AWARENESS OF THE PATIENCE IN THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DIABETES

MELLITUS IN OLD AND NEW SAN JOSE, DINALUPIHAN, BATAAN

__________________

Thesis
Presented to the Faculty
College of Education
Bataan Peninsula State University
Dinalupihan, Campus
Dinalupihan, Bataan

__________________

In partial fulfillment
of the
Requirements for the Course
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Biological Science

__________________

By:

Bautista, Juergen Roi Y.

Manansala, Therese Mae B.
Palma, Jeffrey D.
Soler, Rynamae E.
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Introduction

The Latin root of the term diabetes mellitus means “simply sweet urine”. Diabetes

sometimes referred to by the public as “having sugar”, is a serious metabolic disorder

related to the use of carbohydrate and its end product glucose (Blood sugar or Bg),

(Peckenpaugh 2007). It is a disease with serious complications that has now reached

epidemic proportions and the prevalence rates are expected to go even higher in the future

“Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-

management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term

complications” (American Diabetes Association, 2008a, p. s5). The incidence and

prevalence of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is growing worldwide. The World Health

Organization (WHO) (2006) estimates that 180 million people worldwide have diabetes

and this number will likely double by the year 2030. In the United States, approximately

23.6 million Americans (7.8%) have diabetes with increased prevalence in many of the

Midwestern States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007). In

Wisconsin, an estimated 329,000 adults have diabetes (Wisconsin Diabetes Prevention and

Control Program, 2004).

Diabetes Mellitus is also associated with long-term consequences that include

severe complications. Knowledge is essential for adequate diabetes management and self-

management education is the cornerstone of treatment for all people with diabetes. Patients

need the knowledge and skills to make informed choices and to facilitate self-directed
changes in behavior and ultimately to reduce the risk of the associated complications.

Behavior and lifestyle changes are the keys to successful self-management of diabetes.

Several studies report that the knowledge of diabetes is poor in developing and under-

developed countries and the knowledge should be improved through continuous education

by health care professionals like pharmacists, nurses and physicians. Knowledge of

diseases are of utmost importance to meet the challenge of increasing healthcare costs.

Having considered the above factors, it is evident that there is a need to study the

knowledge of diabetes mellitus in the Philippines. Hence, in this study an attempt was made

to evaluate the knowledge of diabetes mellitus among the public of different age groups,

gender and education level

Unfortunately, there is no cure for diabetes yet but by controlling blood sugar levels

through a healthy diet, exercise and medication the risk of long-term diabetes

complications can be decreased

Furthermore this research entitled “Awareness of the Patients in the Causes and

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus” will be a great help to spread awareness about this enormous

problem.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the Awareness of the Patients in the Causes and Effects of

Diabetes Mellitus in Old and New San Jose, Dinalupihan, Bataan during the fiscal year

2018.

Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Sex;

1.3 Socio economic status; and

1.4 Highest educational attainment?

2. What are the respondents perceived causes of diabetes mellitus?

3. What are the effects of diabetes mellitus in the respondents in terms of:

3.1 Physiological health and

3.2 Psychological health?

4. What are the ways to improve the awareness of the patients in diabetes mellitus?

5. Is there a significance difference on the respondents’ awareness on the causes and effects

of Diabetes Mellitus according to age, sex, socio economic status and highest educational

attainment?

6. What are the implication of the findings to the health program of the government?

Significance of the Study

Alarmed of the threat of Diabetes mellitus, this study was conceived to identify the

causes and effects of the said disease. The problem is an area of concern not just for persons

with diabetes but for every persons concerned.

The findings of the study will be beneficial and significant to the following:
To the Municipal Health Office of Dinalupihan, this study will help them to eventually

know that one of the disease the kills a person is Diabetes, and for them to give importance

in giving a prioritize fund about it.

To the Barangay Health Office, this research may stipulate valuable information

that may help them to determine the probable alternative way to make people aware of

Diabetes mellitus.

To the family of the patients, this finding will ease their fear and to spread

awareness towards the causes and effects of Diabetes mellitus.

To the individual suffering from diabetes mellitus, this study will help them to

realize the importance of taking good care of themselves, especially their eating habits

which is the most common reason of having Diabetes.

And to the future researchers, this study will serve as a format or guideline for the

likes studies as in the field of Diabetes. It will provide answered question that has relevant

on their current research. From this, future researchers can use this as their outline to draw

upon on it. This will basically provide the initial findings that later on will become their

pattern to use in conducting their study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study aims to determine the Awareness of the Patients in the Cause and Effects

of Diabetes Mellitus during the fiscal year 2018.

To be included in the study are the profile in terms of age, sex, socio economic

status, highest educational attainment. The respondents perceived causes of diabetes

mellitus, the effects of diabetes mellitus in the respondents in terms of physiological and

psychological health and the implication of the findings to the health respondents.

The study is limited only to the selected patients with Diabetes Mellitus patients in

Old and New San Jose, Dinalupihan, Bataan.

Notes in Chapter I

Nancy J. Peckenpaugh, MSEd, RD, CDN, CDE. NUTRITION ESSENTIALS AND

DIET THERAPHY (2007)

Mary Cappelle. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BELIEFS AND EXPERIENCES

 CHAPTER 2

THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and related studies to

provide the researcher background knowledge of the present study under investigation.

Studies conducted previously were analyzed to serve as significant references and to

provide valuable information in enhancing the present study.

Relevant Theories

This study is supported by the three theories that are related in this study. The first

one is the Environmental Theory by Florence Nightingale, the second one is System Model

Theory by Betty Neuman and the third or the last one is Philosophy and Science of Caring

Theory by Jean Watson.

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory stated that “the act of utilizing the

environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”. Florence Nightingale linked five

environmental factors in wellness of the health. These are the five environmental factors,

pure and fresh air, pure water, clean and efficient drainage, cleanliness of the surrounding

and direct sunlight.

The theory is related to the present study because the researchers strongly agree

that appropriate manipulations with the environmental factors can prevent any diseases and

enhance faster recovery to the patients. In relation to this study, Environmental Theory

poses a great impact in the prevention of diseases and in enhancing health care.
 Betty Neuman’s System Model Theory is a health care model and focuses on the

retention, attainment and maintenance of the wellness. Betty Neuman’s System Model

Thoery was developed based individual’s relationship and reaction to stress, and also

reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature.

Neuman (2002) stated that the client is viewed as an open system consisting of a

basic structure or central core of energy resources such as physiological, psychological,

socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual surrounded by lines of resistance that help the

client defend against stressors. Certain variables can create rapid changes in the flexible

lines of defense.

The theory is relevant to the present study on the premise that there is exchange and

return or vise-versa within the environment from individual and surroundings which can

either be positive or negative.

Jean Waston’s Philosophy and Science of Caring Theory focuses to the practice of

caring which is the essential to all patients with Diabetes Mellitus to understand the major

assumption of caring. Effective caring promotes positive health and good individual.

The theory is significant to the present study because the researchers believed that

positive responsibility promotes good health. This goal is accomplished by teaching

patients personal changes to promote health, providing situational support, teaching

problem-solving methods and recognizing coping skills and adaptation to loss.

Related Literature

To further support the grounds of our study here are some literature and studies quoted

academics.
Foreign

Olokoba et al (2012), stated that Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic

metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. As

a result of this trend, it is fast becoming an epidemic in some countries of the world with

the number of people affected expected to double in the next decade due to increase in

ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers,

especially in poorly developed countries. This review is based on a search of Medline, the2

Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. Subject

heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis,

and current treatment. Only articles in English were included. Screening and diagnosis is

still based on World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association

(ADA) criteria which include both clinical and laboratory parameters. No cure has yet been

found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications,

treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a

biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended first line medication

especially for obese patients. Other effective medications include non-sulfonylurea

secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin. Recent

research into the pathophysiology of type 2 DM has led to the introduction of new

medications like glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors,

inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1,

insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-

receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose

output and quick-release bromocriptine. Inhaled insulin was licensed for use in 2006 but

has been withdrawn from the market because of low patronage.

According to Kharroubi & Darwish (2015), the epidemic nature of diabetes mellitus

in different regions is reviewed. The Middle East and North Africa region has the highest

prevalence of diabetes in adults (10.9%) whereas, the Western Pacific region has the

highest number of adults diagnosed with diabetes and has countries with the highest

prevalence of diabetes (37.5%). Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2,

gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of

diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. The molecular genetics of diabetes received

extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in

the biomedical field. A large array of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in

genes that play a role in the various steps and pathways involved in glucose metabolism

and the development, control and function of pancreatic cells at various levels are

reviewed. The major advances in the molecular understanding of diabetes in relation to the

different types of diabetes in comparison to the previous understanding in this field are

briefly reviewed here. Despite the accumulation of extensive data at the molecular and

cellular levels, the mechanism of diabetes development and complications are still not fully

understood. Definitely, more extensive research is needed in this field that will eventually

reflect on the ultimate objective to improve diagnoses, therapy and minimize the chance of

chronic complications development.

Macdonald (2016), identified that the potential impact on health of diets rich in free

sugars, and particularly fructose, is of major concern. The focus of this review is the impact

of these sugars on insulin resistance and obesity, and the associated risk of developing type
2 diabetes. Much of the concern is focused on specific metabolic effects of fructose, which

are argued to lead to increased fat deposition in the liver and skeletal muscle with

subsequent insulin resistance and increased risk of diabetes. However, much of the

evidence underpinning these arguments is based on animal studies involving very large

intakes of the free sugars. Recent human studies, in the past 5 years, provide a rather

different picture, with a clear dose response link between fructose intake and metabolic

changes. In particular, the most marked effects are observed when a high sugars intake is

accompanied by an excess energy intake. This does not mean that a high intake of free

sugars does not have any detrimental impact on health, but rather that such an effect seems

more likely to be a result of the high sugars intake increasing the chances of an excessive

energy intake rather than it leading to a direct detrimental effect on metabolism.

According to Sami et al, (2011), globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is

considered as one of the most common diseases. The etiology of T2DM is complex and is

associated with irreversible risk factors such as age, genetic, race, and ethnicity and

reversible factors such as diet, physical activity and smoking. The objectives of this review

are to examine various studies to explore relationship of T2DM with different dietary

habits/patterns and practices and its complications. Dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle

are the major factors for rapidly rising incidence of DM among developing countries. In

type 2 diabetics, recently, elevated HbA1c level has also been considered as one of the

leading risk factors for developing microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Improvement in the elevated HbA1c level can be achieved through diet management; thus,

the patients could be prevented from developing the diabetes complications. Awareness

about diabetes complications and consequent improvement in dietary knowledge, attitude,

and practices lead to better control of the disease. The stakeholders (health-care providers,

health facilities, agencies involved in diabetes care, etc.) should encourage patients to

understand the importance of diet which may help in disease management, appropriate self-

care and better quality of life.

Riaz (2009), said that Diabetes is a life-long disease marked by elevated levels of

sugar in the blood. It is the second leading cause of blindness and renal disease worldwide.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in

production of insulin by the pancreas, or by ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is a

silent killer disease and affects millions of peoples in the world. This article focuses on the

causes, types, factors affecting DM, incidences, preventive measures and treatment of the

acute and chronic complications of diabetes other than those directly associated with

hypoglycemia and severe metabolic disturbances.

Rebecca et al, (2009), discovered that life style management is apparently the

cornerstone of management of diabetes mellitus. It is recognized as being an essential part

of diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. Meta-analyses demonstrate that lifestyle

interventions, including diet and physical activity, led to a 63% reduction in diabetes

incidence in those at high risk. Lifestyle modification programs have demonstrated

encouraging improvement in risk factors for diabetes; however, the effect on diabetes

incidence has not been reported (Rebecca et al., 2009).

Chew et al, (2015), exposed that patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) need

psychological support throughout their life span from the time of diagnosis. The

psychological make-up of the patients with DM play a central role in self-management

behaviors. Without patient’s adherence to the effective therapies, there would be persistent
sub-optimal control of diseases, increase diabetes-related complications, causing

deterioration in quality of life, resulting in increased healthcare utilization and burden on

healthcare systems. However, provision of psychosocial support is generally inadequate

due to its challenging nature of needs and demands on the healthcare systems. This review

article examines patient’s psychological aspects in general, elaborates in particular about

emotion effects on health, and emotion in relation to other psychological domains such as

cognition, self-regulation, self-efficacy and behavior. Some descriptions are also provided

on willpower, resilience, illness perception and proactive coping in relating execution of

new behaviors, coping with future-oriented thinking and influences of illness perception

on health-related behaviors. These psychological aspects are further discussed in relation

to DM and interventions for patients with DM. Equipped with the understanding of the

pertinent nature of psychology in patients with DM; and knowing the links between the

psychological disorders, inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes would hopefully

encourages healthcare professionals in giving due attention to the psychological needs of

patients with DM.

Li et al. (2010) discovered that the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in

treatment access, utilization, and quality exist in both mental health and diabetes care. In

their examination of data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, found that

people with diabetes were less likely to be treated for mental health issues than those

without. Among adults with diabetes and mental health problems, individuals who were of

a non-White race/ethnicity, 65 years of age or older, lacked health insurance, had less than

a high school education, or were unemployed were also less likely to receive treatment for

mental health needs (Li et al.). The high prevalence of under treatment may be due to the
lack of recognition of mental health problems among these populations and disparities in

availability of care or quality of care.

Related Studies

To further strengthen the grounds of our study here are some researches and studies

cited academics.

Foreign

In the study conducted by Leigh Perreault, et al. (2008) titled Intensive Life

Style Modification on diabetes prevention and sex related risk of diabetes. The samples of

the Intensive Life Style Modification randomized from the subjects of the Diabetes

Prevention Programme, those who are meeting the goals of Intensive Life Style

Modification. This study found out that men were higher than women in meeting the more

Intensive Life Style Modification goals. However men and women had same incidence of

diabetes. There was no sex difference in risk factors for diabetes mellitus among those who

reduced body weight of less than 3% during the first year of preventive programme. Men

had better outcome in 2hrs blood glucose, concentration of insulin and insulin resistance

than women due to 3-7% of weight reduction. Men had greater improvement in reduction

of 2hrs blood glucose level, HbA1c and triglyceride level than women due to reduction of

more than7% of weight.

Deepa et al. (2014), conducted a cross sectional study in both rural and urban in

India with the aim of assessing awareness and knowledge about diabetes in the general

population among patients with diabetes in selected regions in India. In this study, Deepa

et al. (2014) used subjects drawn from four geographical regions of India. A sample of
6,607 individuals was employed. In the study, Deepa et al (2014) assesses awareness of

diabetes and knowledge of causative factors and complications of diabetes through the use

of an interviewer and administered structured questionnaire. The response rate was 86%.

In their conclusion, Deepa et al. (2014) revealed that the level of knowledge and awareness

about diabetes in India was poor in rural areas in comparison to urban areas because only

43.2% of the populations used were aware of the condition of diabetes. However, urban

residents presented higher awareness rates of 58.4% compared to 36.8% of rural residents.

Deepa et al. (2014) emphasized for the need for improvement in knowledge and awareness

in the diabetic subjects and the general population with the aim of achieving better control

and prevention of diabetes and its problems.

Dussa et al. (2015) conducted study on assessment diabetic knowledge using

diabetic questionnaire among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective was

assessment of the diabetes knowledge using diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ)

among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subject and its correlation with glycated

hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Participant’s age rane was from 36 to 75 years: mean age was

52.22 years, 78.38 were females and 21.62% were males, 59.45% were illiterate in this

study. 75.67% were using oral hypoglycemic agents only, 24.32% were using insulin +

oral hypoglycemic agents, none was reported to diabetes educator and 14.86% consulted

dietician. DKQ mean score was 2.7% n=2, who were graduates had satisfactory knowledge

of diabetes. DKQ score did not show significant correlation with HbA1c levels but

correlated with disease duration. They have found out that the level of diabetes knowledge

in people with diabetes attending Osmania Hospital was low. Majority of people were

illiterate or their level of education was less. Improving diabetes knowledge of these people
with diabetes might allow achieving better Glycaemic control. For effective management

of diabetes involving clinical pharmacist with endocrinologist might achieve this objective

of improving patient knowledge of diabetes when followed longitudinally.

Hussein et al. (2013) has conducted study on Awareness of Diabetic Patients about

their Illness and Associated Complication in Ethiopia. A total of 118 diabetic patients were

included in the study. Among the respondents, 70(59.93%) were males and 30(25.42%)

respondents were in the age group of 40-49 years. Majority 90 (76.27%) of the respondents

were illiterate of which, 30 (25.42%) had completed grade 9-12 and 16 (13.56%)

respondents completed grade 12. Majority 53 (44.92%) of respondents, did not know the

type of diabetes they had. Of those who knew, 40 (33.90%) were type II and 24 (21.2%)

were type I. Among respondents, 85 (72.03%) patients has knowledge about acute

complications while 80 (67.80%) patients had knowledge about chronic complications.

They have found out that the most diabetic patients have good knowledge on actions to be

taken on occurrence of acute complications and reason for development of acute

complications but health education should be given on a regular basis in order to update

patients with diabetes.

Evert et al. (2013) conducted a study about establishing lifestyle changes. They

found out that establishing lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of developing T2D. The

study involved 84,941 female nurses who were followed for 16 years. In the period of the

study 3,300new occurrences of T2D were identified. The findings of the study indicated

that obesity and overweight, which were measured by use of body mass index (BMI), to

be the most significant predictors of developing diabetes Evert et al. (2013). However, after

adjusting for BMI, other factors such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking status, and
the levels alcohol were all linked with a 14 considerably higher possibility of developing

diabetes. Obtaining and preserving the right weight, regular exercising, drinking limited

amounts of alcohol, and having a healthy diet, were commendations consequential from

the study to reduce the possibility of developing T2D Evert et al. (2013).

The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group found out that persons with impaired

glucose tolerance can considerably decrease the possibility of developing diabetes by

affecting the adjustable risk factors of sedentary lifestyle and obesity Woodbury, Botros,

Kuhnke, & Greene (2013). In the study, 522 participants with impaired glucose tolerance

were arbitrarily assigned to a control group or an intervention group. The main objective

of the intervention group was to achieve a decrease in weight of at least 5% and to exercise

for a minimum of half an hour per day. Upon comparison of the general occurrence of

diabetes in the intervention group to that of the control group, it was found that there was

a reduced chance of 58% of having diabetes. The results varied among gender with a 54%

reduction in women and 63% reduction in men Woodbury et al. (2013). This study

demonstrated how considerably lifestyle changes can diminish the risk of developing T2D.

Fujioka (2010) conducted an Interventional and observational studies have found

out that T2D can be prevented or delayed by lifestyle actions, such as reduction in energy

consumption to encourage a moderate but consistent reduction in weight as well as

necessary modification diet composition Even in aged persons, diet-prompted weight loss

leads to improvement in sensitivity of insulin and improvement in function of β-cells in the

short-term as well as in the long- term (Roumie et al., 2014; Unwin & Unwin, 2014). The

consumption of diets low in carbohydrates for obese persons with pre-diabetes improves
insulin sensitivity, glucose profiles, and reduces plasma triglyceride as well as levels of

cholesterol both in the short-term and in the long-term (Unwin & Unwin, 2014).

Research revealed that for non-diabetics who are overweight, there is an increase

of 49% in the occurrence of diabetes, over a decade, for each 1kg/year weight gain

(Wilding, 2014). Similarly, every kg of weight lost yearly over a decade is associated with

a 33% lesser possibility of diabetes in the succeeding 10 years. Similar studies found that

weight gain was considerably associated to diabetes occurrence but only in persons who

were not primarily overweight (Alcott, 2010). Liu (2010) established that each 1kgincrease

in weight was correlated with a 9% increase in the occurrence of diabetes. In addition,

visceral fat is strongly associated with an increase in abnormal metabolism rather than

upper body dermatological fat. However, both dermatological fat and visceral adiposity are

associated with negative cardio metabolic risk factors (Liu, 2010).

 Conceptual Framework

The study was undertaken using the input-process-output process approach. The figure

below show how the study was done.

Input Process Output

1. Profile of the A. Data Gathering

respondents Devices
1. Questionnaires
1.1 Age
2. Unstructured interview
1.2 Sex
1.3 Socio-economic
status

2. Respondents perceived
causes of diabetes mellitus.

3. Effects of diabetes B. Statistical Tools Enhance awareness of

mellitus in the respondents 1. Frequency the patience in the
in terms of: 2. Percentage causes and effects of
3. Weighted mean Diabetes Mellitus
3.1 Physiological
health

3.2 Psychological
health

4. Ways to improve the

awareness of the patients
in diabetes mellitus.
 Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

Frame 1 presents the independent variable which covers the profile of the

respondents in terms of age, sex, socio economic status, highest educational attainment,

and also the respondents perceived causes of diabetes mellitus. The effects of diabetes

mellitus in the respondents in terms of physiological health and psychological health.

In process, questionnaire and unstructured interview were utilized to gather the

needed data. The statistical tools and measurements such as frequency, percentage, ranking

and weighed mean were also included.

In the output box, the expected output is to enhance awareness of the patients in the

causes and effects of diabetes mellitus in Old and New San Jose, Dinalupihan, Bataan.
Definition of Terms

Awareness. An understanding a lot about what is happening like the causes and effects

of diabetes mellitus.

Causes. Something or someone that produces an effect, result, or condition.

Diabetes Mellitus. Is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body’s ability to use

the energy found in food.

Effects. A change that results when something is done or happen.

Old and New San Jose. A particular barangay in Dinalupihan, Bataan.

 Notes in Chapter II

(Betty Neuman System Model,

http://www.angelfire.com/ns/ninquiry/neuman2.html, Accessed May 3, 2018)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3464757/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478580/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5174139/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5174139/

http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/SRE/article-full-text-pdf/22F088216240

https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/diabetes-mellitus--a-devastating-

metabolic-disorder.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265866/

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4cd6/4ccb4a7a2dcede8375632bdd2a51fb537e8a.

pdf

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/review-of-literature-related-to-

diabetes-mellitus-nursing-essay.php

http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google

.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=5148&context=dissertations

https://www.scribd.com/document/329868443/REVIEW-LITERATURE-docx
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&ref
erer=https://www.google.com.ph/&httpsredir=1&article=5148&context=dissertations
 CHAPTER III

Methods of Research

In this chapter, the researcher presents the Methods and procedure that used in the

study. The researcher also described the population of the study, sampling techniques,

research instrument, validation and administration of the research instrument as well as the

statistical tool used in this study.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

The researchers of this study used the descriptive method with the help of using

questionnaire as the instrument in gathering data and information that are needed to answer.

According to Sevilla (2003) descriptive research is designed for the investigator to

gather information about present existing conditions; this method is to describe the nature

of a situation as it exists as the time of the study and to explore the causes of particular

phenomena.

According to Aquino (2006) descriptive research is fact-finding with adequate

interpretation. The descriptive method is something more and beyond just data-gathering;

the latter is not reflective thinking nor research.

Best (2006) defined that the descriptive method can be as it describe and interprets

what is. It is concerned with the conditions of relationships the exists, practices the prevail,

beliefs and processes that are going on; effects that are being felt; or trends that are

developing.
 Zulueta and Perez (2010) authors of ‘Methods of Research, Thesis Writing and

Applied Statistics” believed that the descriptive research is used to answer the question

“what exists” and seeks to provide information about one or more variables.

Galero-Tejero (2011) pointed out that descriptive studies aims to provide an

accurate description of a situation or of an association between variables from which one

can then make some statements about a certain group of population, accuracy and

reliability become important considerations in descriptive research.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the people with “Diabetes Mellitus” or “Type

Two Diabetes” that are residing in the Barangays of New and Old San Jose in the town of

Dinalupihan a province of Bataan in the fiscal year 2018-2019.

The population of the respondents of this study has 100 which compose of 50 males

and 50 females.

Table 1

Frequency Distribution of the Respondents

Population Frequency Percentage

Male 50 50%

Female 50 50%

Total 100 100%

Sampling Technique

The researchers of this study used the universal sampling techniques that is often

used in manageable number of respondents.

Research Instrument to be used

The researchers will use questionnaire as the primary instrument in this study to

collect data and information. The questionnaire is a form of checklist and is the major

instrument in gathering data and information needs and supported by the interview.

Questionnaire

The researchers will use questionnaire that is divided into two parts. The Part I will

all about the profile of the respondents which includes the age, gender and social economic

status. And the Part II consists the evaluation to determine the awareness in the causes and

effects of Diabetes Mellitus or Type Two Diabeted

Preparation

The researcher went through deep review of several books and studies that are

conducted before by the other researchers. The researchers formulate their sets questions

and made a draft that will be validated by the thesis instructor.

Validation

The researchers of this study prepared the lists and sets of questions that are based

only in the problems of this study. The thesis instructor validate the instrument that will be

used and after the validation the researchers produce copies of questions to be distributed

to the respondents.
Administration

The permission that will administer the questionnaire to the respondents were the

Barangay Captains of New and Old San Jose. Upon the approval of request, the copies of

the questionnaire will distribute to the respondents. The researchers will explain the

directions very carefully before the respondents will answer the questionnaire.

Statistical Treatment to be used

The statistical tools will used for the treatment of data are as follows:

A. Frequency: Used to determine the total number of respondents which will have the same

responses to the given questions.

B. Percentage: It was the rate per hundred which is obtained by dividing the total number

or the total number of the respondents’ responses

Formula:

P = F/N x 100%

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = Total number of respondents

 Notes in Chapter III

Zulueta, Francisco M. and Perez, Jose R., “Methods of Research; Thesis Writing

and Applied Statistics”, 1st Edition, Mandaluyong City, Philippines, National Bookstore,

2010

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