability.
6 6 1 System P.Ramesh Babu &
properties: R.Anandanatarajan-
Causality, Signals and Systems
stability, static
and dynamic
7 7 2 Convolution in P.Ramesh Babu &
time (both R.Anandanatarajan-
discrete and Signals and Systems
continuous)
8 8 Sampling
5 Theorem: P.Ramesh Babu &
sampling R.Anandanatarajan-
theorem. Signals and Systems
Reconstruction
of a Signal from
its samples,
aliasing –
sampling of band
pass signals.
Representation
9 9 5 of continuous P.Ramesh Babu &
time signals by R.Anandanatarajan-
its sample – Signals and Systems
Types of
sampling

10 10 1,2,3 practice
11 1 3 Signal NPTEL lecture, IIT

Representation Madras, VVRao/
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics by E
Kreyszig
12 2 3 Fourier Series NPTEL lecture, IIT

Madras, VVRao/
Network Analysis
by M E Van
Valkenburg/
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics by E
Kreyszig
13 3 4 Fourier NPTEL lecture, IIT
Transformation Madras, VVRao/
Network Analysis
by M E Van
Valkenburg,
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics by E
Kreyszig
14 4 4 Fourier NPTEL lecture, IIT

Transformation Madras, VVRao/
Network Analysis
by M E Van
Valkenburg,
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics by E
Kreyszig

15 5 3 DTFS Signals and Systems

by Simon Haykin
16 6 3 DTFT Signals and Systems
by Simon Haykin
DFT Digital Signal

17 7 3 Processing by
Proakis
18 8 4 Convolution in Discrete time signal

time (both processing by A V
discrete and Oppenheim and R W
continuous) Schafer,
Network Analysis
by M E Van
Valkenburg/
Signals and Systems

by S Haykin and B
V Veen
19 9 4 LTI systems, Discrete time signal

impulse processing by A V
response, system Oppenheim and R W
response Schafer,
Network Analysis
by M E Van
Valkenburg/
Signals and Systems

by S Haykin and B
V Veen
20 10 practice

21 1 4 Introduction to P.Ramesh Babu &

Signals and R.Anandanatarajan-
Systems, Signals and Systems
Continuous time
signals (CT signals),
discrete time
signals (DT
signals),
Classification of CT
and DT signals -
Periodic &
Aperiodic signals,
CT and DT systems
22 2 4 Elementary signals P.Ramesh Babu &
– Step, Ramp, R.Anandanatarajan-
Pulse, Impulse, Signals and Systems
Sinusoidal,
Exponential
Systems – Linear R.Anandanatarajan-
and Non-Linear, Signals and Systems
Time Variant,
Time Invariant,
Causal and Non-
causal, Stable and
Unstable, Static
and Dynamic
Systems – Causal R.Anandanatarajan-
and Non-causal, Signals and Systems
Stable and
Unstable, Static
and Dynamic.
25 5 4 Laplace P.Ramesh Babu &
transforms R.Anandanatarajan-
analysis, Problem Signals and Systems
based on Laplace
Transform
26 6 4 Properties of P.Ramesh Babu &
Laplace Transform R.Anandanatarajan-
Signals and Systems
27 7 2 Differential P.Ramesh Babu &
equation, R.Anandanatarajan-
Convolution Signals and Systems
integral,
Frequency
response

28 8 Z-transform, P.Ramesh Babu &

4 Problems based R.Anandanatarajan-
on Z-transform. Signals and Systems
Properties of Z- P.Ramesh Babu &
29 9 4 transform, Initial R.Anandanatarajan-
and Final value Signals and Systems
theorem
30 1 4 Methods of NPTEL lecture, IIT
Inverse Z Madras, VVRao/
Transform Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics by E
Kreyszig
31 10 4 Region of P.Ramesh Babu &
Convergence R.Anandanatarajan-
Signals and
Systems
32 10 2 stability analysis P.Ramesh Babu &
R.Anandanatarajan-
Signals and
Systems
5. Course Information
PROGRAMME: ECE DEGREE: B.Tech
COURSE: Signals & Systems SEMESTER: 3 CREDITS: 3
COURSECODE: EC-303 COURSE TYPE: Compulsory
CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE

CONTACT HOURS: 30
CODE (IF ANY): EC-393

Levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy:
Level 1: Remember
Level 2: Understand
Level 3: Apply
Level 4: Analyze
Level 5: Evaluate
Level 6: Create
DAY 1
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: continuous-time-signals & Discrete-time signals.signals
– exponential and sinusoidal signals – –unit impulse – unit step
Course Outcomes:
Lecture 1 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered:Basics of signals.
Prerequisites:you must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus,

limits and adequate knowledge of mathematics.
Objectives: Students will understand and analyze fundamental principles and key concepts
of signals and its significance.

SIGNALS:-
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent
variable. It can be a function of one or more independent variable. E.g. speech, EEG, ECG etc.
SYSTEMS:-
System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on signals and produces
corresponding response. Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it is called as
response.For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.
Example: Communication System
Classification of Signals:-
I. Continuous Time Signals:- The signals that are defined for every instant of time are
known as continuous time signals. They are denoted as x(t)
II. Discrete Time Signals:- The signals that are defined at discrete instants of time are
known as discrete-time signals. The discrete- time signals are continuous in amplitude
and discrete in time. They are denoted by x(n)
Basic signal:
Unit Step Signal:
A signal, which satisfies the following two conditions −

 U(t)=1(when t≥0) and

 U(t)=0(when t<0)
Ramp Signal:
Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

r(t) = t when t⩾0
r(t)= 0 when t<0
Unit Impulse:
 Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as

δ(t) =1(when t=0)
δ(t) =0(when t≠0)
=u(t); δ(t)= [Area under unit ramp is unity]
Exponential Signal:

Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = eαt

The shape of exponential can be defined by α
Case i: if α = 0 →x(t) = e0 = 1
Case ii: if α< 0 i.e. -ve then x (t) = e−αt.The shape is called decaying exponential.
Case iii: if α> 0 i.e. +ve then x(t) = eαt. The shape is called raising exponential.
Let’s learn by doing:

1.An impulse function consist of
a. pure dc
b. pure a.c
c. entire frequency range with constant phase

d. infinite bandwidth with linear phase variations

2. What will be the Double integration of a unit step?
3. Determine the value of the summation: ∑∞n= -∞δ(n-1)sin2n.
4.In terms of signum function sgn(t), unit step function u(t) =

a. 1 + sgn (t)
b. 1 - sgn (t)
c. 0.5 + 0.5 sgn(t)
d. 0.5 - 0.5 sgn (t)

DAY 2
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Transformation of independent variable of signals:
time scaling, time shifting.
Course Outcomes:
Lecture 2 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered:Transformation of independent variable of signals:
Prerequisites: Have you Read Signals
 Basics of Signals
of signals and its significance.
OPERATIONS:
There are two variable parameters in general:

1. Amplitude
2. Time
The following operation can be performed with amplitude:
Amplitude Scaling:x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a

factor C.

Addition:
Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes.
This can be best explained by using the following example:
As seen from the diagram above,
i) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
ii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3
iii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
Subtraction: subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding

amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:

As seen from the diagram above,
i) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0-2 = 2
ii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1
iii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2
Multiplication: Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their

corresponding amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:
i) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
ii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 1 × 2 = 2

iii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) × x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0
v)Amplitude Reversal:
Whenever the amplitude of a signal is multiplied by -1, then it is known as amplitude

reversal.
x(t)→y(t)→−x(t)
The following operations can be performed with time:
i) Time Shifting:
x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).
x (t + t0) →→ negative shift
x (t - t0) →→ positive shift
Case-1 Case-2

ii) Time Scaling:

If a constant is multiplied to the time axis then it is known as Time scaling. This can be
mathematically represented as;
x(t)→y(t)=x(αt) or x(t/α); where α ≠ 0
iii) Time Reversal
Whenever signal’s time is multiplied by -1, it is known as time reversal of the signal. In
this case, the signal produces its mirror image about Y-axis. Mathematically, this can be written
as; x(t)→y(t)→x(−t)
1. Draw i) -2x(2t-0.5) ii) x(4-t) of the following signal x(t)

2. If describe x [n] as superposition of two step functions.
3.find the expression for below figure in terms of u(t).

4. what will be the value of Integral ?
5. Sketch the following signals.
a) X1(t)=r(t)- 2r(t-1) + r(t-2)

b) X2(t)=r(t)u(2-t)
c) X3(t)= u(t)- u(t-1) + u(t-2)

d) X4(t)= [where x3(t)= u(t)- u(t-1) + u(t-2)]
6. draw i) -2x(2t-1) ii) x(4-t) of the following signal x(t)
7. Find the expression for below figure in terms of u(t).

DAY 3
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even
– odd
Lecture 3(1 Hour) : Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even– odd
Topics Covered:Transformation of independent variable of signals:
Prerequisites:Transformation of independent variable of signals:
of classification of signals.
Signals are classified into the following categories:

i) Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

ii) Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
iii) Even and Odd Signals
iv) Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
v) Energy and Power Signals
i) Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals:
A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.
A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time.
ii) Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals:
A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any
instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula are known
as deterministic signals.
A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value at some
instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they are called random

signals. Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical equation. They are modelled in
probabilistic terms.
iii) Even and Odd Signals:

A signal is said to be even if it satisfies the following condition; x(−t)=x(t)
A signal is said to be odd, if it satisfies the following condition; x(−t)=−x(t)
Representation of any signal into even or odd form:

Some signals cannot be directly classified into even or odd type. These are represented as a
combination of both even and odd signal.
x(t)→xe(t)+x0(t)
Where xe(t) represents the even signal and xo(t) represents the odd signal
xe(t)=
And
x0(t)=
iv) Periodic and Aperiodic Signals:

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n + N).
Where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.

For discrete time signal: A discrete time signal is periodic if and only if, it satisfies the
following condition −
x(n+N)=x(n)
Here, x(n) signal repeats itself after N period. This can be best understood by considering a
cosine signal −
x(n)=Acos(2πf0n+θ)
x(n+N)=Acos(2πf0(n+N)+θ)=Acos(2πf0n+2πf0N+θ)
For the signal to become periodic, following condition should be satisfied;
x(n+N)=x(n)
⇒Acos(2πf0n+2πf0N+θ)=Acos(2πf0n+θ
i.e. 2πf0N is an integral multiple of 2π
2πf0N=2πK
⇒N=Kf0
Frequencies of discrete sinusoidal signals are separated by integral multiple of 2π.
Periodic signal: Aperiodic signal:
Let’s learn by doing:.
1.If x1(t) = 2 sin pt + cos 4 pt and x2(t) = sin 5 pt + 3 sin 13 pt then which one is periodic and
what will be value of the period? Which one is not periodic?

2.What is the period of the signal: jejw11t?
3. Verify whether X (t) =sinωt is an odd signal or an even signal.
4. Sketch the continuous-time signal x (t) = 2sinπt for an interval 0s to 2s. Sample the continuous
time signal with a sampling period T = 0.2 sec and sketch the discrete-time signal.
5. For each of the following signals, determine whether it is even, odd, or neither.

6. Consider the signal y[n] in Figure below.

Find the signal x[n] such that Even{x[n]} = y[n] for n> 0, and Odd(x[n]} = y[n] for n < 0.
7. Let x[n] be an arbitrary signal with even and odd parts denoted by
xe[n] = Even{x[n]}, xo[n] = Odd{x[n]} then show that

DAY 4
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Classification of Signals – Energy Signal and Power
Signal
Lecture 4(1 Hour) : Classification of Signals – Energy Signal and Power Signal
Topics Covered:Classification of Signals
Prerequisites: Transformation of independent variable of signals:
of classification of signals.
Energy and Power Signals:
For continuous time signal:

A signal is said to be an Energy signal, if and only if, the total energy contained is finite
and nonzero (0<E<∞).
For any finite signal x(t) the energy can be symbolized as E and is written as;
E=
A signal is said to be power type signal, if and only if, normalized average power is finite and
non-zero.
In mathematical form, the power of a signal x(t) can be written as;
P=
For discrete time signal:

Energy of a discrete time signal is denoted as E. Mathematically, it can be written as;
E=

If each individual values of x(n)are squared and added, we get the energy signal.
Here x(n) is the energy signal and its energy is finite over time i.e. 0<E<∞
Average power of a discrete signal is represented as P. Mathematically, this can be
written as;
P=
Here, power is finite i.e. 0<P<∞. However, there are some signals, which belong to neither
energy nor power type signal.
Let’s learn by doing:.
1. What is the total energy of rectangular pulse shown in figure below?
2. What is the total energy of the signal shown in figure below.

3. What is the fundamental frequency of discrete –time wave shown in figure?
4. If a signal g(t) has energy E, then the energy of the signal g(2t) is equal to ______________.
5. The function in the given figure can be written as:

What will be expression of this function in terms of unit step function?
6. Find which of the following signals are energy signals, power signals neither energy or nor
power signal
i. x1(n)=ej(π/2n+π/8)
ii. x1(t)=r(t)-r(t-2)

DAY 5
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: System properties: Linearity, Causality, time
invariance and stability.
Lecture 5(1 Hour) :System properties: Linearity, Causality, time invariance and stability.
Topics Covered:Classification of Systems
of systems.
What is System?
System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on signals and produces
corresponding response. Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it is called as
response. For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.
Example: Communication System
Systems are classified into the following categories:
a) Linear and Non-linear Systems

b) Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
c) Linear Time variant and Linear Time invariant systems
d) Static and Dynamic Systems
e) Causal and Non-causal Systems
f) Stable and Unstable Systems
Linear and Non-linear Systems:

A system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles. Consider
two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively. Then, according to
the superposition and homogenate principles,
T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 T[x1(t)] + a2 T[x2(t)]
∴, T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)
From the above expression, is clear that response of overall system is equal to response of
individual system.
A linear system follows the laws of superposition. This law is necessary and sufficient condition
to prove the linearity of the system. Apart from this, the system is a combination of two types of
laws –
 Law of additivity
 Law of homogeneity
Both, the law of homogeneity and the law of additivity are shown in the above figures. However,
there are some other conditions to check whether the system is linear or not.
The conditions are −
 The output should be zero for zero input.
 There should not be any non-linear operator present in the system.
Examples of non-linear operators –

(a) Trigonometric operators- Sin, Cos, Tan, Cot, Sec, Cosec etc.
(b) Exponential, logarithmic, modulus, square, Cube etc.
b) Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems:

A system is said to be time variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.
The condition for time invariant system is:
y (n , t) = y(n-t)
The condition for time variant system is:
y (n , t) ≠ y(n-t)
Where y (n, t) = T[x (n-t)] = input change
y (n-t) = output change
For a time-invariant system, the output and input should be delayed by some time unit. Any
delay provided in the input must be reflected in the output for a time invariant system.
For a time variant system, also, output and input should be delayed by some time constant but
the delay at the input should not reflect at the output. All time scaling cases are examples of time
variant system. Similarly, when coefficient in the system relationship is a function of time, then
also, the system is time variant.
C) Linear Time variant and Linear Time invariant systems:

If a system is both liner and time variant, then it is called liner time variant (LTV) system.
If a system is both liner and time Invariant then that system is called liner time invariant (LTI)
system.

1. Let us find out whether the following systems are either linear or non-linear.
a) y(t)=x(t)+3
b) y(t)=sint.x(t)
c) y(t)=sin(x(t))
d) y(t)=ex(t)
e) y(t)=x(t+1)+x(t−1)

2. Let us find out whether the following systems are either time-invariant or time variant.
a) y(T)=x(2T)
b) y(T)=sin[x(T)]
c) y(t)=x[cosT]
d) y(T)=cosT.x(T)
e) y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
3. Find out which one is linear and non linear system?

A. y[n] = x[n] x x[n - 1]

B. y[n] = x[n] + x[n - 10]
C. y[n] = x2[n]
4. For the discrete time system of the given figure
Write down the function of this figure?
5. In the given figure shows a series, R - C circuit fed by a current source i(t). There is an initial
voltage v0. Across the capacitor. The system is linear and non-linear? (you need to mention your
comment on this)

6. The response of a linear, time invariant discrete time system to a unit step input ∪(n) is the
unit impulse δ(n). The system response to a ramp input n ∪(n) would be __________________

DAY 6
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: System properties: Causality,stability, static and
dynamic.
Lecture 6(1 Hour) :System properties: Causality,stability, static and dynamic.

Topics Covered:Classification of Systems
of systems.
d) Static and Dynamic Systems:
Some systems have feedback and some do not. Those, which do not have feedback
systems, their output depends only upon the present values of the input. Past value of the data is
not present at that time. These types of systems are known as static systems. It does not depend
upon future values too.
Since these systems do not have any past record, so they do not have any memory also.
Therefore, we say all static systems are memory-less systems. Let us take an example to
understand this concept much better.Static system is memory-less.
If a system depends upon the past and future value of the signal at any instant of the time
then it is known as dynamic system. Unlike static systems, these are not memory less systems.
They store past and future values. Therefore, they require some memory. Let us understand this
theory better through some examples.Dynamic system is a memory system.
Example
Find wheather the system is static ?

y(t)=x(t)+x(t−1)
Answer: Here, x(t) is the present value. It has no relation with the past values of the time. So, it
is a static system. However, in case of x(t-1), if we put t = 0, it will reduce to x(-1) which is a
past value dependent. So, it is not static. Therefore here y(t) is not a static system.
Find wheather the system is dynamic ?

y(t)=x(t+1)
Answer: In this case if we put t = 1 in the equation, it will be converted to x(2), which is a future
dependent value. Because here we are giving input as 1 but it is showing value for x(2). As it is a
future dependent signal, so clearly it is a dynamic system.

e) Causal and Non-causal Systems:

Previously, we saw that the system needs to be independent from the future and past
values to become static. In this case, the condition is almost same with little modification. Here,
for the system to be causal, it should be independent from the future values only. That means
past dependency will cause no problem for the system from becoming causal.Causal systems are
practically or physically realizable system.
A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon present and past inputs, and
does not depend upon future input.
A non-causal system is just opposite to that of causal system. If a system depends upon
the future values of the input at any instant of the time then the system is said to be non-causal
system.
For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs also.
Example
Find wheather the system is Causal ?

y(n) = 2 x(n) + 3 x(n-3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present and past inputs. Hence, the system is causal.
Find wheather the system is Causal?

y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4) Here, the system output
depends upon future input. Hence the system is non-causal system.
f) Stable and Unstable Systems:

A stable system satisfies the BIBO (bounded input for bounded output) condition. Here,
bounded means finite in amplitude. For a stable system, output should be bounded or finite, for
finite or bounded input, at every instant of time.
Some examples of bounded inputs are functions of sine, cosine, DC, signum and unit step.
Unstable systems do not satisfy the BIBO conditions. Therefore, for a bounded input, we
cannot expect a bounded output in case of unstable systems.
Examples
a) y(t)=x(t)+10
Here, for a definite bounded input, we can get definite bounded output i.e. if we
put x(t)=2,y(t)=12x(t)=2,y(t)=12 which is bounded in nature. Therefore, the system is stable.
b) y(t)=tx(t)
Here, for a finite input, we cannot expect a finite output. For example, if we will
put x(t)=2⇒y(t)=2tx(t)=2⇒y(t)=2t. This is not a finite value because we do not know the value

of t. So, it can be ranged from anywhere. Therefore, this system is not stable. It is an unstable
system

1. Find out whether the system is causal or non causal/ time variant or time in variant of
y[n] =x[-n]. (Comment on this)
2. Find out whether the system is causal or non causal/ time variant or time in variant of y[n] =
n*x[n]. (Comment on this)
3. Comment on the linearity of y[n] = n*x[n].
4. Find out the following systems are linear/non linear? (comment on this)
a) y(t) = sin(x(t))
b) y(t) = log(x(t))

c) y(t) = cos(x(t))
d) y(t) = dx(t)/dt
5. Find out the following systems are stable/unstable?

a) y(t) = log(x(t))
b) y(t) = exp(x(t))
c) y(t) = sin(x(t))
d) y(t) = tx(t) + 1
6. . Find out the following systems are time invariant/ time variant?
a) y(t) = x(2t) + x(t)
b) y(t) = x(t) + x(1-t)
c) y(t) = -x(t) + x(1-t)
d) y(t) = x(t) + x(t-1)

7. Determine the nature of the system: y[n] = x[n]x[n – 1] with unit impulse function as an
input. a) Static/ dynamic b) invertible/non-invertible c) what will be the output of the system?
8. If Determine the nature of the system? (Comment on this)
9. If x(t)= ∂(t-1) and y(t)= e-t. This system is stable/unstable? (Comment on this)

10. If x(t)=et, y(t)= e-2t . this system is stable/unstable? (Comment on this)
NOTE:

DAY 7
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Convolution in time (both discrete and continuous)
Lecture 7(1 Hour) : Convolution in time (both discrete and continuous)
Topics Covered:Convolution in time (both discrete and continuous)
Prerequisites: Transformation of independent variable of signals and syatems:
Objectives: Students will understand convotion property.
Convolution Property:
Convolution is a mathematical operation used to express the relation between input and output of
an LTI system. It relates input, output and impulse response of an LTI system as
y(t)=x(t)∗h(t)
Where y (t) = output of LTI
x (t) = input of LTI
h (t) = impulse response of LTI
There are two types of convolutions:
 Continuous convolution
 Discrete convolution
Continuous Convolution:
y(t)=x(t)∗h(t)
=
(or)
Discrete Convolution:
y(n)=x(n)∗h(n)

or,
To calculate discrete linear convolution:
Convolute two sequences x[n] = {a,b,c} & h[n] = [e,f,g]
Convoluted output = [ ea, eb+fa, ec+fb+ga, fc+gb, gc]

1. Find the convolution of x(t) = exp(2t)u(-t), and h(t) = u(t-3)
a) 0.5exp(2t-6) u(-t+3) + 0.5u(t-3)
b) 0.5exp(2t-3) u(-t+3) + 0.8u(t-3)
c) 0.5exp(2t-6) u(-t+3) + 0.5u(t-6)
d) 0.5exp(2t-6) u(-t+3) + 0.8u(t-3)
2. Using graph theory find the convolution of

x(n)={1,2,3,1} and
↑
h(n)={1,2,1,-1}

3. Find the value of d(t-34)*x(t+56), d(t) being the delta function.
4. What is the convolution of x[n]=e-n2 and h[n]=n2?

a) 5.318n2 + .123
b) 6.318n2 + .123
c) 5.318n+.88
d) 5.318n2+.8846
NOTE:

DAY 8
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Sampling Theorem:sampling theorem. Reconstruction
of a Signal from its samples, aliasing –sampling of band pass signals.
Lecture 8(1 Hour) :Sampling Theorem: Representation of continuous time signals by its
sample –Types of sampling, Sampling theorem. Reconstruction of a Signal from its
samples, aliasing –sampling of band pass signals.
Topics Covered:Sampling Theorem
Prerequisitesyou must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus,

limits and properties of fourior Transform.
Objective: Students will understand and analyze fundamental principles and key concepts
of systems.
Sampling theorem:
Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered
back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency
component of message signal. i. e.
fs≥2fm
Note:
Proof:

Note:

Aliasing Effect:


1. The analog signal m(t) is given below m(t) = 4 cos 100 pt + 8 sin 200 pt + cos 300 pt, What
will be the value of the Nyquist sampling rate?
2. The analog signal given below is sampled by 600 samples per second for m(t) = 3 sin 500 pt +
2 sin700 pt then what will be value of folding frequency?
3. The sampling of a function f(l) = sin 2pf0t starts from a zero crossing. The signal can be
detected in which value of sampling time T ?

4. What will be sampling rate to aviod aliasing for the signal m(t) = 10 cos 100 pt?
DAY 9
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Representation of continuous time signals by its
sample –Types of sampling
Lecture 9(1 Hour) :Representation of continuous time signals by its sample –Types of
sampling
Topics Covered:types of sampling
Objectives: Students will understand the types of sampling.
There are three types of sampling techniques:
 Impulse sampling.
 Natural sampling.
 Flat Top sampling.
Impulse sampling:
Impulse sampling can be performed by multiplying input signal x(t) with impulse
train of period 'T'. Here, the amplitude of impulse changes with respect to
amplitude of input signal x (t). The output of sampler is given by

y(t)=x(t)× impulse train

=x(t)×
y(t)=yδ(t)= …………. (1)
To get the spectrum of sampled signal, consider Fourier transform of equation 1 on both sides
Y(ω)=
This is called ideal sampling or impulse sampling. You cannot use this practically because pulse
width cannot be zero and the generation of impulse train is not possible practically.
Natural sampling:
Natural sampling is similar to impulse sampling, except the impulse train is replaced by pulse
train of period T. i.e.you multiply input signal x(t) to pulse train as shown below.

NOTE:
Flat Top Sampling:
During transmission, noise is introduced at top of the transmission pulse which can be
easily removed if the pulse is in the form of flat top. Here, the top of the samples are flat i.e. they
have constant amplitude. Hence, it is called as flat top sampling or practical sampling. Flat top
sampling makes use of sample and hold circuit.

Theoretically, the sampled signal can be obtained by convolution of rectangular pulse p(t)
with ideally sampled signal say yδ(t) as shown in the diagram:
i.e. y(t)=p(t)×yδ(t)......(1)
To get the sampled spectrum, consider Fourier transform on both sides for equation 1
Y[ω]=F.T[P(t)×yδ(t)]Y[ω]
By the knowledge of convolution property,
Y[ω]=P(ω)Yδ(ω)
Here P(ω)=TSa(ωT/2)=2sinωT/ω
Nyquist Rate:
It is the minimum sampling rate at which signal can be converted into samples and can be
recovered back without distortion.
Nyquist rate fN =


1. A 1 kHz sinusoidal signal is ideally sampled at 1500 samples/sec and the sampled signal is
passed through an ideal low pass filter with cut off frequency 800 Hz. The value of the frequency
of output signal?
2. A signal f(t) = cos10pt + 3 cos 4pt is instantaneously sampled. What will be The maximum
allowable value of sampling interval Ts (in sec) ?
3. What will be sampling rate to avoid aliasing for the signal m(t) = 10 cos100 pt?
4. What is the Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sinc (700t) + sinc (500t) is

5. What will be the minimum sampling frequency in sample/sec. required to reconstruct the
following signal from its samples without distortion

DAY 10
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Representations of signals and systems..Representation
of continuous time signals by its sample –Types of sampling
Lecture 9(1 Hour) :Representation of continuous time signals by its sample –Types of
sampling
Topics Covered: types of sampling and representation of signals and syatems
Objectives: students will able to solve any kind of problem
1. The impulse response h[n] of a linear time invariant system is given as
If the input to the above system is the sequence ejpn/4, then what is the output ?
2. If a linear time invariant system is excited by a pure random signal like white noise, the output
of the linear system will have which of the following properties? (comment on this)

3. If a number of even functions are added, then what is the resultant sum (type of function)?
Comment on this.
4.A system with input x[n] and output y[n] is given as y[n] = (sin 5/6 pn) x(n) The system is
Linear/ non linear, stable/unstable and invertible/non invertible? (comment on this)

5. The impulse response h[n] of a linear time invariant system is given by h[n] = ∪[n + 3 ] +
∪[n - 2] -2∪[n -7]. The above system is stable/unstable? (comment on this)
6. In the given figure shows a series, R - C circuit fed by a current source i(t). There is an initial
voltage v0. across the capacitor. The system is linear or non linear? And what will be the value of
V0 (you need to mention your comment on this)

DAY 11
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Dirichlet’s conditions, Determination of Fourier Series.
Course Outcomes:
Lecture 1 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Signal Representation and Orthogonal Functions.
Prerequisites: you must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus,
limits and adequate knowledge of mathematics.
Objectives: Students will understand the foundation for signal representation for future
applications
Signal representation
Often in signal processing, an unknown signal of periodic or aperiodic nature is represented

using a known and standard set of signals. Such signal representation immediately brings great
advantage in signal generation, detection and intermediate processing.
The topic of interest in this chapter is representation of periodic signals of arbitrary amplitude
profile.
Orthogonal functions
Two functions f1 and f2 are said to be orthogonal in [T1, T2] if the following identity holds
T2
 f (t) f (t)dt  0
T1
1 2
If f1 and f2 represented two signals, the abovementioned identity would indicate that f1 and f2
are orthogonal to each other having no inter-relationship.
Extending the concept of orthogonality to multiple functions, a set of real functions

1 (t),2 (t)...n (t) are said to be an orthogonal set if the functions obey the following condition
T2
  (t) (t)dt  0
T1
i j if i  j
The set would also be called an orthonormal one if, together with the above condition, the set
also satisfies the following condition

T2
  (t) (t)dt  1
T1
i j if i  j
If we have such an orthogonal set of known standard functions, they could be used to depict any
functions of periodic nature. This is the main idea behind Fourier and Laplace representation of
signals in both continuous and discrete time domain.
Problem 1.1: Check whether the following functions are orthogonal to each other:
(a) sin(m0t ) for different m.

(b) cos(n0t ) for different n,
(c) sin(m0t ) and cos(n0t ) for different m and n.
(d) e jn0t for different n
(e) e  jn0t for different n

Problem 1.2: What should be the value of ‘A’ for the function y(t)  Asin(m0t ) to be
orthonormal.
Notes:

DAY 12
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Dirichlet’s conditions, Determination of Fourier Series
Course Outcomes:
Lecture 2 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Fourier Series for Periodic Signals:
Prerequisites: Signal representation and orthogonality.
Objectives: Students will understand and analyze expression of signals using standard
periodic sinusoids and complex exponentials.
Periodic Signals
A signal is periodic if some part of it is repeated after certain interval. Consequently, if x(t) is a
periodic signal with a period of ‘p’, then x(t±p)=x(t).
Problem 2.1: If f(x) and g(x) have period p, show that h=af(x)+bg(x) (a,b constants) would also have
period p.
Representation of periodic signals using Fourier series
As was seen in Example 1.2, a set of real periodic sinusoidal signals, being orthogonal to each other, can
represent any arbitrary periodic signal. We only need to find a proper combination of the members of the
complete set. This principle is used in essence to find the Fourier series representation of an arbitrary
periodic signal.
The Fourier series representation of f(t) is written in terms of real sinusoids and a constant function as


f (t)  a 0  an cos  n0t   bn sin  n0t 
n 1
2
Here 0  . Using the orthogonal property of the sinusoidal functions the Fourier series coefficients
T
(a0, an and bn) are calculated as
T
2
a0   f (t) dt
T 0
T
2
f (t) cos  n0t  dt
T 0
an  n=1,2...
T
2
bn   f (t) sin  n0t  dt n =1,2...
T 0
An alternative representation of the Fourier series is obtained by combining the cosine and the sine terms
together using Euler’s theorem. This form is shown below,

 2 
f (t)   cn cos  nt  n 
n 0  T 
 bn 
where cn  an  bn and n  tan 
2 2 1

 an 
The plot of cn and n with respect to n represent the amplitude and phase spectrum of the signal
respectively.
Representation using Complex Exponentials
Upon using the Euler’s representation for the real sinusoidal quantities, we obtain the representation using
complex exponentials as
 2
 cne
jn t
f (t)  T
n 
where cn are the complex Fourier series co-efficient. These can be calculated using the orthogonal
property of the complex co-efficient as
 2
 jn

t
cn  f (t)e T
n 
Amplitude and phase spectrum

As was in the case with real sinusoids, in case of the complex exponential representation, the plot of
magnitude and phase of cn indicate the amplitude and phase spectra of the signal. There is however one
very important difference between spectra in the two cases . The former was single sided involving real
positive frequencies only while the latter is constituted of both negative and positive frequencies.
Problem 2.2:
The signal is shown in the figure below:


Problem 2.3: For the periodic signal xp(t) below, show that the cn  sin c  nf 0  . Plot the amplitude
T0
and the phase spectrum.

Problem 2.4: Determine the Fourier coefficients for the pulse train shown in the figure below for
a=T/2 and a=T/4.

Problem 2.5: The waveform in the figure is known as a sawtooth. For this waveform determine
the Fourier coefficients and plot the amplitude and phase spectra.

Properties of Fourier series
It is not always necessary to calculate the Fourier series in the rigorous procedure described in before.
There are certain symmetry properties of the signal that reduce the computational complexity of the
Fourier series coefficients by manifold. These are discussed next,
EVEN SYMMETRY
A function f(t) is said have even symmetry if it satisfies the following condition
f(t)=f(-t)
Coefficients of the trigonometric Fourier series are simplified for an even function as
T
2
2
T 0
a0  f (t) dt
42
an   f (t) cos  n0t  dt n=1,2...
T 0
ODD SYMMETRY
A function f(t) is said have odd symmetry if it satisfies the following condition
f(t)= -f(-t)
Coefficients of the trigonometric Fourier series are simplified for an odd function as

T
2
4
f (t)sin  n0t  dt
T 0
bn  n=1,2...
HALF WAVE SYMMETRY
This type of symmetry is described by the following condition:
f(t)= -f(tT/2)
Coefficients of the trigonometric Fourier series of are simplified for a function with half wave
symmetry as
a0  0
an  0 for n even
T /2
4
  f (t) cos  n0t  dt for n odd
T 0
bn  0 for n even
T /2
4
  f (t) sin  n0t  dt for n odd
T 0
Problem 2.6 Find the Fourier coefficients and plot the amplitude and phase spectra for the
function shown below:

Problem 2.7 Find the Fourier coefficients and plot the amplitude and phase spectrum for the
following function f(t)

Notes:

DAY 13
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Dirichlet’s condition, Fourier transformation of
continuous and discrete time signals and their properties.
Lecture 3 (1 Hour) : Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even– odd
Topics Covered :Convergence of Fourier series, Transition to Fourier transformation, Properties

of Fourier transformation.:
Prerequisites: Fourier Series:
Objectives: Students will understand and analyze the transformation techniques fr non
periodic signals
Existence of Fourier series: Dirichlet condition
The conditions under which it is possible to write the Fourier series representation for a periodic
function f(t) are known as Dirichlet’s condition. These are summarized below:
In each period,
(1) the function is required to have a finite number of discontinuities,

(2) the function can possess a finite number of maxima and minima,
(3) the function must be absolutely convergent (as in below)
T
 | f(t ) | dt  
0
Truncation and Convergence of the Fourier series
Gibbs phenomena
According to the Dirichlet’s condition, a function can have a Fourier series representation even if
it has a finite number of discontinuities. However, due to the finite nature of the series there is a
considerable amount of error near such discontinuities. This effect is known as the Gibbs
phenomena after the first man to investigate it, Sir Willard Gibbs.
As shown in the figure below there is a characteristic overshoot and oscillation near the
discontinuities. As the number of terms in the Fourier series (n) increases the overshoot
decreases and the oscillation sharpens and shifts toward the discontinuity. Amount of overshoot
is about 9% of the total jump and n.
Rate of convergence in different situations

A fast varying function/ a sharper function needs more number of terms (n) in the Fourier series
expansion than a slow varying function. Variation of the Fourier series co-efficients are
expressed as in terms of the number of times a function must be differentiated to produce a jump
discontinuity. If a function needs to be differentiated k times to obtain a jump discontinuity then
M M
| an | k 1
, | bn | k 1
n n
Here M is a constant that depends on f(t) but not on n.
Problem 3.1 Input to a rectifier is A sin(0 t) . Calculate and plot the amplitude and phase
spectra for the out puts in case the rectifier is (a) Half wave rectifier, (b) full wave rectifier.
From the amplitude spectra justify the use of a capacitor to reduce the ripples.

Problem 3.2 Write a MATLAB algorithm to compute the number of terms required to converge
the Fourier series representations for the following functions. (Convergence in this regard would
mean a <5% change in successive iterations). All the signals have a time period of ‘T’. and
amplitude of ‘V’. Consider fa to be an integral of fb.
Plot the first four partial sums for fb and fc to show how the Fourier sum converges.

Transition from Fourier series to transformation
As the time period increases for a periodic function/signal the Fourier series representation undergoes a
corresponding modification. As the time period increases the amplitudes of the Fourier series co-efficients
keep on decreasing and the separation between two consecutive spectral lines also keeps on decreasing. In
the limit T →∞ the function ceases to remain periodic and rather become aperiodic in nature. This
modification of the spectrum is shown in the figure below.
Problem 3.3 Plot the amplitude and phase spectrum of the following signal for T/a=2, 10, 100.

Problem 3.4 Show that the Fourier series representation of the last problem would eventually
lead to the Fourier integral, (i.e. the summation tends to become integral) in the limit T/a→∞.

Fourier transformation and Dirichlet’s Condition
Complex Fourier transformation formula
A non periodic deterministic signal g(t), varying with time in some manner can be expressed as the
Fourier integral using complex exponential function:

 G( f )e
j 2 ft
g (t )  df

where G(f) can be obtained from the inverse transformation as


 g (t )e
 j 2 ft
G( f )  dt

Dirichlet’s Conditions
The Fourier transformation of g(t) would exist if there are some sufficient but not necessary conditions
prevail known as the Dirichlet’s conditions. These are
(1) The function g(t) is single valued with a finite number of maxima or minima in any finite interval.
(2) The function g(t) has a finite number of discontinuities in any finite interval.
(3) The function g(t) is absolutely integrable i.e.


 | g (t ) | dt  
However in reality all physically realizable signals can have a Fourier transformation. In other words, all
energy signals satisfying the following condition have a Fourier integral representation.

 | g (t ) | dt  
2


Problem 3.5 Find the Fourier transformation of the following signal which is the one period of
the signal in problem in problem 3.3.
Problem 3.6 Find the Fourier transformation of f(t)=t.

Properties of Fourier transformation
1) Linearity
If g1(t)↔G1(f) and g2(t)↔G2(f) then for all constants a1 and a2 (constants of time),
a1g1(t)+a2g2(t) ↔a1G1(f)+a2G2(f).
2) Area under g(t) and area under G(f)
If g1(t)↔G1(f) then

 g (t ) d t  G(0)


 G( f ) d f  g (0)

3) Time Scaling
1 f 
If g1(t)↔G1(f) then g1 ( t)  G 
| |   
4) Time Shift and Frequency Shift
If g1(t)↔G1(f) then
g (t  t 0 )  e j 2 ft0 G  f 
e j 2 f0t g (t)  G  f f0 
5) Duality
Since the constitutive relationships for the Fourier transformation pair are very similar in nature,
there is an interesting property of duality between them:
g(t)↔G1(f) then G(t)↔g(-f) and G(-t)↔g(f)
6) Conjugate Functions
If g(t)↔G (f) then g*(t)↔G* (-f)and g*(-t)↔G* (f)
A signal g(t) is called conjugate symmetric if g(-t)= g*(t). If g(t) is a real signal then this leads to
g(-t)=g(t) and g(t) is then called an even function.
Similarly, g(t) is called conjugate anti-symmetric if g(-t)= -g*(t). If g(t) is a real signal then this
leads to g(-t)=-g(t) and g(t) is then called an odd function.
7) Multiplication in Time domain and Multiplication in Transform domain

If g1(t)↔G1(f) and g2(t)↔G2(f) then
 
g1 (t ) g 2 (t )   G   G  f    d    G   G  f    d 

1 2

2 1
This transformation pair is also expressed as g1 (t ) g2 (t )  G1 ( f )  G1 ( f )

Similarly

 
 g   g t    d    g   g t    d   G ( f )G ( f )

1 2

2 1 1 2
Which is also expressed as g1 (t )  g2 (t )  G1 ( f )G1 ( f )
8) Differentiation in time and frequency domain
If g(t)↔G (f) then

d
 g  t    j 2 f G ( f )
dt 
Generalizing for the nth derivative,
dn
 g t    j 2 f  G( f )
n   
n
dt
Similarly
d
 j 2 t  g  t    G( f ) and upon generalization for nth order transform domain derivative,
dt
dn
  j 2 t   g  t    n G( f )
n
dt
9) Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem
According to this theorem, if g(t)↔G (f), then the energy of the signal g(t) can be expressed as

Eg   | G( f ) |
2
df

This result follows from the more general Parseval’s theorem expressed as
 
 g1 (t ) g 2* (t ) d t   G ( f )G ( f ) d f
*
1 2
 
Problem 3.6 If Z (t)  Asinc(2 Wt) then use duality to find Z(f).
2
Problem 3.7 Find the Fourier transformation of f (t) 
1 t2

Problem 3.8 Find the energy of the signal f (t)  2 AW sin c(2 Wt)
Notes:

DAY 14
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Fourier transformation
Lecture 4 (1 Hour) : Properties of Fourier Transformation
Topics Covered: Properties of Fourier Transformation
Prerequisites: Fourier Transformation Basics:
of Fourier Transformation
Fourier Transformation continued
Fourier Transformation of a Periodic Signal
It is often important to consider the Fourier transformation of a general periodic signal. A

general periodic signal can be represented in Fourier series as

f (t)  ce
n 
n
jn0t
Fourier transformation of f(t) thus turns out to be as follows

F (j )  2  c     
n 
n 0
Problem 4.1 Find the Fourier transformations and plot the same for the following signals:

Problem 4.2 Calculate the Fourier transformation of the last problem using Numerical
integration in MATLAB and comment on the convergence.

Problem 4.3 Find the Fourier transformation of the Impulse train shown below. Plot the
spectrum.
Some useful properties of Fourier Transformation

List of important Fourier Transformation pairs


Notes:

DAY 15
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Laplace Transformation- analysis with examples and
properties. Parseval’s theorem
Lecture 5(1 Hour) : Laplace transformation.
Topics Covered: Laplace transformation
Prerequisites: Fourier Transformation:
of Laplace transformation
Limitation of Fourier Transformation: Convergence Issues
As discussed earlier the main criteria for a signal to have a legitimate Fourier transformation is
thet te function must be absolutely integrable. Often there are functions that do not satisfy such
criteria. This has also been indicated in examples.
This gives rise to the idea of Laplace transformation wherein an additional attenuating
exponential factor is introduced to make the overall function integrable .
Introduction of Laplace transformation
Let f(t) be a given function that is defined for all t≥0. The Laplace transformation of f(t) written
as F(s) is represented as

L( f (t ))  F (s)   f (t ) e st dt
0
where s    j
Inverse Laplace transformation
The inverse Laplace transformation of F(s) can be written as

1  j 
1
2 j  
f (t)  F ( s) e st ds
1 j
This is a complex inversion integral where the path of integration is along the vertical line s   1
from    to  . This contour of integration is also known as the Bromwich Path.

Existence of Laplace transformation
As in Fourier transformation, the existence of the Laplace transformation of a function f(t) is

subject to the following condition

 | f (t ) | e
1t
dt  
0
Problem 5.1 Find the Laplace transformation of the functions below:
(a) The unit step function

u (t)  1, t  0
= 0, t<0
(b) The one sided exponential function, f (t)  eat u(t)
(c) f (t)  sin( t) and f (t)  cos( t)

2
Problem 5.2 Check if the functions tn and e at are Laplace transformable.
Notes:

DAY 16
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: System properties: Laplace transformation.
Lecture 6(1 Hour) :Properties of Laplace Transformation.

Topics Covered: Properties of Laplace transformation
Prerequisites: Laplace tranformation:
of Laplace transformation.
Laplace transformation: Examples
Problem 6.1 Find the Laplace transformation of the following functions

Problem 6.2 Find the Inverse Laplace transformation of the following functions

Properties of Laplace transformation
Basic properties of Laplace transformation are summarized in the table below.
Table of important Laplace transformation Pairs

Initial and final value theorems
If f(t) and its first derivatives are Laplace transformable then
The initial and final value of f(t) written respectively as f(0-) and f(t→∞) are related to the
Laplace transformation of f(t), expressed as F(s) in the following manner
lim lim
f (0)  f (t)  sF (s)
t 0 s
lim lim
f ( )  f (t)  sF (s)
t  s0
Problem 6.3 Find the initial and final values respectively for the transform functions (a)
2s  5
I (s)  and (b) i2 (t)  5u(t)  3e2t . Use both time domain technique and the initial
(s 1)(s  2)
and final value theorems in the Laplace transform domain.

Notes:

DAY 17
Lecture 7(1 Hour) : Convolution in time and frequency domain (both discrete and
continuous)
Topics Covered: Convolution in time and frequency domain (both discrete and continuous)
Prerequisites: Time domain integration:
Objectives: Students will understand convolution property.
Convolution in time domain
Discrete time
Convolution of two discrete time signals x1[n] and x2[n] is written as the infinite sum:
 
x1[n]  x2 [n]  
k 
x1[k ]x2 [n  k]   x [k ]x [n  k]
k 
2 1
n
Problem 7.1 Find the convolution cos( ) u(n)  u(n  1)
2
Continuous time

As in the case of the discrete time system, the convolution integral for two continuous time
signals f1(t) and f2(t) are represented as
 
f1 (t)  f 2 (t)  

f1 ( ) f 2 (t   ) d   

f 2 ( ) f1 (t   ) d 
Where  is a dummy variable written for integration.
Problem 7.2 Let the laplace transformation of two signals f1(t) and f2(t) be F1(s) and F2(s)
respectively. F1 (s)  1/ s, F2 (s)  1/ (s 1) .Determine the convolution of f1(t) and f2(t) in the time
domain using the convolution integral.
Problem 7.3 Convolve the function
h(t)  t , 0  t  1
=0, otherwise
With the function

v(t)  1, 0  t  2
=0 ,all other t
To give W(t)=h(t)*v(t). Show method.
Convolution in frequency domain
Convolution of two time domain signals f1 and f2 are simplified to simple multiplication in the
frequency domain. Consequently
L  f1 (t)  f 2 (t)   F1 (s) F2 (s)
Where L () denotes the Laplace transformation operator.
Notes:

DAY 18
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: LTI system, Impulse response, system response
Lecture 8(1 Hour) :properties of an LTI system, impulse response of a system, response of
an arbitrary system to arbitrary input
Topics Covered: properties of an LTI system, impulse response of a system, response of an
arbitrary system to arbitrary input
Prerequisites you must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus,
limits and properties of Fourier Transform.
Objective: Students will understand and analyze fundamental principles and key concepts
of systems.
Recapitulation: LTI system (Continuous and Discrete)
A Linear Time Invariant system is one which satisfies the condition of linearity and shift
invariance. To describe these properties and the properties of the system thereof, let us write the
system function as H().
Linearity: If the inputs f1(t) and f2(t) into the system generates the outputs y1(t) and y2(t)
respectively, then the sytem is linear if and input af1(t)+bf2(t) generates an output ay1(t)+by2(t).
Shift/time invariance: If the input to a system f(t) generates an output y(t), then the system can be
considered to be time invariant if an input f(t-t0) generates an output y(t-t0).
Problem 8.1 Check whether the following systems are Linear
(a) y(t)=x(t)+5
(b) y(t)=log(x(t))
1 3
(c) y[n]   x[n  k]
4 k 0
n
(d) y[n]=  x[k ] [This system is called the Accumulator]
k 

Problem 8.2 Check whether the following systems are time/shift invariant
n
(a) y[n]=  x[k ] [This system is called the Accumulator]
k 
(b) y[n]=x[Mn] for M>1 and 0<M<1 [This system is called the Compressor system]
(c) y[n]=x[n-T] for T>0
M2
1
(d) y[n]   x[n  k ] [The moving average system]
M1  M 2  1 k  M1

Response of an LTI system to an impulse input (Impulse response)
Impulse functions have a great importance in solving arbitrary differential equations as they
implicitly represent the excitation of the system with all possible frequencies (since the
Laplace/Fourier transformation of an impulse is a constant function).
This utility of the impulse inputs are readily imported onto the analysis of arbitrary systems. To
understand the output of an arbitrary system to arbitrary inputs, first the system is excited with an
impulse. The output of the system with an impulse as input is called the Impulse Response.

Problem 8.3 Determine and plot the impulse response of a moving average system indicated by
the input-output relationship
1 3
y[n]   x[n  k]
4 k 0
Determine the output of this system when the input is the rectangular pulse defines by
x[n]  u[n]  u[n  10]

Problem 8.4 Find the impulse response of a digital integrator represented by the following input-
output relationship:
y[n]=y[n-1]+{x[n]+x[n+1]}T/2
Problem 8.5 Find the impulse response of the RC circuit shown below

Problem 8.6 Find the impulse response of an LTI system comprising of (a) series and (b)
parallel connections of two LTI systems if their individual impulse responses are known to be
h1(t) and h2(t).

Response of an LTI system to an arbitrary input (intro to convolution)
Once the impulse response of a system is known, the output of the said system to an arbitrary
input can be calculated using the simple convolution integral in the time domain
 
y(t)  x(t)  h(t)   x( )h(t   ) d   h( )x(t   ) d
 
Here x(t) is the input to the system and h(t) is the impulse response of the system.
Same principles of impulse response and convolution to calculate the output of a system is
applicable to discrete time systems with discrete time signals.
n
3
Problem 8.7 Consider a system with the impulse response h(n)    u (n) . Find the output of
4
the system at times n=-5, 5, 10 if the input to the system x(n)=u(n) an unit step.

Problem 8.8 The input-output relationship for a 1st order recursive system is given by y(n)-βy(n-
1)=x(n). Let the input be given by x(n)=bnu(n+4). Use convolution to find the output of this
system assuming β≠b and that the system is causal.
Problem 8.9 Suppose the input and the impulse response of an LTI system are x(t)=(t-1)[u(t-1)-
u(t-3)] and h(t)=u(t+1)-2u(t-2). Find the output of this system.

Problem 8.10 Consider the RC circuit of Problem 8.3. Assuming the time constant (RC)to be
equal to 1s, find the voltage across the capacitor (y(t))when the input voltage x(t)=u(t)-u(t-2).
Notes:

DAY 19
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Analysis and characterization of an LTI system using
Laplace transformation
Lecture 9(1 Hour) :Analysis and characterization of an LTI system using Laplace
transformation
Topics Covered: LTI system using Laplace transformation
Prerequisites: LTI , Laplace transformation:
Objectives: Students will understand the properties of LTI systems using laplace
transformation.
Analysis and characterization of an LTI system using Laplace Transformation : Evaluation

of impulse response and transfer function using Laplace transformation
Since the convolution integral is simplified to a simple multiplication in the frequency domain,
the Laplace transformation finds a great deal of application in calculating the impulse response
of a system from the set of input and output to the system using
Y (s)
H (s) 
X (s)
where X(s) and Y(s) are respectively the Laplace transformations of the input x(t) and output y(t)
of the system. H(s) here is known as the Transfer function of the system. This is basically the
impulse response of the system.
The impulse response in time domain if needed can be calculated by inverse Laplace
transformation of the system transfer function.
The same procedure can be applied to calculate the output of the system if the impulse response
is known beforehand.
This is calculated as
Y (s)  X (s) H(s)
Problem 9.1 Find the transfer function of the LTI system described by the following differential
equations

Problem 9.2 Find the differential equations corresponding to the following Transfer functions

2 1
Problem 9.3 A system has the transfer function H (s)   . Find the impulse response
s3 s2
of the system by assuming (a) the system is stable, (b) the system is causal. Can the system be
both stable and causal?

Notes:

DAY 20
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Application of transformation algebra.
Lecture 9(1 Hour) :Applications if transformation algebra

Topics Covered: Applications of transformation algebra.
Prerequisites: Signal transformation:
Objectives: students will be able to solve any kind of problem
Problem 10.1 Radar range for an object can be calculated by transmitting an Radio Frequency
(RF) pulse and calculating the round trip time delay for the echo of the pulse to return to the
radar. Let the transmitted RF pulse be given by
x(t)  sin(c t) for 0  t  T0

0 otherwise
As shown in the figure below.
Suppose we transmit an impulse from the radar to determine the impulse response of the round
trip propagation to the target. The impulse is delayed in time and attenuated in amplitude, which
results in the impulse response h(t)=aδ(t-β) where a denote the attenuation factor and β indicate
the round trip delay. Use the convolution of x(t) with h(t) to verify this result.

Problem 10.2 In the previous example the target range is determined by estimating the time
delay β from the received signal r(t). In principle, this may be accomplished by measuring the
onset time of the received pulse. However, in practice the received signal is contaminated with
noise and may be weak. For this reasons, the time delay is determined by passing the received
signal through an LTI system commonly referred to as a matched filter. An important property of
this system is that it optimally discriminates against certain types of noise in the received
waveform. The impulse response of the matched filter is a reflected or time reversed version of
the transmitted signal x(t). i.e.,
hm (t)   sin(c t) for -T0  t  0

0 otherwise
As shown in fig below. The terminology matched filter refers to the fact that the impulse
response of the radar received is matched to the transmitted signal. To estimate the time delay of
the matched filter op we evaluate the convolution y(t)=r(t)*h(t).


Problem 10.3 Write a differential equation relating the input x(t) and the output y(t) of the
system shown in the circuit below and find the step response by applying x(t)=u(t). Then use the
step response to obtain the impulse response.

DAY 21
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Continuous-time signals
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to understand fundamental principles and key concepts of signals
and systems and the significance of sampling theorem.
Lecture 1 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Basics of signal and system, Sampling theorem
Prerequisites: Have you Read Signals and systems
 Basics of Signals and systems
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze fundamental principles and key

concepts of signals and systems and the significance of sampling theorem.
SIGNALS:-
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable.
It can be a function of one or more independent variable. E.g. speech, EEG, ECG etc.
Classification of Signals:-
III. Continuous Time Signals:- The signals that are defined for every instant of time are known as
continuous time signals. They are denoted as x(t)
IV. Discrete Time Signals:- The signals that are defined at discrete instants of time are known as
discrete-time signals. The discrete- time signals are continuous in amplitude and discrete in time.
They are denoted by x(n)
V. Deterministic Signals:- A deterministic signal is a signal exhibiting no uncertainty of value at
any given instant of time. Its instantaneous value can be accurately predicted by mathematical
equation. E.g. x1(n)=sin(0.1πn)
VI. Random Signals:- A random signal is a signal is characterized by uncertainty before its actual
occurrence. E.g. Noise
SYSTEMS:-

A system can be defined as a physical device that generates a response or output signal, for a given input
signal. The relationship between input x(t) and corresponding output y(t) of the system has the form
y(t)= operation on x(t)
Mathematically,
y(t)=T |x(t)|
Types of Systems:-
I. Continuous Time System:- A continuous time system is one which operates on a continuous
time- signal and produces a continuous- time output signal. If the input and output of the
continuous time systems are x(t) and y(t).
II. Discrete Time System:- A discrete time system is one which operates on a discrete time signal
and produces a discrete time output signal. It can be written as y(n)=T|x(n)|
The input/output representation of a system can be divided into four types:-
 The input/output differential equation(for continuous time signal) and difference equation(for
discrete time signals)
 The convolution model
 The Fourier transforms representation.
 The system function representation.
Examples of Discrete time systems:-
Population Model
Savings Account
Amortization
SAMPLING THEOREM:-
Let x(t) denote any continuous-time signal having a continuous Fourier transform
denote the samples of x(t) at uniform intervals of T seconds. Then x(t) can be exactly reconstructed from
its samples xd(t) if x(jw)=0 for all
Notes:
All the signals mentioned here is deterministic and time based.

Assignment 1:
State and prove the sampling theorem for low pass and limited signal.
Assignment 2:
Determine if the following signals are periodic; if periodic, give the period.

Assignment3:
Express the signals shown in Fig. in terms of unit step functions.

DAY 22
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Laplace Transformation- analysis with examples and
properties.
Lecture 5(1 Hour) : Laplace transformation.
Topics Covered: Laplace transformation
Prerequisites: Fourier Transformation:
of Laplace transformation
Limitation of Fourier Transformation: Convergence Issues
As discussed earlier the main criteria for a signal to have a legitimate Fourier transformation is
thet te function must be absolutely integrable. Often there are functions that do not satisfy such
criteria. This has also been indicated in examples.
This gives rise to the idea of Laplace transformation wherein an additional attenuating
exponential factor is introduced to make the overall function integrable .
Introduction of Laplace transformation
Let f(t) be a given function that is defined for all t≥0. The Laplace transformation of f(t) written
as F(s) is represented as

L( f (t ))  F (s)   f (t ) e st dt
0
where s    j
Inverse Laplace transformation
The inverse Laplace transformation of F(s) can be written as

1  j 
1
2 j  
f (t)  F ( s) e st ds
1 j
This is a complex inversion integral where the path of integration is along the vertical line s   1
from    to  . This contour of integration is also known as the Bromwich Path.

Existence of Laplace transformation
As in Fourier transformation, the existence of the Laplace transformation of a function f(t) is

subject to the following condition

 | f (t ) | e
1t
dt  
0
Problem 5.1 Find the Laplace transformation of the functions below:
(d) The unit step function

u (t)  1, t  0
= 0, t<0
(e) The one sided exponential function, f (t)  eat u(t)
(f) f (t)  sin( t) and f (t)  cos( t)

2
Problem 5.2 Check if the functions tn and e at are Laplace transformable.

DAY 23
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: System properties: Laplace transformation.
Lecture 6(1 Hour) :Properties of Laplace Transformation.

Topics Covered: Properties of Laplace transformation
Prerequisites: Laplace tranformation:
of Laplace transformation.
Properties of Laplace transformation
Basic properties of Laplace transformation are summarized in the table below.
Table of important Laplace transformation Pairs

Initial and final value theorems
If f(t) and its first derivatives are Laplace transformable then
The initial and final value of f(t) written respectively as f(0-) and f(t→∞) are related to the
Laplace transformation of f(t), expressed as F(s) in the following manner
lim lim
f (0)  f (t)  sF (s)
t 0 s
lim lim
f ( )  f (t)  sF (s)
t  s0
Notes:
All the signals mentioned here is deterministic and time based.
Laplace transformation: Examples
Problem 6.1 Find the Laplace transformation of the following functions

Problem 6.2 Find the Inverse Laplace transformation of the following functions

Problem 6.3 Find the initial and final values respectively for the transform functions (a)
2s  5
I (s)  and (b) i2 (t)  5u(t)  3e2t . Use both time domain technique and the initial
(s 1)(s 2)
and final value theorems in the Laplace transform domain.


DAY 24
Lecture 7(1 Hour) : Convolution in time and frequency domain (both discrete and
continuous)
Topics Covered: Convolution in time and frequency domain (both discrete and continuous)
Prerequisites: Time domain integration:
Objectives: Students will understand convolution property.
Convolution in time domain
Discrete time
Convolution of two discrete time signals x1[n] and x2[n] is written as the infinite sum:
 
x1[n]  x2 [n]   x [k ]x [n  k]   x [k ]x [n  k]
k 
1 2
k 
2 1
n
Problem 7.1 Find the convolution cos( ) u(n)  u(n  1)
2

Continuous time
As in the case of the discrete time system, the convolution integral for two continuous time
signals f1(t) and f2(t) are represented as
 
f1 (t)  f 2 (t)  

f1 ( ) f 2 (t   ) d   

f 2 ( ) f1 (t   ) d 
Where  is a dummy variable written for integration.
Problem 7.2 Let the laplace transformation of two signals f1(t) and f2(t) be F1(s) and F2(s)
respectively. F1 (s)  1/ s, F2 (s)  1/ (s 1) .Determine the convolution of f1(t) and f2(t) in the time
domain using the convolution integral.
Problem 7.3 Convolve the function
h(t)  t , 0  t  1
=0, otherwise

With the function
v(t)  1, 0  t  2
=0 ,all other t
To give W(t)=h(t)*v(t). Show method.
Convolution in frequency domain
Convolution of two time domain signals f1 and f2 are simplified to simple multiplication in the
frequency domain. Consequently
L  f1 (t)  f 2 (t)   F1 (s) F2 (s)
Where L () denotes the Laplace transformation operator.
Notes:

DAY 25
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z-transform
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the Basics of Z-transform and difference
between Laplace transform and Z-transform.
Lecture 5 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Fundamental principle of Z-transform and its usability.

Prerequisites: Have you Read
 Laplace transform
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze basics of Z-transform, Laplace transform

and to analyze the usability of both – transform and Laplace transform.
Concept of Z-Transform
Z-transform of a discrete time signal x(n) can be represented with X(Z), and it is defined as
The above equation represents the relation between Fourier transform and Z-transform

Z-Transform of Basic Signals:
Notes:
 Laplace transform has been used for time based system where as Z-transform is
being used for the discrete system.

Assignment 1:Find the response of the system s(n+2) − 3s(n+1) + 2s(n) = δ(n)s(n+2) − 3s(n+1) +
2s(n)=δ(n), when all the initial conditions are zero.
Assignment 2:
Find the system function H(z) and unit sample response h(n) of the system whose difference
equation is described as under.

Assignment 3: Determine Y(z), n≥0 in the following case.

DAY 26
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the properties of Z-transform and it’s
utility.
Lecture 5 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Fundamental properties of Z-transform and its usability.

 Z transform
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze basic properties of Z-transform and it’s
utility.
Properties of Z-Transform:
 The Superposition (Linearity) Property
 The Time-Delay Property
 Multiplication by Exponential Sequence

 Time Reversal
 Differentiation in Z-Domain OR Multiplication by n
Notes:
Assignment 1:
State and prove the ‘Time-Delay Property’ of Z transform.

Assignment 2:
State and prove the time reversal property of Z transform.

DAY 27
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the properties of Z-transform and it’s
utility.
Lecture 5 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Fundamental properties of Z-transform and its usability.

 Z transform
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze basic properties of Z-transform and it’s
utility.
Properties of Z-Transform:
 Conjugation of a complex sequence
 Differentiation of X(z):
 Convolution of sequence

 Complex convolution theorem
 Initial value Theorem
 Final value Theorem
 Parseval’s relation
Notes:
Assignment 1:
State and prove the final value theorem of Z transform.

Assignment 2:
Establish Parseval’s relation.

DAY 28
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z Transform
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the inverse Z Transform and it’s
physical significance.
Lecture 6 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Inverse Z Transform

 Z Transform
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze basic principles of inverse Z

Transform and its physical significance.
Given a Z domain function, there are several ways to perform an inverse Z Transform:

 Long Division
 Direct Computation
 Partial Fraction Expansion with Table Lookup
 Direct Inversion
Notes:
Assignment 1:
Find the inverse z-transform of

Assignment 2:
Find the inverse z-transform of
Assignment 3: Compute the inverse z-transform of

DAY 29
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z transform.
Lecture 6(1 Hour) : Inspection method and Partial fraction expansion in order to compute
Inverse z-transform
Topics Covered: Z-Transforms
Prerequisites: Inverse z-transform
of different techniques in order to compute Inverse z-transform.
Ways to Compute Inverse z-Transform:
Inspection method:

Notes:
There are several ways to compute inverse Z transform. We have to know all the
methodologies for computing it.

1. Obtain x[n] from the following equation using partial fraction expansion method:

2. Obtain x[n] from the following equation using partial fraction expansion method:

DAY 30
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z transform.
Lecture 6(1 Hour) : Power Series expansion and Long division technique in order to
compute Inverse z-transform
Topics Covered: Z-Transforms
Prerequisites: Inverse z-transform
of different techniques in order to compute Inverse z-transform.
Ways to Compute Inverse z-Transform:
Long Division Method:
Power Series Expansion Method :
The z-transform of the sequence x(n) is given by

Notes:
There are several ways to compute inverse Z transform. We have to know all the
methodologies for computing it.

1. Obtain x[n] from the following equation using Power Series Expansion method:
2. Obtain x[n] from the following equation using Long division method:

DAY 31
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z-transfom
Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the ‘Region of Convergence’.
Lecture 6 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Region of Convergence
 Z-transfom
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze basic principles of Region of

Convergence and it’s usability for finding out stability analysis.
The range of variation of z for which z-transform converges is called region of convergence of z-
transform.

Properties of ROC of Z-Transforms
 ROC of z-transform is indicated with circle in z-plane.

 ROC does not contain any poles.
 If x(n) is a finite duration causal sequence or right sided sequence, then the ROC is entire
z-plane except at z = 0.
 If x(n) is a finite duration anti-causal sequence or left sided sequence, then the ROC is
entire z-plane except at z = ∞.
 If x(n) is a infinite duration causal sequence, ROC is exterior of the circle with radius a.
i.e. |z| > a.
 If x(n) is a infinite duration anti-causal sequence, ROC is interior of the circle with radius
a. i.e. |z| < a.
 If x(n) is a finite duration two sided sequence, then the ROC is entire z-plane except at z
= 0 & z = ∞.
Notes:
 ROC is most powerful techniques in order to find out stability analysis.
Assignment 1:
Find z-transform and ROC of

Assignment 2:
Find the ROC of the signal:
Assignment 3: Find the ROC of the signal:

DAY 32
Relevant MAKAUT syllabus portion: Z transform

Course Outcomes:
CO4: Students should be able to apprehend and analyze the Stability analysis and exercises.
Lecture 4 (1 Hour)
Topics Covered: Stability analysis and exercises

 Stability analysis
Objectives:
 Students will understand and analyze Stability analysis and able to identify
whether the system is stable or not.
Stability
 Just like for analogue systems, a digital system is stable if its impulse response is
absolutely summable i.e.














Important Features:
 A digital system is stable if all its poles lie within the unit circle in the z-plane.
 That means that the POLE must be within the unit circle!
 In general, to test stability for digital systems, just check that all the poles are
within the unit circle. If any are not, then the system is unstable. We have not
proved this exactly, but you can get the picture. The proof is almost identical to
what we did using the Analogue system Transfer Functions.
Notes:
 Stability analysis is an important feature to identify whether system is having stable
state or not.
Assignment 1:
Look at the system G(z) as below
Identify the pole and zero of the system and discuss about the stability of the system.

Assignment 2: Identify the pole and zero of the system and discuss about the stability of the
following systems:

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Paper Name: Signals and Systems Paper Code: EC 303

Institute of Engineering & Management

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Paper Name with code:Signals & Systems(EC 303)

Name of the Student:

1 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

Module 2: Signal Transformation: Fourier transformation of continuous and discrete time

Module 3: Laplace Transform: Recapitulation, Analysis and characterization of LTI systems

Module 5: Z-Transforms: Basic principles of z-transform - z-transform definition –,

2 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

CO3: Student will be able to explain Concept of sampling.

3 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

2 2 1 Transformation P.Ramesh Babu &

4 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

11 1 3 Signal NPTEL lecture, IIT

12 2 3 Fourier Series NPTEL lecture, IIT

14 4 4 Fourier NPTEL lecture, IIT

5 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

15 5 3 DTFS Signals and Systems

DFT Digital Signal

18 8 4 Convolution in Discrete time signal

Signals and Systems

19 9 4 LTI systems, Discrete time signal

Signals and Systems

6 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

21 1 4 Introduction to P.Ramesh Babu &

7 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

28 8 Z-transform, P.Ramesh Babu &

COURSE: Signals & Systems SEMESTER: 3 CREDITS: 3

COURSECODE: EC-303 COURSE TYPE: Compulsory

CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE

8 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

Levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy:

Topics Covered:Basics of signals.

Prerequisites:you must have a basic understanding of differential and integral calculus,

9 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

Example: Communication System

10 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

 U(t)=1(when t≥0) and

Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

 Impulse function is denoted by δ(t). and it is defined as

=u(t); δ(t)= [Area under unit ramp is unity]

11 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

Exponential signal is in the form of x(t) = eαt

Let’s learn by doing:

c. entire frequency range with constant phase

12 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

2. What will be the Double integration of a unit step?

3. Determine the value of the summation: ∑∞n= -∞δ(n-1)sin2n.

4.In terms of signum function sgn(t), unit step function u(t) =

13 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

Topics Covered:Transformation of independent variable of signals:

Prerequisites: Have you Read Signals

There are two variable parameters in general:

The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

Amplitude Scaling:x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a

14 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department

As seen from the diagram above,

i) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

ii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3

iii) Amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

Subtraction: subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding

15 | Page Study Material, IEM, ECE Department