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Co-Channel and Adjacent-Channel Interfer PDF
Co-Channel and Adjacent-Channel Interfer PDF
MODULE:
CI7150: (Wireless Communications and Networks)
Module Coordinator:
Date of Module:
03/01/2015
Name of Student:
Stamatakis Konstantinos
assignments, coding techniques and optimum engineering In addition, the Multiuser Detection technique combined
improvement, to both physical and upper wireless network with MIMO for ISM bands, mitigates CCI effects and
layers. Despite all research, there is no final solution for provides gain, while Spatial Diversity and Space Time
interference problems but all these approaches, combined Spreading takes advantage of independent fading from the
together, reduce major effect, aiming to evolve to a step positioning of antennas in the longest possible distance
further than the traditional best effort approach and correspond between them, whereas Space Division Multiple Access
to criteria of higher QoS. In our case study, we will examine a (SDMA) distinguish users by detecting the unique spatial
real-type scenario of simultaneous use between different signature of each one, allowing simultaneous support of
wireless technologies, at 2.4 GHz, used by technicians during multiple users within the same frequency and time [4][9].
inspections and repairs inside an outdoor BS, part of the core
network of a telecommunication company’s wired backbone Last but not least, as CISCO proposes, a proper positioning
MAN that supports the local area, focusing on CCI and ACI. of APs avoids CCI, and particular for WLANs at 2.4 GHz,
CISCO agrees with the popular recommendation of three-
II. CO-CHANNEL AND ADJACENT INTERFERENCE channel setup approach and recommends it, as the most
In general CCI arises when a frequency band is multi- appropriate for 802.11b/g protocols [10]. However, CISCO
shared among different radios, synchronously through time, notes that a four channel installation might turn to a tricky and
due to excessive use of 2.4GHz, false network’s design plan, rather troublesome situation, because as more users are
extreme weather conditions, and finally re-uses of same introduced inside the wireless system, the signal of each
frequency in cellular networks. Specifically in cellular separate device turn to noise, for one another, because more
networks, appears when neighboring cells start using the same sideband energy is created, which inevitable leads to poor
frequency at the same time and therefore this re-use decreases performance and lower throughput [10]. Messing up APs
one of key elements of the cellular network, the frequency create disputes between them as they constantly to control
reuse factor (FRF). Along with re-use distance, both determine frequency, which hurts wireless network’s total performance,
frequency’s re-use ability, in order to enlarge capacity and as each AP must wait until others stop transmit, or crank up its
space coverage [2][4]. According to Dr. Wajih A. Abu-Al- power output in order to drown interference from neighboring
Saud (2010) and Ajal A. Jose (2013), we realize that in order APs and that is the reason for this energy leakage to nearby
to increase network’s capacity, FRF must decrease, which channels that create interference noise, as any neighboring
inevitable leads to higher CCI as the re-use distance between transmitter is vulnerable at his tolerance band around its
cells decreases similarly [2][5]. But in this paper’s model channel [10][11]. The phenomenon where interference caused
scenario, where is examined the behavior at 2.4 GHz, CCI can by neighboring or adjacent transmitters’ energy leaks to
also be treated with other approaches, such as spread spectrum another channel, on distinct frequency channels, is defined as
techniques, optimization algorithms, fixed and/or dynamic Adjacent Interference (ACI) [10][11]. When ACI is present,
channel assignment and power level transmission control, as SINR is reduced, therefore number of errors in the receiver is
CCI is more vulnerable to interference from nearby wireless highly increased and when used in 802.11 among non-
sources that operate in the same or nearby frequency bands overlapping channels, ACI becomes a problem. Additionally,
[3][4]. due to space constraints, it is even higher in devices equipped
with multiple 802.11 radios, as distance between antennas is
To evaluate a system with CCI, all above approaches should minimum but as mentioned before, a careful engineering
be examined, through simulations or real time adjustments to design increases network’s capacity, using overlapping
observe which are more successful. Spread spectrum channels, but this can be succeeded only by optimal APs
techniques, used in IEEE 802.11 systems and applied with positioning, power transmission check and channel
frequency hopping at the PHY, confronts the collision of assignment, that is estimated according to spatial spacing
packets from other networks that operate at 2.4GHz. among radios installed, PHY modulation, RF band selection,
Furthermore, use of adaptive filtering or spatio-temporal and traffic pattern’s examination. Proper engineering design,
interference mitigation with MIMO antennas and diversity also avoids matters like Hidden and Exposed Terminal, who
combing techniques also encounter CCI successfully [4][6][7]. correlate to additional ACI and waste of resources [11][12].
Also, MIMO allows exploitation of Beamforming and All above conclusions, were based on research usually
Transmit Diversity, both being considered very efficient, as performed in 802.11b/g protocols, however late 802.11n,
Beamforming through dynamic or fixed incorporations of brought up lots of improvements in signal filtering, which
radiation patterns, minimize CCI, whereas Transmit Diversity minimizes leakage of energy to adjacent channels, wider
applies space time encoding with antenna diversity that leads channels use and also less guard carriers which have a positive
to co-channel reduction [4][7][8]. effect on channel’s orthogonality [12].
Future increase in QoS or need for frequency change, is Frequency Range 2.405 MHz 2.475 MHz
considered to be adequate for short-future periods, as it Bandwidth 100 MHz 700 MHz
operates in greater, than needed, distance for both bands but Gain 0 dBm
also because it is compatible with major manufacturers like Transmission Range Up to 120m
CISCO, Motorola and others [14]. More sophisticated Humidity Range 0 – 90 %RH
solutions, such as LTE Multiband antenna or MIMO, are Temperature Range -40 - 85 °C
rejected, as we do not wish to invest further to a secondary Light Measurement Range 0 – 65535 Lux
backup line due to cost restrictions. Pressure Range 300 – 1100 hPa /Millibar
Enclosure Dimensions 80x80x21 mm
BS’s second wireless system is the most important one, as Tab. 2 MN-ENV-THPLR EDS-1068 Specifications
monitors crucial factors mentioned before, such as humidity,
temperature and light presence inside the cabin, that being The EDS-1068 automatically transmits whenever any alarm
considered top priority as BSs serve thousands of users with occurs and its transmission range (under good conditions) at
different standards, from minimum best effort to highest QoS 120 meter, is considered to be more than adequate, as BSs in
with zero tolerance in network failure. Therefore real time urban environments are located approximately every two or
monitoring is vital for this model company, as allows rapid three domestic blocks. Technicians scattered in the area of
response to any situation occurs by creating an alternative interest, combining Star and Mesh network topology, among
standby task force, that exploits technicians’ constant mobility themselves, sensors and DHCP server, enlarge even further
throughout the area, providing them this real time monitoring the wireless network with additional transmission routes for
of all these factors, as they drive with their vehicles by various sensor data so every BS is monitored.
BSs that are scattered through any domestic area. Examples
that require rapid response are extreme weather condition such
as periods of heavy rainfall which influence sensitive to
humidity copper wired networks, breach of security which is
detected by the presence of light inside a BS without prior
update through VPN call or PIN input, possible failure or loss
of quality in leased lines service-level agreement (SLA) that
require instant repair and many other occasions where security
and QoS is at risk.
Figures 9 to 13 represent how interfering signals alter the For additional performance evaluation, examination of BER
initial sensor’s signal, compared to final transmitted signal applied, using Error Rate Display block and Bit Error Rate
with AWGN, with the received one, especially at frequencies Analysis Tool (BERTool) [21] in which noticing ACI’s and
where AP’s and Bluetooth have its greatest power output. CCI’s big impact upon.
From the received signal constellation, received data are
noticed to be close to ideal constellation locations, therefore
concluding that system is adequate for simultaneous
coexistence of all three wireless systems.
VII. CONCLUSION
Fig. 15 – Received transmitted signal with decreased In the performance evaluation of the case study scenario,
frequency offset some important ACI and CCI problems are noticed, due to
simultaneous operation of three systems in the same band but
despite the appearance of high BER, from examination of
signal constellation and diagrams and acknowledging the
simultaneous operation of all three wireless systems, as a
worst case scenario, the operational status of the system is
considered to remain active and functional.