HI

STORYOFBI
OCHEMI
STRY
PREPAREDBY:MARYJOYS.PELAEZBSE2B

1.Whoarethefi
rstgr
oupofpeopl
eresponsi
bleforst
udyofbi
ochemi
str
yandwhatar
ethei
r
concer
nst
hatl
eadtothebegi
nni
ngofbi
ochemistr
y?

1780'
sAntoi
neLavoi
sier-pr
oposedt
hecombust
ionofacandl
eissi
mil
art
other
espi
rat
ion
ofanimals,
asbothneedO2.

Begi
nningofbi
ochemist
rymayhav
ebeent
hedi
scov
eryoft
hef
ir
stenzy
me,
diast
ase(
today
cal
l
edamy l
ase),
in1833byAnsel
mePayen,

Eduar
dBuchner
'sfi
rstdemonstr
ati
onofacompl
exbiochemical
processal
cohol
i
c
f
erment
ati
oni
ncell
-f
reeextract
stobethebi
rt
hofbi
ochemistr
y.

JustusvonLi
ebi
gfr
om 1842,Animalchemist
ry,
or,Organi
cchemistr
yinitsappli
cat
ionsto
physi
ologyandpat
hol
ogy,whi
chpresentedachemicaltheor
yofmetaboli
sm,orev enear
liert
o
the18thcentur
yst
udi
esonfermentat
ionandrespi
rati
onbyAntoineLavoi
sier
.

2.Di
scussandexpl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceofcont
ri
but
ionofAnt
oineLav
oisi
eri
nthehi
stor
yof
bi
ochemist
ry.

Antoi
ne-
Laurent Lavoisi
er, a met icul
ous exper i
menter,rev oluti
oni
zed
chemist
ry.Heestabl
ishedthelaw ofconser
vati
onofmass,det ermi nedt
hat
combusti
onandr espir
ati
onar ecausedbychemi calreact
ionswi thwhathe
named “oxygen,
”and helped syst
emat i
zechemi calnomenclature,among
manyotheraccompli
shment s.

3.Whenwast hebeginni
ngofbiochemi
str
yasaspeci
fi
cdi
sci
pli
neandnamesofsci
ent
istwi
th
ver
yimpor
tantcontr
ibuti
ondur
ingthist
ime?

 Biochemi
str
yasaspeci
fi
csci
ent
if
icdi
sci
pli
nehasi
tsbegi
nni
ngar
oundt
heear
ly19t
h
cent
ury.

1780'
sAntoi
neLavoi
sier-pr
oposedt
hecombust
ionofacandl
eissi
mil
art
other
espi
rat
ionof
ani
mals,
asbothneedO2.

Begi
nningofbi
ochemist
rymayhav
ebeent
hedi
scov
eryoft
hef
ir
stenzy
me,
diast
ase(
today
cal
l
edamy l
ase),
in1833byAnsel
mePayen,
 Eduar
dBuchner
'sfi
rstdemonstr
ati
onofacompl
exbiochemical
processal
cohol
i
c
f
erment
ati
oni
ncell
-f
reeextract
stobethebi
rt
hofbi
ochemistr
y.

JustusvonLi
ebi
gfr
om 1842,Animalchemist
ry,
or,Organi
cchemistr
yinitsappli
cat
ionsto
physi
ologyandpat
hol
ogy,whi
chpresentedachemicaltheor
yofmetaboli
sm,orev enear
liert
o
the18thcentur
yst
udi
esonfermentat
ionandrespi
rati
onbyAntoineLavoi
sier
.

Fel
ix Hoppe-Seyl
er,a physi
ologi
st and chemi
st,became the pri
nci
palfounder of
bi
ochemistr
y.HistextPhy
siol
ogi
calChemist
rybecamethest
andar
dtextfort
hisnewbranchof
appl
iedchemist
ry.

4.Bi
ochemi
str
yori
ginat
edf
rom whatwor
dorgr
oupofwor
d?Gi
vesi
mpl
emeani
ngofsuchwor
d
orgr
oupofword.

 Thet erm“ bi
ochemi stry”it
selfisder i
vedf r
om thecombi ningf orm bio-,
meaning"li
fe",
andchemi stry.Thewor disf i
rstr ecordedi nEngli
shi n1848, [7]whi lein1877,Fel i
x
Hoppe- Seylerusedthet erm( Bi
ochemi einGer man)inthef orewor dtot hefi
rsti
ssueof
Zeitschrif
tf ürPhy siologische Chemi e( JournalofPhy siologicalChemi stry
)as a
synony mf orphysiol
ogi calchemi str
yandar guedforthesettingupofi nsti
tut
esdedicate
toitsstudies.Nevert
heless, severalsourcesci t
eGermanchemi stCarlNeubergashav ing
coinedt hetermf ort
henewdi scipl
inein1903, andsomecr editittoFranzHof meister
.

5.I
dent
if
ythecont
ri
but
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsci
ent
ist
;

a.Fel
i
xHoppe-
Sey
ler

Fel
ixHoppe-Seyler
,aphy si
ologi
stand chemist
,becamet he
pri
nci
palfounderofbi ochemistr
y.Hi st extPhysi
ologi
calChemist
ry
becamethestandar
dtextforthi
snewbr anchofappli
edchemist
ry.

Hisnumer ousi nv esti

gati
onsincludest udiesofbl ood,hemoglobi
n,pus,
bi
le,milk,andur ine.Hoppe-Seylerwast hefir
stsci ent
isttodescr
ibethe
opti
calabsor ption spectrum oft he red blood pi gmentand itst wo
di
stinct
iveabsor ptionbands.Heal sorecognizedt hebindingofoxygento
eryt
hrocytesasaf uncti
on ofhemogl obin,which i nturn cr
eat
est he
compoundox yhemogl obi
n.Hoppe- Sey
lerwasabl et oobtai
nhemogl obi
n
i
ncr yst
all
ineform, andconfi
rmedt hatitcontainediron.

Hebecameanel ectedmemberoft heFrenchAcademyofSciences,despi

tet
heunfav
orable
pol
it
icalt
erms between France and Ger
manyatt hatti
me,and thi
s hel
ped hi
m gain an
i
nter
nati
onalr
eputat
ionasthekeenpr omoterofsci
ence.

Hoppe-Seylerper f
ormedi mport
antstudi
esofchl orophyll
.Hei salsocredi
tedwiththei solati
on
ofseveraldifferentprot
eins(whichher eferredt oas" protei
ds")
.Inadditi
on,hewast hef i
rst
sci
enti
sttopur i
fyleci
thi
nandest abl
i
shi t
scomposi t
ion.In1877,hefoundedt heZeitschriftfür
Physi
ologischeChemi e( Jour
nalforPhysiologicalChemi str
y )
,andwasi t
sedit
orunt i
lhisdeat h
i
n1895.Hedi edi nWasserburgam Bodenseei ntheKingdom ofBav ar
ia.
 b.Fr
anzHof
mei
ster

FranzHof meist
er(30August1850,Pr ague– 26Jul y1922,Wür zbur g)wasanear ly
prot
ein scienti
st,and i
sf amousf orhi sst udiesofsal tst hati nfluencet hesol ubil
ityand
confor
mat ionalstabi
li
tyofprotei ns.In1902,Hof mei sterbecamet hef irstt opr oposet hat
poly
peptideswer eaminoacidslinkedbypept idebonds,al thought hismodelofpr otei
npr imar y
struct ure was i ndependent lyand si mul t
aneousl yconcei v ed by
Emi lFi scher.I mportanceoft heHof mei sterser i
est oear l
ypr ot
ein
wor kshoul dnotbeunder estimat ed,sincei tpr ovidedt hechieftool
forpur ify
ing pr otei
ns( sulfatepr ecipitati
on)ov ert henext~50
year s,onet hatisst i
llinuset oday .Hof mei sterhi msel fmayhav e
been t hef irstto cr ystal
lizea pr otein,hen egg- whiteal bumi n.
Repeat edcr y st
all
izati
onwasaf avour i
tepur ificationtechniquei n
the ear l
y day s ofpr otein sci ence,and was essent i
alf orit s
dev elopment .Hof meisterar guedf orpept idebondsbypr ocessof
eli
mi nat i
on.C- C,etherandest erbondswer eunl i
kel
yconsi dering
thedi gestionbyt r
ypsin.R=C- N-C=Rbondscoul dbeel iminated
becausei twoul di mplya much l argernumberofcar boxy l
at e
groupst hani sobser vedexper i
ment al
ly.

Hofmeisteral
soar guedforpeptidebondsbasedont hebiur
et
r
eact
ionobser
vedwit
hallprotei
nsbutneverwithfreeami
noaci ds.Si
ncebi
urethasthefor
mula
NH2-
CO-NH-CO-NH2,
thatsuggestedthepresenceofsimi
larpepti
debondsi
npr otei
ns.

c.Car
lAl
exanderNeuber
g

Car l Neubergwasoneoft hegreat estbi

ochemi st
sofhis
gener at i
on.Byelucidat
ingbasiccompoundsofsugar
degr adat i
onandal coholi
cfer
ment ation,hebecameapi oneer
ofresear chinint
ermediatemetabolism.I naddi
tion,the
met hodst hathedev el
opedremainedi mport
antin
biochemi str
yfordecades.Neuberg, togetherwit
ht heNobel
l
aur eat esOt t
oWar burgandOt t
oMey erhof,madeGer many
theint ernati
onalleaderinbi
ochemi strybeforet
heNazi scame
topower .

Neuber g’s discovery oft he producti

on ofgl ycer
olby
ferment ati
on and hi sintroducti
on ofa new met hod into
ferment ati
onanal ysi
s,thet r
appingmet hod,t urnedoutt obe
ofgr eati mportancef orindustryandt hemi li
tary
.Whenhe
tested t he addi ti
on of sodi um bi sulfi
te on py ruvate
degr adat i
on,Neuber g found a consi derable amount of
glycer olemer gingbesidesacet aldehydeandcar bondioxide.Ther emov alofacet al
dehydeby
bisulfiteaffectsthechemi calequili
bri
um ofther eacti
onchai nandt huspromot estheformati
on
ofgl y cerolderivati
ves.Thismet hodbecameknownast heacet aldeydetrappingmet hod.It
enabl edNeuber gt oelucidatestepsofal coholicfermentation,i
nt er
pret
ingther esult
s—asi t
t
urnedout,cor
rect
ly—asaquestionofavai
labl
ehydrogenaccept
ors.Themet
hodal
soal
l
owed
t
heproducti
onoftheglycer
olsubst
it
utespergl
ycer
ineandper
kagl
yceri
ne.

Neuberg’sdiscoveryofcar boxylaseandhisfermentationdiagram becamet hebasi

sfor
understandi
ngthebi ochemi calprocessesofalcoholi
cferment ati
on.Theymar kedaturni
ng
poi
ntint hehist
oryofbi ochemi str
yandhadapr ofoundimpactoni t
sdevelopment.They
motivatedmanybi ochemi sts,whowoul dotherwisehavecont inuedworkont heisol
ati
onand
i
nvestigati
onofcel l
const i
tuents,toshif
tthei
rfocust otheelucidati
onofmet aboli
cpathway
s
andtoi sol
ati
ngandchar acteri
zingtheenzymesr esponsibleforthereacti
ons.

6.Whowast hefatherofmodernbiochemi
str
yandwhathi
scont
ri
but
iont
hatl
eadt
othe
exi
stenceandor
igi
nofbiochemi
str
y?

Carl AlexanderNeuber g(29July1877–30May1956)wasanear l

ypioneeri
n
bi
ochemi st r
y ,andhei softenr ef
err
edt oasthe"
fatherofmodernbiochemistry"
.Hisnotabl
e
contr
ibutiont osci enceincludesthediscover
yofthecarboxyl
aseandt heel
ucidati
onof
al
coholicf erment ationwhichheshowedt obeapr ocessofsuccessi
veenzy mati
csteps,an
understandingt hatbecamecr ucialastohowmet aboli
cpathwayswoul dbeinvest
igat
edby
l
aterresear chers.

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