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About the Authors
Madhukar Kumar Bhagat

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Civil Services Interview: How to Excel
CSAT: How to Excel

Concise CSAT
General Studies : Paper II
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Dedicated
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my Gurus
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as these enabled me
to be what I am
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As we think, so we succeed, so we become.
Attention to means ensures the end.
A Word to the Reader
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genuine guide all along this long and arduous journey, right from the day a person dreams of
joining the civil services till he or she becomes successful &
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preparation for these three areas goes.
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MADHUKAR KUMAR BHAGAT

Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the following bureaucrats and CSE toppers for their valuable
contributions in bringing out this book.
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Contents
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Section I: Aiming for CSE 1–58
1. The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction 3–13

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3. Taking the Plunge: Beginning the Preparation for the CSE 23–37
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4. Preparing for the Optional Subject 38–53

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Section II: The Preliminary Examination 59–224
6. Preliminary Examination: The First Hurdle 61–71

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Section III: The Main Examination 225–458
9. Main Examination: The Big Battle 227–237

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12. Preparing for the Essay 305–322
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Section IV: The Personality Test 459–534
18. The Personality Test: The Final Frontier 461–534

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Section V: CSE and Beyond 535–550
19. Failure is not Final: Try Again 537–543

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20. Success is Sweet: An Epilogue 544–550
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Section I
Aiming for CSE
Chapter 1—The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction
Chapter 2—Target CSE: Preparation by the Undergraduates
Chapter 3—Taking the Plunge: Beginning the Preparation for the CSE
Chapter 4—Preparing for the Optional Subject
Chapter 5—Preparing for General Studies of Main Examination and Essay

Chapter 1
The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction
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(Success is born of action).
—The Bhagvad Gita
1.1 Civil Services: A Cherished Dream

Pursuing a career in the civil services has always been a cherished dream of many a young and
meritorious student and why should it not be, when the career in question is one of the most
prestigious and challenging ones which the country has to offer. But the path to glory and success
has never been easy to tread, and least of all in the case of the civil services examination (CSE)

sapping one, comprising three stages, stretches almost over a year and tests numerous faculties and

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in the fray, battle it out in the next two stages, the Main examination and the personality test.
1.2 What is Civil Services?

The civil services refers to a bouquet of services under the Central government for which the Union
Public Service Commission conducts the selection examination. Some services like the Indian
Administrative Services (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and
Indian Foreign Service (IFS) are quite well known among the candidates. However, the examination

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Service (IRTS), Indian Audit & Accounts Service (IAAS), Indian Railway Personnel Service
(IRPS), Indian Railways Accounts Service (IRAS), Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS), Indian
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services every year recruit meritorious candidates through this prestigious examination.
4 What…?When…?How…? Answers to all Questions about Civil Services
All these services perform a variety of crucial functions for the government and comprise
the famed bureaucracy or the permanent executive of the government. While the IAS and IPS
are allotted to a particular state cadre which offer their services at the state levels as well as the
Centre, the work domain of other services is restricted to the central government (except on limited
occasions of deputations to the state government).
1.3 Why Civil Services

Apart from the prestige and aura associated with many of these services, it is the variety of work
experience and challenges associated with the very nature of the job which attracts the young
aspirants. The civil services also offer an opportunity to work for the masses and touch the life of
many, to make a perceptible contribution to the society and to lead a life of honour, self-worth and
satisfaction. Although the monetary package which the private sector has to offer may be much
heftier as compared to what the government pays, yet the pay, perquisites and security, which are
on offer, go to make the physical existence comfortable if not luxurious.
While for some aspirants it is a few amongst the aforesaid reasons which might be the motivation
to take this gruelling examination, for others it is the challenge of this tough competition itself and
the burning desire to see oneself among the top rankers, which goads them. Quite a few are also
inspired by the good work and fame of some illustrious bureaucrats and some by a mistaken sense
of perceived glamour.
Irrespective of what motivates the aspirant to join this bandwagon, only a few hundred eventually
succeed. As such it is less important why one wants to join the civil services and more pertinent
to understand whether one has in him/her what it takes to be successful in this tough competition.
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examination and who are eligible to appear for it.
1.4 The Scheme of the Examination

The entire selection process has been divided into three parts—the Preliminary examination, the
Main written examination and the Interview. While the Preliminary examination is essentially a
screening test which eliminates the majority of the candidates, it is the Main examination comprising
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ranking of the candidates.
1.4.1 The Preliminary Examination

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The application has to be submitted online to the UPSC at www.upsconline.nic.in. The e-admission

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The ‘Prelims’ comprises two papers of two hour duration each, containing multiple choice objective
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The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction 5
Paper I) tests the general awareness of the candidates about a variety of subjects of graduation
level, viz., history, geography, polity, economy, science and technology, environment and ecology
and current affairs. The second paper (GS Paper II) tests a range of aptitudes and abilities of the
candidates and is colloquially called the civil services aptitude test or the CSAT. This examination
evaluates an aspirant’s abilities of comprehension, interpersonal including communication skills,
decision making, logical reasoning and analytical ability, basic numeracy and data interpretation,
and general mental ability.
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each. The paper has negative marking. A penalty of one-third of the marks that a question carries
is deducted for a wrong answer. There is no penalty for unattempted questions. The answers are to
be indicated by shading one of the four choices—(a), (b), (c) or (d) on the OMR sheet by using a
black ball point pen.
The marks scored in the CS (P) are only considered for selecting a candidate for the next
stage of the examination process, which is the Main examination. Its marks are not added to the
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the aspirants. The UPSC does not prescribe or set any minimum cut-off or pass marks for the
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selection process, the UPSC indicates as to what was the minimum cut-off for various categories
of students (General/OBC/SC/ST) at different stages. For general category aspirants the cut-off

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over the years.
1.4.2 The Main Examination

Around 2 per cent of the aspirants who are able to make it to the next level, have to battle it out in
the Main examination (also referred as the Mains), comprising the written test and the interview.

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submitted online to the UPSC. The form contains not only the personal details of the candidates
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optional subject, preference of language, preference of order of services and state cadre. The details
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The Main written examination is generally scheduled in the month of December. It comprises

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seven working days. Out of the nine, the candidates have to necessarily pass in two language

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These are—Indian language paper (one amongst the languages included in the eight schedule of the
Constitution: to be indicated by the candidate in DAF) and a paper on English language. The seven
papers whose marks are counted are the four papers on general studies, one on essay and two papers
of a subject that the candidate opt at the time of submission of the online application (also called the
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1.4.3 The Interview

On the basis of the marks secured in the written test the candidates get a call for the interview.
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called for the interview is 2.5 to 3 times the number of vacancies advertised.
The interview is usually held between April and June. The objective of the interview is to assess
the personality traits of the candidates and not merely his/her knowledge quotient. It is in the

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1.5 Who are Eligible to Appear for Civil Services Examinations?

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Being a graduate is the primary criterion of eligibility to appear
in this examination. The candidate must have a degree of graduation from a recognised
university (incorporated under the Act of central or state legislature or other educational
Institution established under the Act of Parliament or deemed to be a University under Sec. 3

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∑ The candidate must be of 21 years of age or more on the cut-off date (as on 1st
of August) and not more than 32 years. The upper limit of age is relaxed by three years for
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∑ Candidates of the General Category have a maximum of four attempts
while those of OBC have seven attempts. For candidates belonging to SC/ST, there is no
upper limit with regard to the number of attempts. Appearing even for a single paper of the
CS (P) is considered an attempt.
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People of all educational backgrounds irrespective of the subject

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the optional subjects included in the list of UPSC.
∑ Other issues
(a) Medium of instruction/examination The UPSC permits the candidates to take the
papers either in English or Hindi. Many students who are educated in Hindi medium
school, at times harbour misgivings/false notions of the examination being tougher
for them or biased against them. Such thoughts must be eschewed at the outset as
there are no systemic biases and UPSC always endeavours to provide a level playing

(b) Financial requirement The examination fee charged by UPSC is quite nominal (`
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candidates are exempted from payment of this fees). Unlike management entrance and
some other examinations, where the examination fee itself is very steep and course fee
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expenditure on books and other course material is needed. Joining a coaching is not a
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are many NGOs (in Delhi) which assist students from weaker economic strata, with
boarding, lodging and other facilities. All these make this examination truly accessible
to all.
1.6 Success in the Civil Services: Faculty and Attribute
1.6.1 What it Takes to be Successful

This long drawn and energy sapping examination tests numerous faculties and attributes. So much
so that the examination and its preparation do not merely remain a part of an aspirant’s life, but
rather become a way of life itself. Most of the serious candidates who take the examination appear
for it at least a couple of times or even more. Barring a lucky (and very meritorious) few, who get

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toil through the arduous cycle of the Prelims, the Mains and the Interview for at least a couple of
years. Even those who do not make it beyond the CS (P) stage, spend hundreds of hours in the
examination preparation. As such, it is extremely important to understand what are the faculties and
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I. Hard Work The secret to every success is hard work, which pays in all walks of life and
so it does in this competition too. But quite unlike some other examinations where intelligence,

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the list of crucial attributes for success, hard work would occupy the number 1 to number 3 rungs.
So unless one has the capability to bend one’s back and toil hard, not just for months but even for
a few years, one should not venture out to take this gruelling challenge.
The nature of the examination is such that half measures and partial successes are absolutely
meaningless. Clearing the Prelims, the Mains and getting even up to the interview stage is
infructuous unless one manages to secure a rank amongst the top few hundred and gets a service
of one’s choice. Further, success in this examination is not ensured simply by putting in a minimal
effort or effort above a particular level. Rather one has to put in one’s best and even that may not
be good enough for success. Thus, hard work and giving all that one has, can rightly be said to be

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Hard work is often misconstrued to be referring to only the number of hours of study,

and concentration (on work) are both inseparable aspects of hard work, although both are not
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competition. While some successful candidates claim to have scraped through with an average of

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particularly before the Mains.
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recount their study hours as ranging from at least six to seven hours daily and more, particularly at
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put in as many hours of study as possible albeit with focus and concentration.
II. Perseverance As highlighted earlier, this competition ends in a single attempt only for a few
who are lucky and meritorious. Even those who are able to secure a rank marginally below the top
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even an aspirant who takes only a couple of attempts has to go through months and months of sweat
and grind before he attains escape velocity (and is successful) or voluntary ejects himself out (by
quitting) from the entrapping annual cycle of the CS (P), the Mains and the Interview.
Thus, if there is one quality which is absolutely essential to keep going, year after year, it is
perseverance. The more the number of attempts one takes, the more the aspirants feels like quitting
and more is the need for perseverance.
Thus, apart from the ability to put in hard work, this competition tests one’s grit, determination

. And if one lacks these, then one can only hope to be lucky

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III. Written Communication Skills The aptitude of written communication is the sine qua
non
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Considering the substantial weightage of the written examination, if an aspirant fails to score well
in the Main written examination, he may not move to the next round at all, or may only be able to
manage a mediocre overall rank despite a good showing in the Interview. It is also pertinent to note
that the Mains written test comprises nine papers which an aspirant has to take in a short span of

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six hours almost every day. Besides, what one has learnt over a period of several months has to be
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The challenge is not merely to be able to legibly write myriad number of pages (particularly in
the cold of December in north India), but to express succinctly and coherently one’s thoughts and
knowledge in words. This is all the more pertinent for papers like essay, integrity and aptitude (as
well as other GS papers) where a lot of original thinking is also called for.
Thus, developing the ability to express oneself and practising writing crisp and comprehensive
answers is crucial for success in the examination. Both thought and expression can be
developed by extensive and wide reading in areas of interest other than course curriculum.
Further, this must be complemented by regularly practising writing answers, during the
entire course of preparation
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yet a decent command over language and the ability to express is indeed expected of us. But if an
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reason for dissuading oneself from taking the competition. Written communication skills are not a
static attribute, but can be developed and improved upon. The chapters in the book will discuss the
ways to hone them and bring them up to the standard.
IV. Power of Memory The three stages of the examination calls for reading through thousands
of pages of innumerable books, notes, magazines, newspapers, internet articles, besides, glued
to hundreds of hours of television and listening radio news and views. The information perusal
which every aspirant does is simply humongous. But it is not only the perusal of information and
its application which is the need of the examination, but more often its retention and even accurate
recapitulation. All these call for a decent memory power. This need is more accentuated if one
considers the variety of subjects to be studied particularly for the general studies (GS) and the
vastness of each one of them. All the subjects in GS, viz., history, geography, polity, economics,
science and technology, environment and ecology, internal security, culture and current affairs have
a syllabus spread almost equivalent to a standard graduation discipline. Add to it, the test of an
optional subject, paper on essay, ethics and integrity (in the Mains), all make the vastness of the
course content almost intimidating. Studying and retaining all of these is a mind boggling feat.
Thus, having a decent memory power is a prerequisite for success and a very good memory

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. Although the course content also calls for a lot of understanding and
application of mind, yet they are not a substitute for remembering what one has studied, at least
in this examination. To a limited extent, the shortfall in this attribute can be overcome by repeated
course revision.
Nevertheless, a candidate must relentlessly endeavour to improve one’s ability of remembering
what has been read. This can be done by studying with greater concentration, making notes (long
as well as concise notes), adopting aids to memory like mnemonics and utilising audio-visual tools
which help in better retention like, charts, tables, maps, card notes, text highlighting and other
techniques. (Some of these are discussed in later chapters.)
V. Concentration The ability to concentrate is one understated ability which has maximum

. In the context of CSE, perhaps it is this personal attribute after
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and make no perceptible effort to hone it.
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on the task at hand instead of letting it go astray, which otherwise is our mind’s natural tendency.
We would be all aware of the fact that many a time our mind veers off from our work at hand to
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beings at some time or the other. But the power of concentration enables to prevent such occurrences
to the least and pull our thoughts back to work at the earliest. It is this ability which varies from
individual to individual and is often the difference between success and failure.
In this competition where an average input of the aspirants is hundreds of hours of study and
some might clock even a thousand, a marginally better concentration means a substantially larger
productive output. That is why the toppers often emphasise upon the quality of study and not
merely the number of hours put in every day. Besides, the ability to concentrate can also make a
crucial difference in the examination (particularly CSAT), where wavering thoughts would translate
into, not merely loss of precious time, but even could mean a possibly wrong answer and penalty
marks.
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be conscious
of your concentration lapses and pull your thoughts back to your work whenever you notice
a lapse. Meditation and relaxation techniques, practising ‘pranayam’, doing mild exercises like,
yoga, walking etc., (which oxygenate our brain), proper nutrition, intermittent breaks, avoiding
undue stress and adequate sleep are some of the factors which affect and improve our concentration.
These are also discussed in the later chapters. However, the important thing is to be conscious of the
importance of and need to, improve concentration and making positive efforts to do so.
VI. Focus on Priority Areas The word focus here refers to a person’s ability to discern what
are the most important and priority areas of work and channelising one’s time and energy
in that direction. Having this ability or inculcating it, is crucial for success in this competition. But

!
As discussed earlier, the syllabus of the various subjects covered in the examination is quite
vast. But as would be our experience that not all topics in a subject are equally important. There are
some areas of study which are vital to score marks while some areas are less relevant. Thus, it is an
aspirant’s ability to separate wheat from chaff which is critical for success in this competition.
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they believe they have mastered all that is there. This is not the most productive study methodology.
Firstly, the books recommended for the examination may not be strictly as per the UPSC syllabus.
Most of the books used by the aspirants are standard graduation books and not exclusively designed
for the UPSC examination. As such knowing the syllabus well and following it (and not a
particular book) is important. Besides, understanding the nature of previous years’ questions,
analysing the key topics of each subject and important areas of study in each topic, is vital.
The ‘focus’ in one’s study should be shaped by this analysis.
Thus ‘focus’ helps in identifying what is important, thereby optimising our effort, and improving
our productivity by channelising our effort in the right direction. All this prevents our preparation
from going astray. Focus may come naturally to some persons, for others it is a much needed ability
to be inculcated.
Apart from knowing the syllabus well and analysing the previous years’ questions, guidance
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volume presently in your hands, are a good source of guidance. Besides, personal contact with
successful candidates, their blogs, teachers at colleges/institute and even coaching centres can be a
good source of guidance. However, a candidate must have the desire and wisdom to appropriately
tap the right sources.
VII. Work Planning Planning refers to the organisation of the work at hand. While ‘focus’
enables us to identify the right areas of work and to channelise our time and effort in the productive
direction, it is planning of work which helps us to prepare a road map to achieve, what we want
to achieve.
Whether it is for the CS (P) or the Main examination, candidates need to ascertain how much
time they need and can devote to the preparation of each subject/paper and how much time would
they need for various topics in each subject. They should prepare a study schedule accordingly,
earmarking weeks/days for preparation of various subjects and topics. Once the broad contour has
been prepared, they should strive to stick to it and periodically review their own progress to correct
course if needed.
Work planning is a natural precursor to preparation for some candidates, while others would
procrastinate or avoid it altogether. However, it must be remembered that there is no alternative to
planning. Unplanned drifting work schedule is a likely recipe for disaster. Jumping head along in
preparation without any planning can result in a situation, where you realise that you have spent too
much time on less important topics and are left with little time for the more important ones. One
must remember, that as a catchy television advertisement says, ‘failing to plan is planning to fail’.
VIII. Time Management Time is one of the most crucial resource essential for success in this
competition and it is also the biggest constraint for most of the candidates. For securing any rank
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when one has to juggle between the challenges of higher studies, demands of a new job, other
social/personal needs and the preparation of CSE.
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managing time well is not a bother, while for others this might be a serious handicap.
Proper work planning (as discussed earlier) is an essential tool for managing time well. Besides
focusing/channelising one’s efforts in focusing on what is important and relevant is another. At
the same time not getting trapped in unfruitful pursuits is also equally important. For instance

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gossip sensational crime news, etc., are in abundance in most of the newspapers and are also quite
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poor time management.
Proper concentration in studies is yet another trait which helps in managing this resource well.
Developing a daily work schedule and identifying and working more in those phases of daily cycle

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for some the concentration and energy peaks at night.
A lot of time is spent in waiting for bus/metro while going to college/workplace. Using these bits
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to near-dear ones on phone or taking care of odd jobs, which can be handled on the phone, are good
ways to utilise time.
Jotting down our daily work (personal/related to CSE preparation) in a pocket spiral pad/
phone-memo, etc., is also an effective tool for better work and hence time management.
To summarise, there would be myriad of ways and techniques to manage and better utilise our
time. Some of these techniques are highlighted above and will be elaborated in later chapters.
Every aspirant must be conscious to the need for effective time management and accordingly
device strategies and techniques that suits him/her. However, it must be remembered that success
would remain elusive until this ability is developed and this vital resource is managed well.
IX. Application of Thought and Originality The CSE is perceived by many to be largely an
examination of mugging and reproduction of bookish knowledge. Indeed this examination entails
poring over thousands of pages and remembering a lot, but it would be incorrect to dub it as
mugging and reproduction. All the three phases of this examination, and particularly the Mains
and the Interview, have ample scope for expressing one’s own thoughts and applying what one has
learnt. This is especially true for papers like ‘Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude’ and essay. Off late, the
questions of all the GS papers solicit the views of the candidate. They often require the candidates
to comment critically, examine, analyse/evaluate, a particular issue. These various dimensions of
a question are often meant to elicit original thoughts of a candidate. Reading and reproducing
methodology may not fetch same marks as a candidate’s own thoughts.
While application of thought and originality may not be much of a challenge for some, many

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with, then surely it means a head start for him/her. However this is also an ability which can be
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instead
of memorising things verbatim or accepting them as they are.
X. Intelligence A rank beginner to CSE preparation may perceive intelligence to be a critical
factor determining success and failure and the toppers to be super intelligent persons. However, it
is only a myth that an aspirant needs to be simply brilliant to crack the examination. All one needs
to be is a person of above average intelligence. If you have a sound academic record, you can
consider yourself to be of above average intelligence. If you are among the category of a ‘habitual
topper’ or actually possess sharp intellect, then do not feel disillusioned that your abilities are
likely to be wasted. Your intellect will indeed help you in making things easier for you and giving
an edge over others, provided your effort and other factors match. But unlike many competitive
examinations (like engineering, medical, etc.), intelligence by itself may not give you a decisive
edge over others.
If you are among the category who has never been complimented for intelligence or feel that
this is an area of handicap, then you need not sweat over it. By hard work and honing your other
abilities you can surely overcome this handicap.
Chapter Summary
The civil services examination is conducted by UPSC. It is one of the toughest competitive
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The examination selects candidates for a variety of prestigious services, including the IAS,
IPS, IRS, IFS, IAAS and other central government services.
The examination is divided into three stages—the Preliminary examination, the Main
examination and the Interview.
The Preliminary examination (held in August) is only a screening test. The marks scored in
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Questions are of objective type with multiple choices and with penalty for wrong answers.
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stage, the Mains.
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get an interview call.
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Graduation degree from any recognised Indian university or its equivalent is the minimum

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general category or up to seven attempts if belonging to OBC. There is no upper limit for
attempts for candidates belonging to the SC or ST categories.
The competition, which almost stretches for a year, tests various personal attributes and
faculties of a candidate. Chief among them are the ability to put in hard work, perseverance,
written communication skills, power of memory, concentration, focus, work planning,
application of thought and originality, time management and intelligence.
Chapter 2
Target CSE: Preparation by the Undergraduates
“Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss it, you will land among the stars.”
—Les Brown
2.1 When to Start the Preparation

The prestige and aura associated with the civil services has often inspired many persons to dream
of becoming an IAS, or an IPS right from their school days. They often wonder when and how to
start preparation for this challenging competition. Do they need to prepare for it in any manner in
their school days (No! not needed) or should they wait to earn their graduation degree, which is the

Ideally, preparation should begin during the years of undergraduate study (i.e., while undergoing
the graduation course). No, it is not too early to begin and believe it that many successful candidates
actually start preparing as early as that. If you have not completed your graduation and want to
sit for the examination, then banish any doubts whatsoever about under-graduation not being an
appropriate time to begin. The following pages will help you to chart out a course of action. But if
you are among those who have already completed graduation or about to do so, and do not have the
luxury or time for a soft induction into this regime of preparation, then go directly to the section—
“Taking the Plunge” (Chapter 3).
2.2 What to do at the Undergraduate Level

Many students enrolled in undergraduate studies and desirous to appear for the CSE, often face such

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give answers to some of these queries/dilemmas.
Target CSE: Preparation by the Undergraduates 15
(i) Make up Your Mind. & '
want to go for the examination or not. Do not hurry, you still have enough time to take
a call. Consult others, particularly, your parents, peers and teachers. Speak to successful
candidates and bureaucrats, if you have access to them. Also consider other career options
and compare it with the civil services. But once you have decided to make civil services your
goal, then let there be no dithering beyond this point. In this stiff competition in which only
one in a thousand are successful, the very brightest and the best are selected. If you have to
compete with the best, you certainly have to give in your best. This can only happen if you
are steadfast in your resolution, and compete with all your might, for there can be no fruitful
half measures in this examination.
(ii) Take interest in what is happening around the world. Apart from some news items, till
now issues such as international affairs, economic matters, problems of society, etc., may
not have been drawing much of your attention. But, if you want to succeed in CSE, then the
focus has to change. Be alert as to what is happening around you in the country and in the
world. Make television, newspaper, magazines and internet your eyes and ears. Question
what you see and form an opinion about issues.
(iii) Read newspaper carefully and intently

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should henceforth become a part and parcel of your daily life. Set aside at least half an hour
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graduation course examinations are looming ahead). Apart from the headlines and areas of
your personal interest, go through the sections on international news, editorials and business
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The Times of
India, The Hindustan Times, The Indian Express, etc. As of now it is not incumbent upon
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point to thoroughly read the newspaper which you are subscribing. Even for some reasons,
if you skip reading the newspaper on a particular day then make it a point not to throw away

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opportunity to do so.
Reading newspapers should become a daily ritual; a habit whose absence creates a
very noticeable void in your daily routine. This is by far the most important habit to develop

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(iv) Watching news on television or hearing news capsules on radio is another habit which is
a must to develop. Make it a point to hear news headlines or those news capsules which

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most important news items of the day.
Another very important area to watch out right from this stage of your preparation is
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more about these aspects either in magazines or on internet.
Issues on environment and ecology are particularly important as a number of questions

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issues, like global warming, melting of glaciers, erratic weather changes, pollution and rivers,

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news, and also have a long chain of links in terms of time period over which they remain
pertinent. What you are watching in news today may be relevant a year or a couple of years
down the line. As such developing a deep and abiding interest as well as acquiring a good
grasp of environmental and ecological issues are extremely important. Incidentally,

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books related to environment (refer to the ‘suggested readings’ in this chapter).
(v) Magazines and internet form a good source of information of what is happening around
us. Subscribe to a good magazine like The Frontline, The Outlook, The Week etc., or you can
also peruse their internet editions. As highlighted earlier, try to capture issues of national and
international importance. Be always conscious not to be a passive reader but after having read an
article, always try to make a mental note of the most important facts and issues discussed in it.
(vi) Go through the syllabus of the Preliminary and Main examinations. These you would
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preparation. This would help you to understand as to what are the areas particularly in General
Studies, which you are expected to be aware of. This will also help you in noticing/identifying
relevant news items in newspaper and magazines that you should follow in greater detail.
(vii) Go through the question papers of Preliminary and Main examinations. This you can

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and broad idea of what the examination expects from you. Actual awareness of the type of
questions enables our mind to quickly identify relevant news items, issue or reading
materials, which we come across in newspapers, magazines and even in our course
books, amidst the vast information content which we are regularly perusing.
While going through the question papers do not merely mechanically peruse the questions,
but try to understand them. It is good if you happen to know the answers to the questions (either

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from where the questions are asked. For example, in the Preliminary examination General
Studies Paper I, the broad areas from which questions emanate are history, geography, polity,
economy, current affairs, science and technology, and environment and ecology. Through
this exercise you can get a broad idea of your areas of strength and weakness that will later
help you to optimise your preparation time.
Similarly, go through the General Studies paper of the Main examination and assess

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If not, then do not be disheartened. Are you aware of the areas from which the questions are
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Knowing the areas from which questions are asked and understanding the broad
contours of this examination should be the primary objective at this stage.
(viii) Get hold of your NCERT books,

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which you have already read is always easier. You know the placement of the content. If
you can get the same set of books which you have used in Classes XI and XII then it is even
better. It may contain your margin notes and underlined portions with which you are already
familiar with. This makes recapitulating what you have read much easier. However, if you

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identifying what is where. Mark out/underline the important portions but do not try
to memorise them. Your awareness of the nature of questions being asked will help you
in identifying and differentiating what is relevant from the CSE perspective from what is

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Studies Paper I.
(ix) Meet successful candidates or those aspirants who are serious in their quest for succeeding
in the examination. Getting to meet successful candidates is never easy as within a few
months of the results being declared they are off for the Foundational Course (FC). But if
you do get such an opportunity, or occasion to meet those who were successful in earlier
years, then do not squander such an opportunity. Meeting them is not only inspiring, but you

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do not get to meet such a person, do not sweat. This book will make up for the guidance that
you require at this crucial stage.
(x) Decide what is going to be your optional subject. This obviously is the next logical step. The

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or under pressure to choose an optional immediately. Making the appropriate choice is more
important than making an early or a hurried choice. You still have time, at least till you take
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(xi) Joining a coaching institute for CSE preparation is not recommended at this stage. The
time, energy and effort invested, is not going to give optimal result unless you are a year or

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examination will be all the more important. Also, do remember, that no matter what stream

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under graduation course will always be helpful in a way or the other at the time of the CSE.
Besides, being a graduate is a pre-requisite for appearing in this examination. As such
nobody would like to take any chance as far as clearing the graduation examination with a
safe margin is concerned.
(xiii) Develop your communication skills. Communication skills play an important role in
improving our effectiveness in the numerous facets of life, whether as an individual or a team
player. This is particularly true for success in the examination and in the career thereafter.
Although many candidates who do not have the very best of communication skills are also
able to succeed, largely owing to their other attributes (which compensate for it), those

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communication skills act as a force multiplier which buoys our overall performance
thus giving us an edge over others. As such it is particularly important that right from the
undergraduate level we should pay heed to this ability to communicate our thoughts clearly

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life and particularly in the civil services examination, the tools and techniques to develop
effective communication are discussed in brief below.
Communication skills are of two types—written and verbal. Written communication
skills refer to our ability to express our thoughts lucidly and comprehensively, as well
as concisely. Thus, the essential elements of written communication are not only the
completeness of expression, but also its clarity of thoughts and economy of words. The
same set of skills are equally important while we are in a constructive and meaningful verbal
conversation. While at the time of the Main examination our written communication skills

5

interview where we have to quickly and effectively communicate the answers with precision
of information and brevity of speech.
These abilities develop over a long period of time and for any improvement or correction,
require reasonable effort and time. During the graduation studies there is often less focus on
developing communication skills, especially amongst the science engineering and medical
students. This results in these abilities becoming a bit rusty. As such it is important to hone
these skills at this stage itself. Here is what you can do.
(xiv) Do Wide and extensive reading. Make a conscious effort to develop a habit of reading
books apart from that of your course books. If you have over the years assiduously avoided
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particularly short stories of good and renowned authors, and gradually move on to non-
*: 55

issues and challenges, various arts, inspirational autobiographies, biographies of world
leaders and entrepreneurs, or books on topics which interest you. Make it a habit to devote

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such books is given below. This list is only indicative in nature and not exhaustive. The
bottom line is to read those books which interests you and also add to your knowledge
domain, vocabulary and expression.
Suggested Reading
S.No. Title of book Author Remarks
1. India Vision 2020 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam The books offers a vision as to how India can

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economic power by 2020.
2. Wings of Fire A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Autobiography of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
and Arun Tewari
3. Target 3 Billion A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Highlights issues pertaining to rural India and

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suggests measures to improve their standard of
living.
4.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Focuses on the issues of tailoring our research
Indian
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and innovations to achieve the goal of national
development.
5. Turning Point A.P.J. Abdul Kalam +

President of India
6. The Family and the A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Emphasises on the values which will make our
Nation society truly sustainable.
7. Makers of Modern +

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About the life and work of nineteen Indians who
India contributed immensely to the development of our
country in modern times.
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Touches upon the fundamentals of ecological
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grassroots environmental and protest movement.
11. India After Gandhi +

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Independence, particularly after the death of
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The Idea of a present, and asks key question about the future.
Renewed Nation
13. Development as Amartya Sen Focuses on issues like political freedom,
Freedom

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14. An Uncertain Jean Dreze and %
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Glory, India and its Amartya Sen challenges, particularly in the social sector and
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Advocates for strong values and good leadership
Better World Murthty in governance for distribution of the fruits of
development
17. Theory of Every Stephen Hawking Includes seven lectures of Hawking which cover
Thing everything from big bang to the string theory.
18. A Brief History of Stephen Hawking and Deals with the big bang theory, quantum
Time Leonard M. Lodinow mechanics, black holes, etc.
19. An Inconvenient Al Gore Discusses global warming and environmental
Truth challenges.
20. Our Parliament Shubhash Kashyap A study of the parliament, its history and activities,
including the functioning of the two houses.
(xv) Improving your vocabulary and expression. While going through the reading materials
be conscious of the new words or expressions you are encountering. Note these words
and expressions in a separate diary or a note book. Check their meaning with the help of
a dictionary, especially the various contexts of usage. You can also use online dictionaries
like www.dictionary.reference.com'*

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through with the reading. After you have found the meaning of the word, go back to the page
on which the word occurred and read the sentence once more. This way you would be able
to fully comprehend the context in which the word was used.

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part of your vocabulary, but employing it in a sentence. So try to frame a sentence from the
new word you have learnt or better still write the sentence in your diary. Eschew laziness
and make this exercise akin to your hobby. Do not allow a new word or an expression to pass
you until you have absorbed it as described above. You might think this to be analogous to
the exercise you did when learning a language in the primary school. But then learning never
stops, not if you dream of success in this examination.
∑ Improve Active Vocabulary. Language experts state that our vocabulary comprises
many such words, the meaning of which we know but those we seldom use. While

5

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those words and expressions whose meaning you do not know. Go through your diary
periodically. The new words as well as unused and dormant words will become a part of
your active vocabulary.
∑ Practise Creative Writing. Creative writing here refers to all those forms of writing
which involve active thinking on our part as opposed to a mere reproduction form our
memory of what we already know.
Whenever such occasion arises, whether, in your regular course work, in a speech or a
debate competition, for an article for your college magazine, or in any other forum, seize
the opportunity and do write. Such opportunities to write not only help you gauge your

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Verbal Communication Skills. The salient elements of verbal communication are clarity of
thought and expression. The means of improving the former is by doing wide and extensive reading (as

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as correct pronunciation, appropriate reading speed, loudness and apt intonations. At this stage one
may not bother too much about the nitty-gritties of verbal communication, but may simply practise
reading aloud whatever one is reading—be it a story book, a newspaper or even your text book. But

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a period of time this exercise is bound to improve the various aspects of verbal communication.
Working upon the written and verbal communication skills at this stage itself is important.
This is not only because such abilities take time to improve, but also because once an aspirant takes
a plunge in the CSE preparation he may hardly get enough time to work on these basic skill sets.
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writing a numbers of pages. In fact the schedule of the Main examination, where one has to write

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for success. Both the attributes take years to develop and do not change overnight. As such it is
extremely important that you heed your handwriting right from this stage of studies, particularly if
you are aware of your shortcoming.
The most important area to pay attention to is legibility of handwriting. If you are not sure as
how good or bad your handwriting is, then take an honest opinion from somebody else. If people

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done is to identify what exactly is your problem. Here is what you can do.
∑ Size of yours letters. Check whether the size of your letters is large enough for others to
read. Examiners are not going to use a magnifying glass to read it. So do not make your
letters too tiny. If this is a problem area then use lined copies with large spacing between the
lines to practice.
∑ Spacing between the letters and words. Examine whether the spacing between letters and
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loops which connect one letter to another a bit longer. Also be aware of the spacing between
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∑ Consult self-help websites.

could do with some handy tips which self-help websites offer on improving hand writing
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key to improving it is being conscious of your shortcomings, concentrating while writing
and regular practise.
Chapter Summary
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Develop interest in environmental issues and news.
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Chapter 3
Taking the Plunge: Beginning the Preparation for the CSE
“The only place where success come before work is in the dictionary.”
— Vidal Sassoon
3.1 When to Begin Preparation

Aspirants often wonder as to how much time is required to make an ideal preparation for the Civil
Services Examination (CSE), or when should they take the plunge in full earnest, as far as the CSE
preparation is concerned.
The ideal time needed for preparation varies, depending on the candidate and the optional subject
chosen by him/her. However, as a broad benchmark, eight to nine months is the approximate time

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3.2 Balancing between Preparation of the Preliminary and the Main

Examinations
The recommended preparation time of eight to nine months should be utilised not just for the
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“The nature and standard of questions in the General Studies (paper II to paper V) will be such that a
well-educated person will be able to answer them without any specialized study. The questions will be
such to test a candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects, which will have a relevance for a
career in Civil Services.”
Taking the Plunge: Beginning the Preparation for the CSE 25
Thus, the syllabus lays clear emphasis on current affairs and general awareness of a candidate.
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environment and ecology, science and technology, polity and international affairs, culture, economy

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from which such news items and articles have to be captured. )

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However, candidates who have just begun their CSE preparation journey are often vexed with
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newspapers should compulsorily be read, how many newspapers should one go through etc.. These
issues are discussed in detail below.
3.4.1 Number of Newspapers to Read

At this phase of the preparation, preferably two national dailies should be read. However, if you
cannot cope up with two, then begin with one, but read it meticulously as described below.
3.4.2 Which Newspaper to Read

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The
Hindu, while some prefer The Indian Express* "
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of the CSE, particularly The Hindu. However, if you are accustomed to reading newspapers such
as The Times of India, The Hindustan Times
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editions) of these newspapers can be subscribed and perused. These can also be read on smart
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who are from economics/commerce background and also for those who have a liking and aptitude
for such news. The Economic Times, The Financial Express and The Business Standard are good
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business and economic news, or have been assiduously avoiding such newspapers till now, then
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separate page for business and economic news and cover the important issues in this category. Go
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of business/economic news then you can make a transition to an exclusive newspaper in this
category.
For those appearing through Hindi medium, newspapers such as Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar,
Hindustan, Amar Ujala, Navbharat Times, etc., can be read.
Some coaching institutes, guide books etc., also advise going through a regional newspaper/
local daily. However, regional/local newspapers are recommended to be read at the interview stage.
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to any two national dailies as mentioned earlier.
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Although the headline news and major news items may be common in both, sections like science
and technology, economy, arts and culture etc., have different coverage in different newspapers.
Further, the editorial pages are most likely to cover different issues. Even where the issue covered
is the same, the perspective and views would almost certainly be different. As stated earlier,
newspapers not only help capture the news, that is the information portion of what is happening
around us, but they also shape up our views on a plethora of emerging issues.
+ 12
do. Select three to four newspapers which you consider good. Subscribe to them for a week. You
could also choose to go through them in a library (instead of purchasing) or peruse their internet
editions. Examine which one of them has a wider coverage of important news items; which of them
offer more relevant news items from the perspective of CSE, and which newspaper has the best

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internet viewing of newspapers has its own pitfalls. There is always the possibility of drifting to
some interesting but time sapping website, so be careful!
3.4.3 What and How to Read

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to be a bit odd. One may think that after all, one is only supposed to read whatever is there in the
newspaper. Thus, reading newspaper would simply mean going through all the news items or those
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very important that you carefully go through what is said here.
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utilisation of both these resources and a below benchmark performance.
3.4.4 Reading Purposively

As a matter of habit we usually read newspapers cursorily, and not purposively. The objective is
to grab the headlines and be aware about the issues which interest us. Thus, our general approach
to newspapers is of leisure reading. As a result, within a day or two or at the most within a week,
we tend to forget most of what we have read. This is more so as we hardly make any effort to
capture what is important and to retain it in our memory. This is absolutely normal for an ordinary
reader, but not for a CSE aspirant. For a serious aspirant, a newspaper ranks at par with other key
books, which form the basic source materials for the CSE preparation. Our own approach towards
course books, from the perspective of appearing in an examination is not that of a casual or of

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materials and leave it to the mercy of our memory to grasp it and remember whatever it can. The
characteristics of our approach to an examination are; (a)

is important from
the perspective of the examination; (b) to read and understand it; and (c) to remember it at least till
the time the examination is over, or to capture it in a manner so as to be able to recall it before the
examination.
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the perspective of CSE. Therefore, we have to make a conscious effort to

.
3.4.5 Identify What is Important

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Or does the news item involve many facts and issues and would it be prudent to make notes on it
or cut the clipping and compile it?
3.4.7 Remember What You Have Read

Some news items are such that you need not remember or really make a conscious effort to remember.
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entered into several bilateral treaties or deals, falls in this category. This news will perhaps stick
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or deals which were entered into; their sum and substance and salient points (which were not
discussed in detail in electronic media) require a conscious effort on your part to remember. As such

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or may not be possible to do so. For example, if the news item is very important, viz., outcome of
an international summit, important policy initiative of government, highlights of environmental
report, critical analysis of a sector of economy (and many others). Such news items have to be
captured and compiled. After you have read the newspaper, either cut the news item and collect it
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can compile it in soft form.
3.4.9 Research and Understand the Context/Background

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or some key words in a news item (viz., carbon credit or energy intensity in the context of global
warming), or the context in which the events have occurred, then mark them out separately and
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reduce and your knowledge base will become extensive and thorough.
3.4.10 Form Opinion about Important Issues: Reading Editorials in

Newspapers
Going through the editorial segment is equally important as it helps us to form views and opinion
about relevant issues.
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which are the ones you consider as the most relevant. Read it, then pause for a while and ask
yourself, as to

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worth preserving then mark it for cutting and keeping it in a scrap book.
3.4.11 What Not to Read

Reading newspapers in entirety is neither desirable nor advisable. Going through the entire content
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contents which have little relevance from the preparation perspective should at best be avoided.

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matrimony (unless you are interested), puzzles and games etc., cover a lot many pages and do not

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entertainment point of view, a few minutes spent occasionally will cause little harm.
3.5 Reading Magazines

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what is happening around us, but also convey the views and opinion of the authors on a variety
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period. Thus, as compared to newspapers, their presentation of news and views is not only more
condensed, but also covers more of those issues which are more relevant from the preparation
perspective. Thus, reading a good magazine always helps if one does not want to put in too much
of time and effort in identifying and compiling relevant news items of important occurrences from

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to the issue and present the whole gamut in a concise yet lucid manner. Thus, while reporting
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perhaps a brief background. However, an article in a magazine will bring out not only what

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positions of other countries are likely to be covered. A good magazine would also give analytical
perspective of the issue including the pros and cons. Therefore, reading good magazines and
journals is equally important, as much as reading newspapers and going through the electronic
media.
3.5.1 Which Magazines to Read

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aspirants. The magazine offers wide coverage and balanced analysis of news and issues. Other good
magazines in this category are The Outlook, The Week and India Today. General interest magazines
need not be read from end to end. You need to be selective and read only those articles which offer
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important and mark them out/high light them. These must be thoroughly read by you. Also identify
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These may be read (if you have time).
∑ Always read an article with a pen, pencil or marker in hand. Once you have read the article,

of it and highlight/underline them.
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and the articles

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too many of them, then do not hesitate to discard some of them.
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Only that information should be gathered which is relevant from the examination perspective
and which you can possibly remember or revise. As such it is as important to declutter your
article compilation and also be selective about its compilation.
3.5.2 Magazines Especially for the Civil Services Examination

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magazines are Civil Services Chronicle, Civil Services Times and Competition Wizard. These
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recent edition of these, on magazine stands or libraries before deciding which one you want to
subscribe.
These magazines bring out articles typically useful for CSE aspirants. They also cover the
important events/news items, analytical essays on concurrent issues, interview and guidance of

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good investment in terms of time, effort and money.
+

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earlier. You can prepare concise notes or cut articles for compilation. A good idea is to preserve
these magazines and also identify a few articles which you may like to revise/review later.
3.5.3 Reading Yojana and Kurukshetra

Yojana and Kurukshetra are two other magazines which are often recommended to the CSE
aspirants. Although these magazines are not exclusively for the CSE aspirants yet the nature and
content is ideally suited for CSE preparation.
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development, urban and rural development etc.
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than Yojana+ $ "
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issues particularly related to rural development. From the perspective of CSE preparation Yojana
has greater content density of useful articles and should be preferred among the two. However,
occasionally peruse the online editions of Kurushetra at
&& , identify, read and make
notes/take soft copy and excerpts of relevant articles.
3.6 Tapping the Electronic Media and the Internet

Electronic media, including television and radio as well as the internet, are a powerful source of
news and information. From the CSE perspective it is crucial to learn as to how to tap this source

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Television is a powerful visual media which leaves a profound and enduring effect on its viewers.
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. They offer a wide coverage of news in Hindi and English in a short span of time
without much frills. Thus, they are ideally suited to cover all that has happened in a day especially
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take a bit of liberty in terms of time and

which usually
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should matter. The channels mentioned above usually carry wholesome discussions and debates.
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channels, especially those which survive on sensationalism, bank on reporting crime and gossip.
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3.6.2 Watching Programmes on Environment, Social Development etc.

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(technology, economic development, biodiversity, environment, security and disaster management),
watching some of the programmes aired on these channels can really be insightful and productive.
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evening news programmes like The News at Nine "*
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news programme) can also be tuned to.
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link www.newsonair.com. The website and the news can also be accessed through mobile application
(mobile app).
3.7 Internet Resources

Like it is true for other aspects of life, even for CSE preparation internet has so much to offer.
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you want) is the easier thing to know. This implies the purpose for which you should access the
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3.7.1 News and Views

All major newspapers, television news channels, radio stations and magazines have their own
websites from where the news content can be downloaded or accessed. They also offer subscription
1 2 - 5 1The Times of India2$ -
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(popular with aspirants) are—www.thehindu.com; www.indianexpress.com. The websites of any/
all of these newspapers can easily be obtained through google searches (The web address of some
of these is indicated in the table given at the end of this chapter).
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However, the issue of internet access, availability and cost may be a constraint for some of the
aspirants.
3.7.2 Websites Offering Guidance

A number of websites have mushroomed claiming to offer the best guidance for CSE preparation.
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studies related resource materials. Some of the popular sites in this category are 8
8 etc. The information and resource materials being offered
on these sites (usually for free) are at times useful. As such, one can make periodic forays to
one (or at the most two) of such sites and see what they have to offer. One can also check
whether they have study material on a topic pertaining to general studies/optional subject for
which adequate coverage in the books being referred to is not given. At times information offered
by them can also supplement the available materials on a topic. Thus, these sites can offer useful
materials. However, candidates should not excessively rely or exclusively depend on what they
have to offer.
3.7.3 Other Resource Materials

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in a variety of ways.
A list of useful websites and their addresses is being mentioned below. However, it is advisable to
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always be conscious of not straying from these to other general sites which may consume much
more time than what you had budgeted for.
3.8 List of Useful Websites
Sl Name of website Web address Remarks

No.
1. 9 www.upsc.gov.in ∑ Essential for downloading/uploading
Service application forms, past year question papers,
Commission
P <&5N www.rstv.nic.in ∑ Captures important news, feed on internet is
news channel also available
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www.allindiaradio.gov.in ∑ Can listen to live news or to last recorded
broadcast
Q + www.pib.nic.in ∑ Contains latest news, current affairs issues,
* information about latest government initiatives
5. * www.newsonair.com ∑ Can listen to live news, programmes like
Spotlight, Market Mantra etc.
6. The Hindu www.thehindu.com ∑ These newspapers can be read on the internet
newspaper " -
V The Times of India
be obtained.
newspaper
8. The Economic www.economictimes.india
Times newspaper times.com
9. Dainik Jagran www.jagran.com
Hindi newspaper
(contd)

No.
W[ #3N $ www.ndtv.com ∑ Live feeds of these channels are also available
channel
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WP % india.budget.nic.in ∑ Contains all documents related to the budgets.
Finance ∑ The Economic Survey of India can be freely
downloaded in pdf format
WJ % www.mea.gov.in ∑ Gives information and latest news related
External Affairs +

countries, international agreements, speech
statements and information about the visit of
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∑ Relevant for topics related to ‘international

WQ #++!" www.niti.gov.in ∑ All articles appearing in Yojana can be read here.
∑ Old issues and special editions can be read and
downloaded
15. #7M< www.ncert.nic.in ∑ !
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www.egyankosh.ac.in ∑ Can access and download course material
#@ or pertaining to various subject.
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applications, remote sensing applications,

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∑ Offers vital inputs related to science and
technology section of the CSE examination
18. 3 < www.drdo.gov.in ∑ "
3 $ defence equipment and systems like missile
Organisation systems, aeronautics, armaments, combat
vehicles, advanced computing, naval systems
simulation, life sciences etc.
(contd)

No.
19. Centre for Cultural www.ccrtindia.gov.in ∑ This is an institution working to link culture
Resources and and education.
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culture
P[ #3 www.ndma.gov.in ∑ For information related to disaster
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Agency
PW <5 "$ www.prsindia.org ∑ $
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research recent Acts, reports, parliamentary committees,
budget etc.
PP 7 www.cprindia.org ∑ An independent institution for conducting
Research research on public policy
∑ 0
policy analysis, environmental law and
governance, international relations and
security, urbanisation etc.
PJ + www.idsa.in ∑ For information related to research pertaining
3 5
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security and defence.
PQ 0 % www.makeinindia.com ∑ +

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manufacturing with sectoral policy, growth
statistics, drivers of each sector etc.
PX 7 +
www.culturalindia.net ∑ Offers concise information about various aspects
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monuments, national symbols, leaders etc.
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P~ % www.mrunal.org ∑ Offers general guidance, articles on current affairs,
examination papers and other resource materials
PV +"+
www.insightsonindia.com ∑ Offers general guidance, articles on current affairs,
examination papers and other resource materials
P '% www.halfmantra.com ∑ Offers CSE examination details, syllabus,
$ ;
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P 7 +!5 www.clearias.com ∑ Offers general guidance and topic wise
resource materials
J[ Synergy www.okkal.com ∑ Offers online test series for CSE
Chapter Summary
The preparation for the civil services examination should ideally be started eight to nine
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and magazines, deciding and covering a reasonable portion of the syllabus of the Optional,
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writing skills.
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should be on capturing issues of national and international importance, compiling articles
(news items, preparing notes from them) and understanding the background of various
issues. The reading should be purposive, with the intent of identifying, understanding and
remembering what is important.
Read magazines, watch television and listen to radio news intently with a focus on identifying
and remembering important news items.
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topics. A number of websites (as per the given list) can offer valuable information relevant
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Chapter 4
Preparing for the Optional Subject
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—Thomas Jefferson
4.1 Optional Subject: Its Significance

The Main examination comprises papers on General Studies (GS Paper I to GS Paper IV), essay,
qualifying language papers (English and Hindi/other languages included in the schedule VIII of the
Constitution) and an Optional subject (two papers). The Optional is to be selected by the aspirants

optional subject, each of 250 marks.

examination, nearly 25 per cent (500 marks) are allocated to the optional papers.
The optional subject is the only area in this long winding selection process, where the candidate

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more than 50 per cent (a score of 250 + out of 500 marks). It is also seen that the marks secured in
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that a sizeable portion of the marks of the written examination is attributable to the score of
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4.2 Subjects Permitted as Optional

In the Main examination candidates are permitted to choose an optional subject, any one subject
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(i) Agriculture 8; ?
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(x) Geography (xxii) Public Administration
(xi) Geology (xxiii) Sociology
(xii) History 8;

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literatures only if the candidate has graduated in literature of that language(s) as the main subject.
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The general choice of an Optional is of that subject which the aspirant has studied in his/her graduation/

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There are numerous factors which are considered by the aspirants before making this choice. These
are as discussed below.
4.3.1 Aptitude and Interest

In making the choice of an Optional, aptitude and interest in a subject should be the foremost
criteria to be considered. In the run up to the Main examination, the candidates spend at least a
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few hundred hours in the study of the optional subject. If an aspirant takes two to three attempts
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interest in the core subject?
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ability to understand the subject, to remember all what is needed for the examination and to write
that in the short span of three hours.
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Further, A person

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language, which is a prerequisite to score marks in literature. At times such interest may be limited
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the concepts of the subject. Thus, appeal or instantaneous fascination should not be confused as a
genuine interest for a subject.
Then what can be the yard stick to measure aptitude and interest or the suitability of a subject as
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that, you are clueless about the answers to the questions appearing in the examination, then surely
that is not the apt subject to opt for.
4.3.2 Prior Knowledge of the Subject
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studied the subject for at least three years. You would not only be familiar with the numerous topics
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few such reasons for this change. Although some of these reasons may be appropriate for making
a switch, but not all of them are necessarily good enough. At times making a choice for wrong

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4.3.3 Vast Syllabus Vs Compact Syllabus
Vast syllabus of the graduation subject is one reason why many students refrain from opting for

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for the arts subject they chose, others did not. Further, once a candidate takes an Optional for a
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and hearsay, at best are only partly correct.

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4.6.6 Seeking Guidance for the Optional

Candidates should always look for guidance for all or any aspect of the CSE preparation and in particular
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it would be just before the Main examination.
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information about different facets of the preparation.
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Chapter 5
Preparing for General Studies of Main Examination and Essay
“Obstacles are those frightful things that you see when you take your eyes off your goal.”
— Henry Ford
5.1 G.S. Mains: Need for Early Preparation

This phase of the CSE preparation calls for a round of study for the General Studies papers from the
Main examination perspective. The syllabus of the four papers of GS Mains are quite exhaustively

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Preparing for General Studies of Main Examination and Essay 55
Subject Title of the Books and Class

History ∑ Themes in Indian History3"%""4"""51""
∑ Themes in World History51"
Geography ∑ Fundamentals of Human Geography51""
∑ India People and Economy51""
∑ Fundamentals of Physical Geography51"
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Political Science ∑ Indian Constitution at Work51"
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Economics ∑ Indian Economic Development51"
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Section II
The Preliminary Examination
Chapter 6—Preliminary Examination: The First Hurdle
Chapter 7—Preparation for Paper I of General Studies: Prelims
Chapter 8—CSAT: An Introduction

Chapter 6
Preliminary Examination: The First Hurdle
“I am not what I have done, I am, what I have overcome.”

—Anonymous
6.1 Significance of the Preliminary Examination

competition. This examination, colloquially called ‘Prelims’ or ‘Preliminary test’ or ‘PT or CS (P),

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Preparation for Paper I of General Studies: Prelims
“Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it.”
—Henry David Thoreau
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CSAT: An Introduction
“Your attitude not your aptitude will determine your altitude.”

—Zig Ziglar
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ability, 9
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Fig. 8.6 @ $%& 345;
8.1.4 Comprehension
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(b) Supreme Court has taken note of it and expressed serious concern.
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8.3 Interpersonal Skills Including Communication Skills

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./ Psychological disposition or the attitude of person.
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In the questions below a sentence is given in which a word has been underlined. In the answer
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approach in life.
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councillors (A)/counsellors (B).

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at the beach.
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8.4 Test of Logical Reasoning
8.4.1 Abilities to be Tested

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Statement: All students are chemistry scholars. Some chemistry scholars are pianists.
Conclusion: (1) All pianists are students
(2) Some pianists may be chemistry scholars.
The aforesaid statements and conclusions are both a part of the logic stimulus.
Question stem: Which of the following option is correct about the conclusions?
(a) Only conclusion (1) is correct.
(b) Only conclusion (2) is correct.
(c) Both, conclusion (1) & (2) are correct.
(d) None of them are correct.
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Statement: Statistics reveal that diseases spread by mosquito bites cause hundreds of times more
deaths than what snake bites do. But we have mortal fear of snakes and not of mosquitoes.
Question: Which of the conclusions mentioned below are logical?
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Illustration – 3
Statement: Ganesh is a student of Unity International School, of Laxmi Bai Nagar, New Delhi. He
is in the school’s basketball team which won the Inter-school Basket Ball Tournament.
Conclusion: As such Ganesh is more than six feet tall.
Question: Which is the missing assumption which enables the conclusion to be drawn properly
from the statement?
Answers Choices:
. / All members of Ganeshe’s family are tall.
./ All students of Unity International School are tall.
./ Only a student above six feet is admitted in the school’s basketball team.
./ Basketball requires tall players.
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Logic stimulus: Media report suggests that reason for dip in international performance of the
Indian cricket team is that they are playing too much of international cricket in three different
formats of the game, which are test cricket, ODI and T-20.
Question stem: Which of the following assumptions if true, weakens the most, the conclusion drawn
in the statement above?
Answers Choices
. / The cricket team is being paid very well which makes up for the lack of rest.
./ They are getting a number of commercial endorsements.
./ Expectation from the cricketers has considerably increased.
./ The selectors follow a policy of rotation where the players are rested and different players
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Consider the following statements:
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Sentences given in each question, when arranged in a proper sequence, form a coherent paragraph.
Each sentence is labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences from among the
four given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
A. In rejecting the functionalism in positivist organisation theory, either wholly or partially,
there is often a move towards a political model of organisation theory.
B. Thus, the analysis would shift to the power resources possessed by different groups in
the organisation and the way they use these resources in actual power plays to shape the
organisational structure.
C. At the extreme, in one set of writings, the growth of administrators in the organisation is held
to be completely unrelated to the work to be done and to be caused totally by the political
pursuit of self-interest.
D. The political model holds that individual interests are pursued in organisational life through

Answer choices:
(1) ADBC (2) CBAD (3) DBCA (4) ABDC
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In the following two questions there are two statements and two conclusions numbered 1 and
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Five friends A, B, C, D and E in XYZ college are studying the following subjects (but not in same
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A is not studying Chemistry. C likes Maths and took this subject. B opted neither for Chemistry
nor for Physics, while E was the Botany topper of the 1st semester examination. Find out who
studied which subject.
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Five friends A, B, C, D and E appeared in the Civil Services Preliminary examination. The
relationship between their scores (in percentage) is as follows.
D scored twice as much mark as E. The marks of C was the average of A and B. A scored 23
more marks than E, while B scored 5 marks less than D. If E scored 42 marks then how much was
scored by C?
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,
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Answers to exercise on analytical reasoning
S.No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
(I) ./ . / ./
(II) ./ ./ ./
(III) ./ ./ ./
(IV) ./ ./ ./
(V) . / ./ ./
(VI) . / ./ ./ ./
(VII) ./
(VIII) . / ./ ./
(IX) ./ ./
(X) . / . / ./ ./
8.6 Decision Making and Problem Solving
8.6.1 Introduction
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8.6.2 Features of the Questions
(I) Nature of questions 8

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(II) Marking of questions 8 AJ
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8 8
8 this set of questions may not necessarily have
only one option which is right, while other options are absolutely wrong. (
may actually be graded ranging from the best to the worst choice.
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8.6.3 Test of Ability

8

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∑ %

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∑
∑ Valuing merit despite pressure

∑ z

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8.6.4 Illustration
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consequences if you lodge a police complaint. What do you consider the most appropriate course
of action?
. / ; '

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consuming and arduous.
./ #
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Ans. AJ . /
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4 ./
5 ./
1. Rationale/Reasoning
∑
Such a choice

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∑ 1 ' 6
∑ #

2. Principles/Values
Belief in the rule of law 6
8.6.5 How to Answer the Questions

∑ ( 8

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∑ Identify which values and principles does the question entail#

options best upholds $
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< apply the technique of selection by elimination. In
8 6

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, examiner would always like to select a candidate
who shows belief in ideals and principles rather than one who is cynical, fatalistic or
ready to compromise on ethics, at the very outset of his career
+

higher.
∑ # 8 do not entail negative marking

attempt all the questions in this
section.
8.6.6 Exercise on Decision Making

./ Your immediate supervisory authority had taken some decisions regarding setting up of a
project which has run into heavy revenue losses. The higher authorities have set up a three-
member committee to enquire into the matter, which has called you for your deposition. Your
boss wants you to justify the stand taken by him. He is likely to remain your boss for at least
next one year. You would,
. / 6

./
+

./

8
./

6

./ You are a Deputy Secretary in a Ministry of the Government of India where you are dealing
with appointments of ‘Technical Assistants’. On the basis of a written examination, 10
candidates have been shortlisted for two posts. Based on their educational and previous
work experiences you have to make your recommendation in order of preference. A senior
! 8

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8

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./ You are a business man who plans to start a new business venture for which a licence is
required from a regulatory government department. You have submitted the application after
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the date of application, you have not received the licence. The reason, you have come to
7!
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licence is within your means and less than the loss you are suffering every month because of
the loss of business opportunity. You will;
. /

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./

$
./ $
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8
.z/ You have set up a manufacturing unit of cloth and fabric in an industrial area. You have been
approached by local goons who demand ‘protection money’ (extort money on periodic basis).
They have also stated that all units in the industrial area pay them ‘protection money’. What
do you think is the best course of action for you?
. / # $
./ # $

6

./ %

./

unit
.z/ ' %$ ! !% $
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conceptualised a project whose recommendations are to be presented before the higher
authorities of your Ministry. The project pertains to exploration of important minerals in the
state and was the result of six months of untiring effort of your team. At the last moment your
boss mentions that he will be making the presentation and you need not accompany him to
the Ministry. You suspect that he wants to hog the entire credit. What will you do?
. / (8
0

./ 1
!

intervention.
./ #

./ (

<

.z/ You had made a request to the State Civil Works department for repair of roads of your
colony which are in pathetic condition. The roads have not been repaired as yet, but in

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done and the contractor has been paid for it. You tried to meet the executive engineer, but he
has been avoiding meeting you on one pretext or the other. Meanwhile, the contractor has
approached you and threatened you with dire consequences if you take any further action.
He assures that the roads around your residence/adjoining it will be duly repaired in lieu of
your silence. Which amongst the following actions will you take?
. / ? $
threat.
./ [ !

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6
civic authorities and the contractor.
./

6

.z/

$% $ !!$ %@J!

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different towns and cities. You have worked very hard for the last one month to prepare for
this meeting which is very important as you want to explain the future marketing strategy
of the company. But a few hours before the meeting you receive a call that your father (who
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leaves in three hours and is urgent that you leave for the airport immediately. In such a
situation which of the following course of action would you prefer?
. / #

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holding of the meeting.
./

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.
8
/ % $

9

.z/ You are the head of a committee which is to award a public contract for executing an
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and tells you that the application of a party X which is related to a prominent politician is to
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competitors. In case you disobey him he suggests that you will be transferred to a different
station. Your response would be to,
. / $ '
tender calling for bids.
./ $

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^

./
^

.^/ Your colleague who was heading a project had an accident and cannot continue with it.
The ‘Departmental Administrative Head’ wants you to head this project in addition to your
present assignments. This is going to increase your work burden, as you would be required
to timely complete your colleagues project as well as your present assignment. The ‘Head’

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6
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.^/ You are in the ‘Legal Section’ of a government department where you provide legal inputs,
case laws (judgement of a court on an issue) to defend the department in cases coming
before the High Court. An important case is coming up in a few days for which inputs have
to be given to the legal counsel (advocate) by tomorrow. Your boss has asked you to quote

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there is another recent case law (Court’s judgement on an issue) of the jurisdictional High
Court, which supports the Department’s case much better. But you don’t have its particulars
or the copy of the judgement. Locating it and citing the facts from it may take a few hours
$
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do?
. / =

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rescue and relief operations were launched by you which were appreciated by the people
and also the higher authorities. Subsequently, there has been charges of corruption against
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anticipated this and had taken permission of the higher authorities to purchase relief materials
from market without tendering for it. There is pressure on you for getting an independent
inquiry conducted, especially against your subordinates. But some subordinates feel that
this will demoralise them as they had put in a lot of hard work and now inquiry will cast
aspersions on their integrity. What would you do?
. / # 8

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8

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predecessor of your boss. Your boss has called you and asked you to drop the charges and
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from the present post.
.^/There has been an acute famine in the district, of which you are the District Collector. You
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in adjoining districts and make them available to the public through PDS shops. This work
has to be done immediately/at the earliest, as there is acute scarcity of food and poor people
can’t afford the very high food prices of the open market.
You have come to know that all truck operators have formed a cartel and are asking for
double the usual transportation rate, in order to exploit the situation. This would push the
food prices up and defeat your purpose of procurement of food grains from the government
godowns. Which of the following options would you choose?
. / (

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and consignment to reach.
./ (
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of beds for indoor treatment of patients. One day you receive a complaint from a patient
that he has been denied admission in the cancer department of the hospital while the son
of a hospital staff (also suffering from cancer) is being granted admission in the cancer
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is only one bed vacant in the cancer department, while next vacancy will arise in 3–4 days’
time. What will be your preferred choice of action?
. / # ! !

given admission.
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.^z/ You are a District Collector who has been requested by your counterpart in an adjoining

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You allowed such camps to be erected in areas under your jurisdiction. Further you also
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in the camp are resisting this as roads leading to the district have been washed away and
supply of food, medicine and other essential materials will not be restored immediately. In
such a situation you would;
. / 7 " 6

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./ 8
.^z/You are an administrative authority who has received a petition from a poor worker, who
has been thrown out of job and also not paid his full month’s pay. He was offered only half
months pay which he refused to accept. He seeks your intervention in getting justice as he

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What course of action would you adopt?
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immediate action.
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claims that his name was wrongly dragged in a news report about a scam. He states that he
was not posted in the concerned department during the period of the purported scam and
joined it much later. He is anguished by the damage done to his reputation and threatens
to take legal action. You verify facts from your news team and the concerned government
$

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would;
. / 6 $
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further.
./
.^z/ As an administrative authority in a region you are overseeing several social welfare
programmes. The most successful scheme pertains to education of the girl child, where
the government has been distributing educational kits and monetary rewards to every girl
child on successfully passing class X. The funds in this scheme have exhausted because of
a larger than anticipated number of girls passing. Funds are left in employment generation
programmes but they cannot be diverted without the permission of the highest administrative
authority, which takes time to be sanctioned. In such a situation which of the following
options would you exercise?
. / #

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for a good governmental scheme.
./ (8

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$

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.^^/As a Branch head of a company, you have received a complaint from a female employee
about sexual harassment from a senior colleague. The accused is heading an important
project of the company and has been purportedly harassing her since the last few months.
She is also willing to bring evidence on record and wants action to be taken against the
accused, otherwise she would be compelled to quit her job. You would;
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environment clearance for a big industrial project in an ecologically sensitive zone. You
have been requested by the project promoters as well as the political representatives of the
region, to accord clearance on priority, as the project runs into several thousands of crores
of rupees and has the potential of generating large number of employments and altering the
economic landscape of the region.
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environment clearance. But you are aware that these norms were formulated four years ago.
Besides, there is an environmental report of two NGO’s presented to the Ministry about such
ecologically sensitive regions, which are under consideration. Under such circumstances
which of the following course of action would you consider appropriate?
. / # 6

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Answers to exercise on Decision Making
./ ./ ./ ./ ./ ./ .z/ . / .z/ . /
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.^/ . / .^/ ./ .^/ ./ .^z/ ./ .^z/ ./
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8.7 Test of Mental Ability

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8.7.1 Visuo-Spatial Ability

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Answer Figures:
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Answer Figures:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
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to be moving in the opposite direction.
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the pattern of change.
8.7.2 Verbal Ability

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Illustration 1
Choose the odd one.
(a) House (b) Apartment (c) Building (d) Society

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Illustration 2
Which one of the following responses would be a meaningful order of the following activities?
(1) Sowing (3) Harvesting
(2) Ploughing (4) Irrigation
. / .4/.A/.F/.@/ ./ .F/.A/.4/.@/
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8.7.3 Numerical Ability

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Illustration 1: 3
Find the next number in the series.
./ 1, 4, 7, 10 ……..,
./ 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16 ……..,
./ 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ………,
.z/ 3, 5, 6, 10, 9, 15, 12 ………,……..,
∑ $
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question itself.
Illustration 4
If MASK is coded as 2 4 9 8 and ICE is coded as 1 3 7 then CAKE will be coded as?
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Illustration 5
If CAM is coded as 4, 2, 14 and BIG is coded as 3, 10, 8 then what is the code for HEAD?
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8.7.4 Exercise on Mental Ability

./Directions:

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8.8 Test of Basic Numeracy and Data Interpretation

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pertaining to these.
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questions are being given.

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Is x an integer?
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(B) x/3 is an integer.
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Directions: In each of the following questions, a question is asked followed by three statements.
While answering the question, you may or may not require the data provided in all the statements.
You have to read the question and the three statements and then decide upon whether the question
can be answered with any one or two of the statements or all the three statements are required to
answer the question. The answer number bearing the statements which are required to answer the
question is your answer.
1. How much vote did the winner get in the election of 16 lakh electorates?
(I) He defeated his rival by 2.5 lakh votes.
(II) He got 150 per cent more than his rival.
(III) Of the 71 per cent votes polled the runner got only 25 per cent.
(a) Only I and II (b) Only I and III
(c) I, II and III (d) II and either I or III
(e) Any two of the three
Ans. (d)
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8.8.3 Data Interpretation

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(I) Tables 5

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Distribution of students of class X of ABC school in various marks brackets

L ? ? less than 40 40–60 60–80 80–100
$ 20 42 39 19
Hindi 19 45 41 15
Social Science 10 45 44 21
Science 12 24 48 36
Mathematics 15 25 52 28
& R
If marks below 40 are treated as grade F and marks above 80 are treated as grade A then what
is the difference in percentage of students who have got A and F in Mathematics?
(II) Bar Charts Bar charts offer a better visual representation of numerical data than tables. The

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Distribution of Students in Various Marks Brackets
60
less than 40
40
40-60
20 60-80
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sector represents the value of a particular variable. The 19 20 less than 40

, 40-60

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(IV) Graphs or X-Y charts These

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Circulation Figures of Magazine ABC for

the Various Months of the Assessment Year 2009–10
(in '000) 200
150
100
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8.8.4 How to Prepare and Answer

∑ Understand properly and then analyse the data/graphs

! "

Economic Survey of India

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∑ Read the question carefully!

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it before proceeding to the remaining portion of the question.
∑
go through the data provided and the questions once and then begin
analysis of data

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A to B at V):
B to A at V,:

speed of the car is
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The Main Examination
Chapter 9—Main Examination: The Big Battle

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qualify for the Mains.
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9.3 Understand the Structure and Need of the Examination

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Main examination and truly it is a big battle.
Main Examination: The Big Battle 229
9.4 Decide Your Optional Fast

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subject is the key to success in the examination.
9.5 Balance between the General Studies and the Optional

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9.6 Prepare for the Essay and Language Papers

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∑ Have a look at the past years’ papers and try to solve a set of three papers of each subject.
∑ Identify what are your short comings; whether it is the précis writing, comprehension
passage, the essay, grammar or syntax correction etc. Work upon them.
∑ Even if you are hard pressed for time, do take at least one past years’ paper and solve
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form requires a variety of information, which

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submitting it. Also a soft and a hard copy of what one has submitted should be maintained
for future reference and for preparation at the interview stage. . #
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(a) Personal information
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of candidates (as and when selected), however adequate thought is often not applied by the
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Chapter Summary
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Chapter 10
3UR¹OH3URVSHFWVDQG3UHIHUHQFHRI6HUYLFHV
“Making a decision takes a moment,

Living a decision takes a life time.”
—Sherif A. El-Mawardy
10.1 Services on Offer

The Union Public Service Commission conducts Civil Services Examination annually to select
candidates through a three-tier examination process for recruitment to around 25 services. Of these,
20 are Group ‘A’ Services, including 2 All India Services, and 5 are Group ‘B’ Services. However,
the number of services on offer vary marginally from year-to-year depending on the vacancies

the Civil Services Examination 2015 the following 24 services were on offer:
1. Indian Administrative Service
2. Indian Foreign Service
3. Indian Police Service
4. Indian P & T Accounts & Finance Service, Group ‘A’
5. Indian Audit & Accounts Service, Group ‘A’
6. Indian Revenue Service (Customs and Central Excise), Group ‘A’
7. Indian Defence Accounts Service, Group ‘A’
8. Indian Revenue Service (I.T.), Group ‘A’.
9. Indian Ordnance Factories Service, Group ‘A’ (Assistant Works Manager, Administration)
10. Indian Postal Service, Group ‘A’

239
11. Indian Civil Accounts Service, Group ‘A’

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13. Indian Railway Accounts Service, Group ‘A’
14. Indian Railway Personnel Service, Group ‘A’
15. Post of Assistant Security Commissioner in Railway Protection Force, Group ‘A’
16. Indian Defence Estates Service, Group ‘A’
17. Indian Information Service (Junior Grade), Group ‘A’
18. Indian Trade Service, Group ‘A’ (Grade III)
19. Indian Corporate Law Service, Group ‘A’
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21. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Civil Service, Group ‘B’
22. Delhi, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Police Service, Group ‘B’
23. Pondicherry Civil Service, Group ‘B’
24. Pondicherry Police Service Group ‘B’
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more than 3 per cent of the cadre strength should be recruited annually.
10.2 Pay Scales

The successful candidates on joining a service are posted in the ‘services’ primary grade which
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higher grade and pay scale called the Senior Time Scale. The promotions of course are subject to
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hierarchy and pay scales attached to them are as below:
Table 10.1 Grades in the Bureaucratic Hierarchy and Pay Scale
S. No. Grade Pay Scale

1. Junior Time Scale (JTS) Rs. 15,600–39,100 + grade pay of Rs. 5,400
2. Senior Time Scale (STS) Rs. 15,600–39,100 + grade pay of Rs. 6,600
3. Junior Administrative Grade (JAG) Rs. 15,600–39,100 + grade pay of Rs. 7,600
(Contd)
240

Table 10.1 (Contd)

S. No. Grade Pay Scale
4. Selection Grade I Rs. 37,400–67,000 + grade pay of Rs. 8,700
5. Selection Grade II Rs. 37,400–67,000 + grade pay of Rs. 8,900
6. Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) Rs. 37,400–67,000 + grade pay of Rs. 10,000
7. Higher Administrative Grade (HAG) Rs. 67,000–79,000
8. Higher Administrative Grade+ (HAG+) Rs. 75,500–80,000
9. Apex Scale Rs. 80,000
10. Cabinet Secretary Rs. 90,000
The actual pay at various grades includes dearness allowance over the basic pay as given above
and other allowances.
10.3 Promotional Prospects

While the Junior Time Scale is the entry-level grade of service, the Apex Scale or the rank of a
Secretary to the Government of India is the highest post in a Ministry/Department. Every entrant to
the civil services aspires to reach the apex level of his/her respective service. However, this may or
may not happen. The pyramid of bureaucracy tapers towards the top with only a few post of Apex
Scale or HAG+. Further, actual promotions depends on the performance of the candidate as well
#|# !
to climb in the bureaucratic hierarchy would also depend as to how early he was able to join the
service as compared to his peers.
While some services IAS, IAAS, IPS, IFS, IRS have faster promotions, people in other service
have to wait for long to reach the same grades. Given below is the eligibility period of inter grade
promotions as per Department of Personnel and Training (DOPTs) model rules, which would give
a broad idea of the promotional prospects:
Table 10.2 Promotion in the Services
S. No. From To Eligibility Period
1. JTS STS 5 years
2. STS JAG 5 years or 9 years of service in Group ‘A’
3. JAG Selection Grade I 5 years or 14 years of service in Group ‘A’
4. Selection Grade I Selection Grade II 2 years or 16 years of service in Group ‘A’
5. Selection Grade I SAG 3 years or 17 years of service in Group ‘A’
6. Selection Grade II SAG 2 years or 17 years of service in Group ‘A’
7. SAG HAG 3 years with 25 years of service in Group ‘A’
8. HAG HAG+ 1 year
9. HAG Apex Scale 2 years with 30 years of service in Group ‘A’
10. HAG + Apex Scale 1 year with 30 years of service in Group ‘A’

241
10.4 Profile, Role, Challenges and Preference of Services

Candidates are often curious to know as to what is the general trend of preference of services and
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challenges. Although such an objective analysis is neither feasible nor fair, yet a broad idea of the
above is being given in respect of the top 20 preferred services. However, the candidates should
not construe it as a recommendation for specifying the order of preference of services and must
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work, type of postings and current cadre strength of the various services.
1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Broad nature of Administration in districts, policy formulation and implementation in

work the States and Centre

The IAS is a leading civil service of the Government of India and one of the
three All India Services (along with IPS and Indian Forest Service). Once
appointed to IAS a candidate is rendered ineligible to appear in the CSE again.
/
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are primarily engaged in administration in districts and in policy formulation
and implementation in the States and Centre.
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posted as Asst. Collector, Deputy Collector and later as Commissioners/
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posts, such as Joint Secretaries and above, who formulate and implement the
policies and programmes of the State government. In the Central government
they occupy the important posts of Deputy Secretaries, Director, Joint
Secretaries, Addl. Secretaries and Secretaries to the Government of India in
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international bodies like UN, various embassies and non-statutory bodies. Its
cadre strength is 6,150 and is the largest in all civil services.
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in different key sectors due to vast work exposure. They get experience of
working at all levels of bureaucracy and come in touch with a large cross
section of people in their public life. The promotions are fast. Overall the
work is of dynamic and challenging in nature and truly has the potential to
touch the life of a common man.
USP ∑ Diverse nature of administrative work
∑ Bright promotional prospects
∑ Exposure at district, state and, national level
∑ Manning key positions in the government of both the Centre and the
States
242

Challenges ∑ Allocation of cadre which may or may not be in a preferred region or of

aspirant’s choice
∑ Frequent transfers/postings (particularly in the initial years)
∑ Brush with political establishment
General position It is usually the number 1 preferred service option by the candidates.
of preference //;##?"K'
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2. Indian Revenue Service (IRS) (Income tax)
Broad nature of Administration of direct taxes, collection of tax, detection of tax frauds,
work investigation, conduct of searches and seizure

The IRS is a central civil service which specialises in tax administration. The
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administration and collection of income tax, wealth tax and other direct taxes
throughout the country.
The hierarchy in the IRS after cadre restructuring in 2013 runs as Assistant
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Additional CIT, Principal CIT, Chief Commissioner of Income Tax (CCIT) and
Principal CCIT. Further the Chairman and Members of CBDT (the body which
administers the IRS) are senior most functionaries of the service (at the Apex
Scale) and are a part of Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance.
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crucial role in tax policy formulation, treaty negotiations with other countries,
investigation of economic offenses, scams and black money. Of late they are
also serving at various consulates/embassies as diplomats and in international
organisations such as the World Bank, IMF, OECD etc. They are also posted
on deputation in various ministries of the Central and State government. Many
!/
such as ED, CBI, RAW etc. The Election Commission also requisitions their
services as Expenditure-observers during elections. The assessment and tax
/ !` # ! !`
encompasses detection of tax fraud and various economic offences (in co-
ordination with other agencies). The cadre strength is 5,541 and it is the
second largest service after the IAS.
The service is dynamic and challenging one. Post cadre restructuring in
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in tax administration of the country, especially in an expanding economy
where the contribution of direct taxes to the exchequer is continuously
increasing.
USP ∑ A growing service as role of direct taxes in the economy is ever expanding
∑ Vast exposure to tax administration and investigation adding variety to
work

243
∑ Large public interface and visibility of work in public domain

∑ Stable/postings in larger cities and metros, especially as compared to
other services
∑ 'Q
Challenges ∑ Large cadre, slower promotion as compared to IAS, IAAS, IFS
∑ //
services
General position Generally preferred as the number 2 to number 4 option by the aspirants.
of preference Female candidates usually prefer IRS over IPS owing to the nature of job
being less physically demanding and postings being stable in larger cities
and metros.
3. Indian Police Service (IPS)
Broad nature of Managing law and order, from districts to state capitals, investigation
work of crime, tackling issues like internal security challenges like terrorism,
naxalism etc.

The IPS is one the three All India Services (along with IAS and Indian Forest
K`'#
The Ministry of Home Affairs is the controlling Ministry for this Service.
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(entry level), Superintendent of Police (SP)/Deputy Commissioner of Police
(DCP) in the Selection Grade, DIG of Police/Joint CP (Selection Grade II),
IG of Police/ Additional Director General of Police/Special Commissioner
of Police, Director General of Police/Commissioner of Police (which is the
highest in-cadre post). The cadre strength of IPS is 4,720.
Besides their posting in various districts, where they are entrusted with
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to various ministries at posts of Deputy Secretaries and above. They
play an important role in various enforcement and intelligence agencies,
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involves interaction with a large section of society at various levels. Like
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the bureaucracy, right from the primary level of the districts to the highest
level in the central ministries. Its promotions are fast and almost at par with
the IAS.
USP ∑ Uniformed service, great prestige attached with it
∑ Public presence and respect
∑ Fast promotions
∑ Good service infrastructure
∑ Opportunity to work in organisations like CBI, IB etc., which prefer the
specialised skill set of the IPS
244

Challenges ∑ Uncertainty of choice of cadre

∑ ;= !
∑ Brush with political establishment
∑ Nature of job and challenges entailed may not be every person’s cup of
tea, especially in light of new threats, like naxalism and terrorism.
General position IPS is usually preferred as the number 2 to number 3 option by the aspirants.
of preference /!'#!
some who do not want to join it at all, show a much lower preference to
avoid it altogether. Some female candidates also prefer it less as compared
to other services like IAS, IRS, IFS.
4. Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Broad nature of Administrative diplomacy in various embassies, consulates and
work international organisations

IFS is the diplomatic service of the Government of India. Appointment as
an IFS renders an aspirant ineligible to appear again in the Civil Services
Examination. The Main objective of the service is to conduct diplomacy and
to manage foreign relations of India vis-à-vis other countries (with nearly
170 countries) and also to manage the wide gamut of international affairs.
The service is headed by the Foreign Secretary of India and falls under the
Ministry of External Affairs.
The hierarchy in the IFS in an embassy is as Third Secretary (entry
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First Secretary, Counsellor-Minister, Deputy Chief of Mission/Deputy
High Commissioner/Deputy Permanent Representative and Ambassador/
High Commissioner/Permanent Representative. At the Ministry of External
Affairs, the hierarchy comprises, Under Secretary, Deputy Secretary,
Director, Joint Secretary, Additional Secretary and Secretary.
The service also provides immense international exposure. The
international postings are usually alternated with postings in New Delhi/other
parts of India. The service offers opportunity to meet new people and work in
different countries and jurisdictions. The promotions are fast and at par with
'" ; /#
#|@cadre strength is approximately 600.
USP ∑ Opportunity to represent India in foreign countries and international
organisations
∑ Great foreign exposure
∑ Fast promotions
Challenges ∑ Spending large part of one’s service tenure abroad especially for those
who have personal stakes in India
∑ Coping with periodic change in country, city of residence, and work
environment

245
General position Candidates usually prefer it as the number 2 to number 4 option. Owing
of preference to a substantial period of foreign postings, many candidates show a lower
preference for this service or avoid it. However, some even prefer it as the
number 1 option.
5. Indian Customs and Central Excise Service IRS (C & CE) or (IC & CES)
Broad nature of Administration of indirect taxes, viz., Central Excise, Customs and
work Service Tax

It is an important central civil service of the country charged with the
administration of indirect taxes. The service is administered by the Central
Board of Excise & Customs (CBEC) which is its apex body (which in turn
falls under Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance).
Its hierarchy is similar to that of the IRS (IT) and it too had undergone a
" ! /!
Excise, Customs and Service Tax. The service is also piloting the GST law. Its
/ #
besides in different central ministries and enforcement agencies on deputation.
The service mans the various borders and airports where it checks smuggling
and other economic offences.
The service offers a variety of exposure, national as well as international,
owing to the diverse nature of work. With the coming up of the GST the
!` !
USP ∑ Stable posting in larger cities and metros
∑ Wide exposure of tax administration at various levels, variety in work
∑ Good infrastructure and manpower
∑ Q
Challenges ∑ Large cadre, slower promotions as compared to IAS, IA&AS, IPS, IFS
∑ Lesser presence in central ministries
General position Candidates usually opt for IC & CES as the number 3 to number 5 option.
of preference
6. Indian Audit and Account Service (IA&AS)
Broad nature of Auditing the accounts of the Union Government, State Governments,
work and various departments and PSU of the Central Government

IA&AS is a very important central civil service entrusted with the task of
auditing of government accounts in the States as well as departments/PSUs of
the Central Government. As a service, it is free from the control of executive
authority and functions independently under the Comptroller and Auditor
General of India, thus playing the role of a watch dog of public funds.
'# ''
General (DAsG), and further promoted as Senior Deputy Accountants
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246

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Sanctioned strength of IA&AS
cadre is approximately 870.
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by Accountants General or Principal Accountants General. The equivalent
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General (DsG). The PDs, DsG, AsG and PAsG report to Additional Deputy
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posted on deputation to various ministries. The postings are usually in the state
capitals (and national capital). The nature of work requires frequent interaction
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with. The promotions are fast and almost at par with the IAS and IPS.
USP ∑ Presence largely in state capitals and metros
∑ Discharge very important function under the Constitution
∑ Presence and exposure to different government departments at the Centre
and in the States
∑ Fast promotions
Challenges ∑ No presence or interaction with general public, like in IAS, IPS and IRS
(IT)
∑ Do not perform executive functions like the other services and work
/`
General position Usually preferred as the number 4 to number 6 option by the aspirants
of preference

Broad nature of Managing transportations in the Indian Railways, viz., operations and
work commercial

The IRTS is a dynamic and challenging service of the Indian Railways,
which also serves as an interface between the public and the otherwise
secluded railway administrative machinery. There are two branches of the
"/#_#@ // #
'@|' //
|" " /
/#_# #
! // /# " !
`##
commercial functioning.
" !
_# ?K# _?K# !
Board (strategic level). At the divisional level, the operating and commercial

247
/ "?@

Manager (Sr. DOM) and Senior Divisional Commercial Manager (Sr.
|KK ' _ # // /
" ? @ | ? @|K
Chief Commercial Manager (CCM)). At the Railway Board level, the
/ |/?"K#!

" "!
challenging as the working hours are long at times arduous and even
unpredictable owing to exigencies of train operations. The commercial side
#!`#! =`
passes etc., are available to all. The sanctioned cadre strength of the service
is around 781.
USP ∑ Challenging and dynamic nature of work
∑ Public interface of the Indian Railways
∑ Good infrastructures, Railway perquisites and passes
Challenges ∑ Postings in smaller cities and town, and frequent transfers, especially in
the initial years of service
∑ '_! //
∑ <
∑ Promotions slower than that compared to IAS, IA & AS, IPS and IRS
General position Usually preferred as the number 5 to number 7 option by the aspirants
of preference
8. Indian Railway Account Service (IRAS)
Broad nature of
!"
work

The IRAS is comparatively a cushy service of Indian Railways whose work
is not directly linked to the operations and thus does not face the uncertainties
and exigencies which other services of Indian Railways face. The IRAS
/!
At entry level they are posted as Assistant Divisional Finance Managers
?';|K;|#;|? K' _#
;' ' @'
Railway Board level the services is headed by the Finance Commissioner
! Q} $/
" / /
proposals, control of expenditure, accounting of earning and expenditure,
and management of budget at various levels of the Indian Railway. Its
cadre strength is 765" QQ
// '
important central ministries, PSUs and other organisations.
248

USP ∑ Good service infrastructure, railways perquisites and passes

∑ # !
∑ " / "
railway services
Challenges ∑ Frequent transfers specially in initial years
∑ Zone allocation which may or may not be a region of choice
General position Usually preferred as the number 5 to number 7 option by the candidates.
of preference
9. Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS)
Broad nature of Management of the personnel in the Indian Railways at the Divisional,
work Zonal and Ministry level

The IRPS manages the personnel department and human resource in the
Ministry, Zones and Divisions in the Railways including the production units and
!` " / %@*
the Railways is to arrange for recruitment/selection and training of main power,
transfer and promotion of the work force, disciplinary actions against railway
/#/}//
At the apex level of the Ministry of Railways, in the Railway Board, the
|/ /// Q}
$/ ' _
/# @ @#!
posted in the major production units/factories of the Indian Railways. Its
cadre strength is approximately 350.
" !` !
work force it needs to manage. This also gives them an expertise in human
resource management, which is valued in other government departments,
/
! `
USP ∑ Good railway infrastructure, man power, perquisites and passes
∑ Exposure to man-management at various levels of government machinery
∑ `
Indian Railways
Challenges ∑ Managing a huge work force is a challenge
∑ '_! /
∑ Frequent transfers particularly in the initial years of service
General position Preferred usually as the number 7 to number 10 option by the candidates.
of preference
10. Indian Civil Account Service (ICAS)
Broad nature of
!
" #

$
work ! $ $
!$ ! %!
estimates etc.

249

The ICAS was created in 1976 for separating the accountancy function from
the audit work of the Central Government (of the IAAS). The service is
entrusted with management of the accountancy functions, which includes,
# /# #
reporting payment and other services in the various ministries of the Central
Government. The service functions under the Controller General of Accounts
(CGA) in the Ministry of Finance, Department of Expenditure. Its cadre
strength is 208.
' '?' @'K#
COA, Addl. COA and COA (Addl. Secretary to the Government of India). The
/ $/
V! " Q//
and accounts, an attribute which helps them to secure other similar posts on
deputation in various ministries and organisations.
USP ∑ Exposure to the working of various ministries
∑ Stability of place of posting usually in Delhi
Challenges ∑ Little public interface as such work is not visible in public domain
∑ Promotion slow particularly at senior administrative grade level
of preference
11. Railway Protection Force Service (RPF)
Broad nature of Protection of Railway property in various divisions, zones and Railway’s
work production units and workshops

The RPF is a uniformed service in the Indian Railways. It is entrusted with
! _
the different production units of Railways. Owing to the vast spread of the
Railway establishments teeming with public and personnel, the work of RPF
is especially challenging.
" ' //# !
a clear line of career progression. They are posted in various division and
production units in the initial years of service. They are also eligible to railway
perquisites (like passes) like their railway counterparts of other services.
USP ∑ Uniformed service
∑ Access to all railway perquisites and passes
Challenges ∑ Frequent transfers specially in the initial years of service
∑ Zone allocation which may or may not be a preferred region
∑ Not involved directly with the core railway operations
of preference
250

12. Indian Defence Account Service

Broad nature of '!

""

work
The IDAS functions under the Defence Accounts Department of the
Government of India. The responsibility entrusted to the IDAS pertains to
// /=# #
weapon systems or its platforms or transfer of technology etc., during domestic
production or in a deal with other countries. Thus, the service is entrusted to
manage one of the largest budget allocations of the Government of India.
The Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA) heads the Indian
Defence Accounts Service and also functions as Internal Financial Adviser
'@
' '
Accounts in different establishments in the three services. Subsequently, they
are promoted as Deputy Controller of Defence Accounts, Joint Controller
Defence Accounts, Additional Controller, Controllers of Defence Accounts,
Principal Controller, Controller General of Defence Accounts , Financial
'#?;K#|
Defence. The cadre strength of IDAS is 660.
The service offers a variety of exposure and substantial responsibilities.
The promotions are fast and at par with other Group ‘A’ services like IAAS
etc.
USP ∑ Manage biggest budget allocation in the government
∑ Enjoy similar perks and privileges as the ‘services’
∑ Promotions faster than many group ‘A’ services
Challenges ∑ Frequent transfers especially in the initial years even to border areas and
small stations
∑ Little public interface
of preference
13. Indian Postal Service
Broad nature of

"
$!!

$
work
!!""
!"

Indian Postal Service (IPoS) falls within the administrative purview of the
Department of Posts within the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology. The service is administered by the Postal Service Board, which
is headed by the Director General of Posts.
The service is entrusted with the administration of the Postal Department. It
/# ; #

251
India has been divided into 22 postal circles. These circles are headed by a
Chief Post Master General (PMG) who manages the functioning of the post
;
also manages the communication needs of the armed forces.
@# ` #
to move on deputation to other ministries and departments of the central
government and the state governments. The cadre strength of IPoS is
approximately 570.
USP ∑ One of the oldest and well established services
∑ Pan India presence from national capital to small cities and villages
∑ Posting largely in state capitals
Challenges ∑ Little public visibility of work
∑ /!
decline
of preference
14. Indian Information Service (IIS)
Broad nature of Dissemination of information on government policies and programmes
work through print, electronic, audio and visual media

As a Group ‘A’ service, the IIS is a later addition (in 1987) to the central civil
services. The work of the service revolves around the publicity of the policies
and programmes of the Government of India and includes administration of the
/>?>K#
units, news service units of AIR, Doordarshan etc. Besides it also deals with
advertising, visual publicity and information dissemination of activities and
government policies through different mass communication media.
" ='
(AD), PIB CAD (Entry level); DD, PIB; Counsellor Director, PIB; Director,
PIB; Deputy Director General, PIB; Additional DG, PIB; and DG, PIB. In
'#XQ 'V!X
'?|K#;@" 'Q
$/@" cadre strength of IIS
is around 570.
/
off late by the successive governments, the work of the service is becoming
increasingly challenging and its role ever expanding.
USP ∑ Play a very important role vis-à-vis government and media management
∑ Stable postings usually in New Delhi and in some state capitals
Challenges ∑ Slow promotions as compared to other Group ‘A’ services
252

General position Usually preferred at the number 10 to number 15 option by the candidates.
of preference
15. Indian P&T Accounts & Finance Service
Broad nature of '!

"
*

work departments

This Group ‘A’ Central Civil Service was started in 1973. Its objective
// /
Telecommunications (which were earlier the sole provider of the
communications needs of the country). Their work includes assessment
and collection of license fee and spectrum usage charges, spectrum auction
/`// /
Telecommunication and Posts.
USP ∑ An important service especially in earlier years where DOT occupied a
pre-eminent position
∑ Posting largely in state capitals
Challenges ∑ / //
and posts, the scope of Department of Telecommunication and Post has
declined and so too has the scope of this service.
of preference
16. Indian Trade Service (ITS)
Broad nature of Formulation and implementation of the Indian Trade policy, and trade
work policy negotiations for India at different fora

ITS is a Group ‘A’ service formed in 1977 for which recruitment by UPSC
was started in 1985. The service functions under the Directorate General
of Foreign Trade (DGFT), which comes within Ministry of Commerce and
Industry.
" "'$;"#$;"#^
DGFT (JAG level), Additional DGFT (SAG Level). Its cadre strength is
approximately 190.
" /!`"//
provisions pertaining to Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act,
Safeguard Measure (Quantitative, Restriction) Rules and also implementation
of the foreign trade policy. This also includes formulation of foreign trade
policy, conducting trade policy negotiations and entering into agreements
with trading partners and multilateral forum like WTO.
"
country, in Department of Commerce, SEZ, Directorate General of Anti-
Dumping, besides on deputation to various ministries.

253
USP ∑ An upcoming service with large scope of work as India’s multilateral

trade is expanding along with the Indian economy.
Challenges ∑ Slower promotions as compared to other Group ‘A’ services
∑ Little public visibility of work
of preference
17. Indian Defence Estates Services (IDES)
Broad nature of Management of the estate of the defence services, including acquisition
work of land etc.

The service functions under the Directorate General of Defence Estates
! |?|@K" !`X
advising the MOD and the three service headquarters pertaining to all
cantonment and land matters.
It also supervises the implementation of the Cantonment Act 2006 and
Rules, and also implementation of government policies pertaining to the
above etc. It also looks after the requirements of land and buildings of the
three services. Its cadre strength is approximately 189.
USP ∑ Manages important function for the three services
∑ Enjoys perquisites and infrastructure associated with the Defence Services
Challenges ∑ Do not perform mainline functions for the three services
∑ ;=q
of preference
18. Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS)
Broad nature of Administration of the Companies Act along with Limited Liability
work Partnership Act. 2008

The ICLS is a Group ‘A’ service which joined the bouquet of the civil services
on offer through the CSE only in 2009. The service is administered by the
Ministry of Corporate Affairs and its work primarily entails implementation of
the Companies Act, the Limited Liability Partnership Act and other allied laws.
" '^
Director/Director of Inspection and Investigation, for conduct of inspection
and investigation under the provisions of the aforesaid Act and laws. They can
be also posted in the Directorates (7 regions in country), or in the O/o Registrar
/ @@= ! <
= |> #
/!>/
;cadre strength is approximately 231.
254

USP ∑ Relatively new service with expanding scope of work on account of

increasing importance of corporate law
Challenges ∑ Little public visibility of its functions
of preference
19. Delhi Andaman Nicobar Civil (DANICS) (Group B)
Broad nature of Administration in Delhi and the union territories
work

DANICS is one of the Group ‘B’ service on offer through the CSE. It is
mainly concerned with the administration of Delhi & other Union Territories.
" ' ?'/#
Delhi) or Sub. Divisional Magistrates. They can also be posted on deputation
in the autonomous bodies like DDA, MCD, NDMC etc., or in different
ministries of the Government of Delhi. After attaining seniority, they get
promotion into Senior Grades (JAG-I and JAG-II/SAG) and get inducted
into IAS (AGMUT Cadre). Its sanctioned cadre strength is 472.
USP ∑ Stable posting mainly in Delhi
∑ ''Z+
Challenges ∑ Group B service, slower promotion by at least four years as compared to
Group ‘A’ services
of preference Although a Group ‘B’ service, candidates prefer it above some Group ‘A’
!`
20. Delhi Andaman Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Police Services (DANIPS) (Group B)
Broad nature of Handling police functions in the Union Territories
work

DANIPS is a Group ‘B’ service recruited through the CSE. The main
responsibility is management of the law and order, and policing functions of
V #
"@/

The cadre has a sanctioned strength of 434. Ministry of Home Affairs,
Government of India, is the cadre controlling authority for DANIPS. They
are regulated by the Government of Delhi on the recommendation of the
respective Governor/Administrator/Lieutenant Governor of that Union
"" /
'V
! /
management of the protection and movements of VIPs.

255
USP ∑ Posting largely based in Delhi

∑ Form the back bone of Delhi Police
∑ Absorption as IPS after 18–20 years
Challenges ∑ Group ‘B’ service
∑ Slow promotion as compared to Group ‘A’ services
of preference Some candidates prefer it above some Group ‘A’ services owing to nature of
job and place of posting.
Chapter 11
Tips from the Toppers

—Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Aspirants often look up to the successful candidates for guidance. After all, they have been there
and done that. Experience of others and particularly of the successful is always a rich and invaluable
source of knowledge. In this long and arduous examination which encompasses reading a myriad of
books and perusing humongous information, where the aspirants are invariably all at sea, the tips
from the toppers serves as a beacon of hope, inspiration and guidance.
This chapter captures comprehensive and candid write ups of the top rankers of CSE 2013. They
have discussed about every possible aspect of the CSE, ranging from the tips for preparation to
books to read, from need for coaching to attributes necessary for emerging successful. The writing
is reproduced in their own words and each has something unique to offer.
Truly, this chapter is worth a book and candidates must heed every word and advice in it.
11.1 Bharti Dixit—AIR 5

!
" 5th rank #$%&'()$ scored 916

!*+
,-

-
scored 262*

().-
/+

,

900+ score +
+
0 * 1 #2-
*

+
3"
4

1!
+
++
1
/+

5+
5++
257
11.1.2 Marks Obtained

Preliminary Examination 241
Main Examination
Subject Marks
Essay (Paper I) 135
General Studies I (Paper II) 066
General Studies II (Paper III) 065
General Studies III (Paper IV) 093
General Studies IV (Paper V) 113
Optional I (Medical Science) (Paper VI) 120
Optional II (Medical Science) (Paper VII) 142
Written Total 734
Personality Test 182
Final Total 916

∑ First of all, I memorised the Mains syllabus. This required exhaustive study. The newly
introduced syllabus is too vast to be covered in depth within a short span of time. Since it
was a new syllabus I did not rely on the material provided by the coaching institutes rather
I preferred primary sources. So I went through Government websites, Government
of India reports, Approach paper for 12th Plan, IInd ARC report, Economic Survey,
newspapers and magazines, etc. I also listened to AIR spotlight, current affairs,
interview programmes, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha TV programmes.
∑ For General Studies paper I did extensively-focused preparation of important and
selected topics. My method was to learn something of everything (such as topics which

and everything of something (most important topics
and the topics which I like and have an interest). In Mains examination, questions are in
the nature of discuss, comment, critically examine, evaluate, elucidate, justify, etc., so
analysing the issues and developing opinions for them is a must. Once prepared I started
writing practice because civil services examination demands crisp and concise answers. I
used to regularly practice writing in examination simulated conditions with a stopwatch

∑ My Optional subject was medical science. My in-depth study of medical science during
graduation gave me an edge as it saved a lot of time for coaching and learning so that I
could spend more time on General Studies. It also helped me during the interview stage as
questions from graduation are an inevitable part of one’s interview.
258 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
∑ For essay, I used to practice one essay writing per week on current and conventional topics.

and not haphazard. Frequent writing gives you an ability to organise your ideas. It is
extremely important to do a lot of reading apart from conventional reading, as it is from
them that you get the resources to enrich and enhance the quality of your writing. Using

extra edge over the rest.
∑ My advice for aspirants is to recognise their strengths and weaknesses. Thereafter they
should build upon their strengths and work upon their weaknesses. They should devise their
own strategy rather than blindly following what others say. Studying with full devotion and
dedication will give the desired result. Quality of study matters more than the number of
hours one puts in.

!"

(a) : B. D. Chaurasia
(b) :1 : Harrison, Davidson
(c)
: O. P. Ghai
(d) : Neena Khanna
(e) :$: Love and Bailey
(f) I & II year books: Across Books
11.2 Sakshi Sahni—AIR 6
#

$
$
" 6th rank # $
&'() ! $ scored a
commendable 217 (79%) in the interview- + -
-!

+

+*/+
, 1
-
-
$ + 20$;<
0-* -
-

$ +
= >
$ # ?$ (& @ $;= ?$ (' @
$ -
#A " B " + 0- 20$; * &'('A
&'(& *

+
+ +
-

"

#$%&'() ++

1! -

/+C-4
5+
5++
259
Subjects Marks
Essay (Paper I) 080
Optional I (law) (Paper VI) 124
Optional II (law) (Paper VII) 139
Written Total 695
Final Total 912
#

$
When we are beginning our preparation for the Civil Services Examination, initially it is not
advisable to study separately for Preliminary (Prelims) or Main examination (Mains). At this
beginning stage it is important to clear your fundamentals and study for both the papers together.
It is only as the examination approaches that the study should become more focused towards the
! "
recommended reading and strategy into three phases. One year of preparation prior to the ‘Main’

"#
# %
!

1. Clear your fundamentals from books NCERT of Classes 6–12 (Science upto Class 10).
2. Learn to read the newspaper properly. Subscribe to three national newspapers (I read 5
* and 5 " %!+
) and one business paper (I read the

$ ).
(a) Read the newspapers keeping in mind the Mains syllabus (this is because the Mains
syllabus at some level is much wider than the Prelims syllabus and many things will be
found in common between the Prelims and the Mains syllabus).
(b) Keep separate notebooks for the newspaper on all the subjects, e.g., science and
technology, polity and governance, social issues, foreign affairs and foreign policy,
culture, etc.
(c) Take notes from the newspaper. First read the relevant article and highlight its key
words. Then having understood the article, reduce it to writing it in your own words.
260 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
(d) Always research a little on the background of relevant news article and imagine
what questions you could ask yourself from the view point of the Mains syllabus.
Always include this background in your notes, e.g., on the issue of WTO and India’s
food subsidy, which was in news, following points need to be known.
I. What is WTO, how is it different from IMF? (i.e., about the organisation-Paper II)
II. Whether WTO needs to change keeping in mind needs of developing countries?
(Paper II)
!!! $ !%'*+!!#!!!
etc.
/

(e) Keep a glossary page in each notebook for each topic covered — usually this will
contain relevant keywords, e.g., in 2013, the CBI was referred to as a “caged parrot”
by the Supreme Court — this will go into glossary page in CBI topic in your polity and
governance notebook. This will help in revision as well as the essay paper.
(f) Always try to analyse the news story on your own. Do not try to mug up something
suggested by the newspaper — think about it. That is why it is important to get a
perspective from at least two newspapers.
/ " ; <
your fundamentals. Slowly, the time you spend on the newspaper will automatically
reduce.
3. Develop interest — it is a long journey so to keep it interesting — watching documentaries,
or reading books on relevant topics will be helpful.
4. Watch Rajya Sabha TV and Lok Sabha TV whenever you are free.
5. D, is a crucial magazine especially at the Mains stage.
#&

! $
' (
Take a number of Practice Tests=

negative marking and time management.
I. General Studies Paper I
1. Reading the NCERT books and preparing the base foundation through newspapers will help
you cover most of the Prelims syllabus. Do continue the same. But over and above that the
following will aid your preparation.
2. Decide which are going to be your basic books and revise them thoroughly. Other than
NCERT books the following books are helpful.
(a) ELaxmikanth, D. D. Basu
5+
5++
261
(b) *
- Bipan Chandra
(c) %
- Datt & Sundharam
(d) $F5 - Ashok Kumar Singh + G. S. Manual + howstuffworks.com
(e) :+ - Goh Cheng Leong
(f) # – Ausaaf Sayeed
3. Keep an eye on the website — pib.nic.in, which gives summaries of the daily activities of the
government.
4. Websites such as mrunal.org; insightsonindia.com, are also useful.
5. My advice is to revise weekly.
II. General Studies Paper II

Practice, practice and more practice, that is the key to success.
1. Reading newspaper properly will ensure proper reading comprehension skills;
2. 1
- R. S. Aggarwal for competitive examination;
3. 0- R. S. Aggarwal; and
4.
1 - no special book, just tests.
#)

!
' (
1. Newspapers, Rajya Sabha TV, D,, and Website of PIB (pib.nic.in) as suggested above.
2. Additional books suggested for reading are (over and above prelims books) -
(a) 6 *
- Norman Lowe + NCERT questions.
(b) : - Laxmikanth
(c) %
- Uma Kapila
(d) " *
- " 4
$" + "
" +
(e) ";
- World Focus
(f) %
- G. Subba Rao and P. N. Roy Chowdhary
Whatever you write should be from your heart. Books can only help to substantiate. This can
also be looked at as a personality test of sorts. Also when you read history or even current
affairs do give a thought to the dilemmas faced by decision makers and try to imagine what
you would do in their place.
(g) Essay - Practice writing regularly
262 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
It is essential to practice answer writing daily. I was able to do it through a website called
insightsonindia.com.
It is also essential to revise regularly, ideally on a weekly basis. Revision should never be kept
aside for the end as there is usually no time.
#* +

!%
, -
<

Book by Sri Madhukar Bhagat (Civil Services Interview: How to Excel) is really helpful in
giving an insight into the personality test.
J X
*;/X

hobbies. Do not make up hobbies or things that you consider will please the interview board.
2. Post Mains take a look at the DAF and try to formulate as many questions as possible
from it. Send it to peers and parents to get as diverse a perspective as possible. Try to answer
these questions yourself and do it as honestly as possible.
3. Continue reading the newspapers and watching Rajya Sabha TV. Continue to analyse
current events yourself and discuss them with others. The point is to have a balanced
mindset and to be able to weigh the pros and cons. Discussing them aloud with friends

Y ! "

(but don’t be aggressive). Watch your posture, don’t slouch. Answering questions before a
mirror really helps.
5. Finally on the day of the interview don’t think too much about what Board you will get,
etc. Read that day’s newspaper. Relax and breathe. When called in, you go in like an

" #Z "
<

#/ !0!
!340$
1. It is always good to take breaks and not count the hours of study. Studying qualitatively
ensures greater retention for longer periods.
2. I kept myself physically active throughout the preparation and used to exercise regularly.
This was really helpful in ensuring that I stayed optimistic and both physically and mentally
=
[ = \J]]^ <

control external circumstances so there is no point in worrying yourself with ifs and buts. Try
to steer clear of speculation.
5+
5++
263
#5 3-

∑ 0-5
: Bangia
∑ "0-: S. K. Kapoor (very repetitive) or Starke (if there is enough time, specially
basics such as Treaty, Custom, etc.)
∑ #
0-: M. P. Jain or V. N. Shukla
∑ #0-: Avtar Singh
∑ "#`\#+
∑ A. K. Jain, ‘Dukkis’ (guide books) strictly for revision purposes for all subjects; add to it
small Acts, for Sale of Goods, Partnership, Arbitration, IPR, etc.
11.3 Roman Saini—AIR 18

;$
18th rank#$%&'()!6

G

-

+ &&-

1$ ""1$;

+

G 5
# 0 *

+
+
!+
++*
-

# 3
6
At the outset I would like to share with the aspirants that, I run a Facebook page www.facebook.
#
! !
*
=!

= !%
<=

{/
;

"
#

$40$
If you would have asked me some four years ago that what is UPSC, I could not even tell you its
full form, forget about anything else. I was horribly poor in English and studying social sciences or

Z !"
studying diverse subjects

this examination, one of the toughest in the world. The stiffness of competition in any examination
is determined by success ratio. In 2014, one million candidates applied. In CSE 2013 IAS, was
allotted only till 92nd rank in the general category. So, the odds of getting into the top 100 is
less than 1 in 10,000, i.e., <0.01%, making UPSC, CSE one of the most competitive examination
264 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
on this planet. Competition is on the rise also because many more candidates from professional
backgrounds (engineers, doctors, MBAs, etc.) are desiring to become civil servants as the civil
services offer diverse challenges, authority and opportunity of touching millions of life, besides
prestige.
Becoming a civil servant was never
! {+~$#
CSE examination only in the 4th semester of MBBS course. At that time I realised that the basic

" !

<
"
such as lack of awareness, medication, diagnostic facilities, drinking water, sanitation and above
! touching

of lives at one go is possible only by becoming an IAS.
I was sleeping when the UPSC CSE 2013 results were announced on 12 June 2014 at 3.00 pm
as I was tired after my work (in Psychiatry department of AIIMS). I got to know from my friends
*J[J]] <! " "
just begun, it humbled me.
$+
(a) PRELIMINARY TEST (2013)

!

GS Paper I 100 72 125.34
GS Paper II 80 75 183.33
Total 309
I am happy to say that I was able to score one of the highest marks, although I was just 21
years old (when I gave the Prelims). This is not to brag but just to emphasise that age is
just a number and what is needed is hard work, proper guidance and strategy.
(b) CS MAINS (2013)
English and Hindi Compulsory Paper: Passed (Obviously)
GS 1: 97
GS II: 61
GS III: 108
GS IV: 98
Essay: 145
Written Medical Science I: 109
Medical Science II: 112
Total []#J]
5+
5++
265
This is the fourth highest written score in CSE 2013 Main Examination. It clearly busts

"
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doing graduation, while working, or at the age of 22–23.
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They are below average marks and I believe there is an element of subjectivity in both the
interview and the essay paper, but no complains.
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! do not fall prey to these myths.
Myth 1: You need to dream to be an IAS
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you to stay focused.
Myth 2: Preparation is possible only by staying in Delhi
It is a myth which has been perpetuated by coaching institutes. Though staying in Delhi certainly

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Myth 3: You need an IQ of 220!
Most of the toppers I know have only an above average IQ. Thus, hard work is what separates
wheat from chaff in this examination.
Myth 4: You need to study for 25 hours per day
We toppers are very much from Earth and are not aliens. We need our sleep for 7–9 hours per day.
~

Myth 5: Goodbye social life
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groups (if you go to my page, I provide lot of worthy content).
Myth 6: Bad English/Obscure College/Financially Poor, I can’t make it!
It is good that you have acknowledged your English is poor. Improve it. College and background
does not matter much in the interview and before that you are just known by your roll number.
Finances are not that much needed since lots of material is available online and joining coaching is
not absolutely essential.
Myth 7: It’s all luck
Luck plays a big role and no one denies it. But luck shows random distribution and all of us have
equal chance to be lucky. On top of that, hard work is the only variable that can actually create

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266 6 786 78*-78
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Myth 8: You need 200 books and 400 days of study

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2400 hours (400*6) and considering you can read, understand, analyse, retain and reproduce the
content worth four pages per hour, it gives us time available for reading 9,600 pages. Considering
you revise it three times it gives us only 3,200 pages worth of content over the entire duration of
preparation. So you have to be extremely choosy while you buy any book in the market.
*

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Just remember this quote that if you are not living on the edge, then you are taking too much space.
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These are the rituals I followed meticulously for two years and they helped me and I am optimistic
that they will help you as well in your preparation.
∑ If you have any classes, attend all of them without fail.
∑ Do self study for 6 – 8 hours per day on a long-term basis.
∑ Revise daily whatever you read as it helps in consolidation of memory and effective recall.
∑ Have a dedicated leisure hour per day which is completely stress and anxiety free just to
unwind yourself, especially after a hard day’s labour.
∑ Keep going out to bare minimum so that you have lots of time left for studies.
∑ Put good food in your body, exercise for half an hour per day such as walking, yoga,
meditation, etc.
∑ Do not drink and smoke as it hampers memory formation and performance in other areas.
∑ Sleep for 7 – 8 hours per day.
∑ Strategy is to read as much as you can from the same source and revise it again and again.
5 6-
7+
Never read a book from page to page. Directly jump to index and mark important pages which
you are going to read and then just read them only. Do not try to memorise anything. Keep reading
again and again from the same source and you will be able to remember stuff. Just focus on
keywords, key phrases and key topics, no need to study trash.
8 7+ 3
[
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∑ NCERTs Class 6 – 10 — Read all the books on humanities and science and whichever is
relevant for General Studies. These are freely available at www.ncert.nic.in. Read new books only.
5+
5++
267
∑ : NCERT Class 12, last four chapters

∑ #
: NCERT Class 12, Volume 2, last two chapters
∑ %:+ *
: NCERT Class 11 and 12
∑ " : Laxmikanth 4th edition
∑ *
1 " : Spectrum
∑ " % by Sanjiv Verma, mruanl.org, clearias.com, $%1, 5
%$
∑ Art and Culture: No separate book. Cover from NCERTs and CCRT website, my videos
∑ Science and Technology: NCERT books, Thursday edition of 5 * for Science and
Technology, mrunal.org
∑ :+ : G. C. Leong (at least Part 1)
∑ Current Affairs: 5 * D, Vajiram current affairs modules
∑ Environment and Ecology: Shankar IAS book, NCERTs, mrunal.org, my videos
∑ For Prelims only: CSAT Paper 2 : McGraw Hill manual as one stop solution
∑ Solve previous year question paper at www.upsc.gov.in
"$

∑ 0! by Chronicle Publication for ethics, solve as much questions as you can especially
case studies. Do not take a very high ground or you might come across as idealist which
will be a hindrance in day-to-day work, but show zero tolerance to corruption and never

∑ World History: Watch videos at Unacademy, Norman Lowe (From 1911 onwards) and L.
Mukherjee
∑ ~

<=
∑ International Relations notes of Mr. Ravindran of Vajiram Classes, prssindia.org for draft
legislation and bill passed
# 990 :0"

∑ For any abstract topic, do read on Wikipedia or simply Google it.
∑ Do not forget to read about the compulsory papers although they do not contribute to the
rankings, yet they are extremely crucial because 8 –10% people fail in them and their copies
are not evaluated.
268 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
∑ For compulsory English paper, read English by Unique Publication.

∑ For Modern Indian Language, I took Hindi, so do read Hindi by Unique Publication.
90 %

, -
Read book by Sri Madhukar Bhagat: Civil Services Interview: How to Excel

Do join a test series,* % < "
best preparation. Take the test as if you are appearing for UPSC preliminary CSE. Start revising at
least three days before the test. Always keep a balance between class and test preparation.
& ;

If you are attending any classes, do attend all of them. Sit far away from anyone you know personally.
Listen to the teacher diligently. Make note of every single keyword they are dictating. Revise
the class for half an hour on a daily basis.
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Self study for at least six hours per day is necessary. Make your own goals depending upon your
talent, knowledge base, potential and learning speed. Try to achieve at least 70% of that goal. Study
whenever, wherever and however you can whether with notes, textbooks, desktop, laptop, tablet,
capsule; only thing that matters is the content. Do revise again and again from the same book. It is
advisable to read 10 times from a single book, rather than reading 10 books a single time.
* 7+
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" + , " : , " D (read summary only), 1D,
" 4
$" + , etc. Also avoid doubling of books for same subject such as D.
D. Basu, Subhash Kashyap, etc., as only Laxmikanth is needed for polity.
11.3.18 Distractions
Avoid heeding to the advice of the so called well-wishers who always try to demoralise you and
pull you down. Do not be bogged down by sheer size of the syllabus or number of candidates that
apply for the examination.
In fact, from time to time, I also got stressed, anxious and depressed (SAD) because it is a
perfectly normal thing to be SAD being in such a high pressure situation. Certain level of anxiety
is rather appreciable as it helps in delivering peak performance.
5+
5++
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11.4 Sheetla Patle—AIR 22

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understand the requirements of UPSC. Besides going through past years’ question papers
which would enable to gauge one’s own depth in water, it would also help in preparing a
strategic study schedule.
∑ NCERT books of almost all the subjects, (barring some like Graphic Design) should be
the starting point to build a good foundation. Although this helps mainly for Paper I of the
Prelims, but sometimes the knowledge can come in handy for Paper II also.
∑ ~ #
+should be read daily. In general
one newspaper such as 5 * should be enough, but just to keep oneself non-biased and to
get an idea about otherwise opinions, another newspaper such as the " %!+
could be

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∑ The newspaper and clear understanding of the syllabus would give an idea about what to
look extra on the internet. It is better to make notes of these searches. Further the searches
should be done from authentic websites which are regularly updated.
∑ Most books are common between Prelims and Mains. "

+
Given below is a list of
books that can be used apart from the NCERT.

!
∑ History – Bipan Chandra’s, " 4
$" +
∑ +

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Laxmikanth or B. K. Sharma (I had B. K. Sharma)
270 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
∑ Economics – Datt and Sundharam’s " % (some chapters), many people prefer
Uma Kapila. The best is to have one book, remaining topics should be prepared from
newspaper, Economic Survey, websites of RBI, IMF, World Bank and any other institution
that is in news.
∑ Culture – Spectrum, IGNOU notes
∑ Science and Technology – Science Reporter, newspapers, websites of ISRO, DRDO, NASA,
CERN, etc., depending on what is in the news should be used
∑ International Relations – Newspaper should be enough, but website of Ministry of Foreign
Affairs could also be visited every two months, World Focus of some months depending on
the topic.
∑ Geography – G. C. Leong’s #
*:+
∑ Environment and Ecology – Annual report of Ministry of Environment, India related and
important global matters from IPCC report, biennial forest report of India, COP meetings
and various protocols related to environment should be prepared on.
∑ Current – Newspaper should be enough, but one monthly magazine could be taken for quick
review (for me it was # !<"
∑ CSAT – R. S. Agrawal (Quantitative aptitude + Verbal and Non-verbal Reasoning), Abhijeet
Guha (Quantitative Aptitude). Most of the CSAT should be prepared by practicing a lot on
the test papers by creating an exam like environment in the room.
∑ Government magazines such as D, and =
should be bought on a monthly
=

paper of GS and agriculture and irrigation part of the third Paper of GS. They are useful for
Prelims mostly for knowing government plans and their analysis. Finally the budget and
important points of the railway budget should also be looked into.

!

If one has prepared well for the Prelims for the General Studies, then the preparation for Mains
" =
you already know. The time given to answer each question is precariously small. Hence the content
should directly attack the question, wasting words on frivolous introduction is dangerous. One
must understand what the question is asking – to elaborate, to criticize, to give reasons, etc. All of
these end words would need different kind of answers. The four paragraph strategy of having an

is good, but it doesn’t always work in the examination condition and for all types of questions,
hence one should not be bound by this strategy.
For General Studies all of the books used during the Prelims will be used in Mains also.
Additionally, according to the course some more books will be needed.
5+
5++
271
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9
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∑ History – Bipin Chandra’s " " + , old NCERT focusing on world history;
∑ Sociology – NCERT, D,, =
;
∑ Defense – !<Z"!

∑ Paper IV – Chronicle’s compiled booklet for paper four material + little understanding
of philosophies of thinkers such as Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi,
Plato, Aristotle, etc. This can be done using the internet. Some IGNOU material is also
available on the eGyankosh website.
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For Mains preparation it is necessary to write a lot. $

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compulsorily required. First read, then make a probable question, then write using the read
knowledge. One can compile the written answers and then check them after a week, and then
rewrite the same answer to see the progress made.
* ! "

Do not choose a subject depending on how much it is going to help in the General Studies papers.
This is the most commonly made mistake. If you look at GS course carefully, almost all the

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understanding of the subject matter, while the Optional needs much more deep understanding and
hence there is less freedom of throwing comparisons and suggestions as you wish.
Subject should be chosen based on your ability to learn and understanding of the subject.
You should be able to study it with interest for long term, and you should be able to write good
answers in that subject in your chosen medium of writing. People are getting selected with different
subjects, hence it is not the subject, but you, who makes the marking high or low. If you have less
time, then an Optional with smaller syllabus could be looked into, e.g., Philosophy, Hindi Literature,

Z

+
very clear conceptual understanding and Hindi Literature would require ability to write simple yet

/

subjects. If you like technical subjects with dryness, then Geography, Economics, etc., are good,
while people who can write really well in art subjects could go for Public Administration, Politics,
Sociology, etc.
< educational background might play very important role in your Optional choice.
Having a solid background in the Optional keeps you ahead of those aspirants who take the subject
just for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
Once you have chosen the Optional subject, work for basic conceptual clarity, comparative
study, applicability, dynamic changes, and its trans-disciplinary impact. Have small number of
272 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
books covering the syllabus, read them a number of times, but try not to cram them. The
write as much as you can. While writing, pay attention that
your writing should be legible, there should not be many grammatical and spelling mistakes. Use
$

end up becoming maze of information. Do not force too much data; data should only be in support
of arguments given. The answer could be supported with diagrams and charts if there is enough
time. Don’t repeat examples in the same paper and try not to have monotonous structure for all
the answers. Do not be over critical about government policies, or the Indian system or the Indian
way of doing things. If possible try to end the conclusion on positive note. Do not cross the word
limit, as you would not fetch marks for the extra words only your valuable time would be wasted
<
/ $
The paper on essay can have a variety of topics, so the best way is to go through a good book to get
an idea about how a good essay should be and not by relying on guide books or coaching institutes.
Most of the essay preparation has to be done solely by oneself. As such draw out topics from
relevant issues in the newspaper. Initially write small essays on these topics then go for writing
longer ones. Try to look at the topic holistically, including the historical, the legal, the economic, the

=

essay. Depending on the topic, your language could be somber, serious or even humorous. Giving
a good presentation and structure to the essay is necessary. Don’t make the essay too technical or
full of data. It would make it very boring to read. Engage the reader by either quotations, or small
stories-anecdotes. The starting should be catchy. The ending should sum up the essay, but it should
either end in an optimistic, futuristic outlook, or could even raise newer questions. The aim is to
keep the paper checker engaged.
5

!%
, -
∑ = =
step is to take few days to rejuvenate after the Mains, but the gap should not be too long.
∑ The preparation starts with deep analysis of one’s bio-data. Make as many questions from
bio-data as possible. Write ideal and interesting answers to the question, which are honest
and practice speaking them. The answers should be two-to-three minutes long.
∑ While speaking it is possible that we produce unnecessary sounds, pause for too long, think
out loud, the sentences take a long break, or get repeated, the already said information comes
back into the answer, the speed of speech is too fast or for few moments too slow or we
even become blank altogether. These are all possible. It is best to record your answers and
to listen to them. Then analyse your own mistakes and work upon them. Try to answer the
same question again and again and notice whether there is improvement. The answers could
also be practiced in front of a mirror.
5+
5++
273
∑ Before interview increase personal social interactions. Discuss about the topics in news with
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you, so that you can see how you react to intentional prodding. It is not good to become too
argumentative and aggressive, but it is also not right to give in and buckle down easily even
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your stand, the answers and behavior have to be cordial and humble.
∑ Ask your family and friends to come up with questions based on your bio-data and make
collection of such questions and their answers.
∑ <

Rather it becomes even deeper because not only you have to read the newspaper but you

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deep understanding of the current topics related to international relations, society, economics,
politics, bureaucracy, environment, laws, etc. Prepare question and answers regarding these
topics. Develop an honest opinion of your own, base it on solid reasoning and practice
speaking them. Remember that our constitution and law have to be always upheld, and hence
your answer should be never disrespectful towards them.
∑ Give 4–5 mock interviews that are well spread in terms of time. Less number of mocks would
not give you enough practice and more number of mocks may confuse you as there might
be too many suggestions. While taking the suggestions, it is necessary to remember not to
be over-critical about oneself.
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want to ruin it by excessive criticism. Generally the condition in the UPSC interview room
is little different from the mock interviews.
∑ Z

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and death of people, you would just come across as insensitive and not as charming or

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can really happen in the interview room, especially because of all the tension. The key thing
to remember is that you are at your best in your most natural form.
∑ Don’t lie; don’t try to be over smart. Remember that the Board members are meeting
many people like us on a daily basis. They know an honest behaviour from a dishonest one.
∑ Keep eye contact, while answering look at the other members. This would make them feel
included. But the large chunk of the answer should be given looking at the member who has
asked the question.
∑ If you don’t know the answer, own it up with a smile.
∑ Finally once you are told that your interview is over, ease out of the chair without
making much noise, thank the members, wish them good day and walk out with grace
optimistically.
274 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
8
,
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motivated candidates are able to keep optimistically preparing throughout the long phase.
The examination is tough not because the content to learn is tough, but because there is too much
to learn. There is always paucity of time and the competition is from a very diverse group of people
varying in experience, knowledge, goals, opinions, expertise, age and everything else. There can

"
All three phases of this examination require a different methodology to prepare. The Prelims is
more memory based, while Mains is more about analysis and expression. The interview is about
<

"

<
My story is that I got 22nd rank in my third attempt. I gave interview in both the previous
attempts also, but both the times I failed to make the list. The third time was full of self-doubt, over
criticism, over analysis and moments of misery – what if the third time would be a repetition of the
previous two? Why can I clear all the steps, but not the last hurdle?
Z !

" =
compared to moments of positive thoughts when I imagined myself being a very good civil servant,
when I imagined myself training in Mussoorie, going to schools on Independence Day to furl the
tricolor, when I imagined the happy faces of my parents as they heard the good news from me. In those
moments I was full of energy. Whenever I was having self-doubts, I recalled these images in my mind
and realised how silly I was to judge myself based on two small failures. Failure strengthens your

So failures should be channelised to boost your own

!
!

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?! !$
Philosophy as an Optional is concise in terms of the size of the syllabus, but the small syllabus
requires a lot of conceptual clarity. So this Optional should be taken when one’s mental aptitude
matches the clarity of thought needed to understand the subject. Philosophy demands willingness
to open one’s mind to sometimes obscure and intangible issues.
This is not to discourage anyone from taking the Optional, as it is a good scoring Optional. Once
understood clearly it really takes only a small time to be revised. It is fairly good in terms of the
number of competitors taking the Optional which is not many. Further there is little chance that one
can go drastically wrong with this Optional.
# 7+
! !$
Philosophy is divided into two parts for this examination. Paper one deals with Indian and
western Philosophy, including contemporary western philosophy. The second paper is divided into
Sociopolitical Philosophy and Religious Philosophy. The recommended books for philosophy are:
5+
5++
275
"
+ - B. K. Lal + Datta and Chatterjee
6

+ <"
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+ A<"
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+ - IGNOU notes
The rest of the parts should also be covered with IGNOU notes too. If one is still not feeling

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prepared without taking any coaching as long as notes are available.
6-
@
; -
Paper I - Whenever reading Philosophy, compare the Philosophers and their thoughts across
the stream. Indian Philosophies could be compared with western ones also. Similarities and
dissimilarities should be noted, and while writing answers, they could be used to give a broad
based outlook of the question asked. This part requires a lot of conceptual clarity, so comparisons
should be done but not just for the sake of comparing, it should be done because the respective
philosophies allow it.
Second point to notice is that which part of the particular philosophy is more important for the
philosopher himself. The question from that philosophy will cover the most focused points of the
philosophy generally. For example, if the question is from Charvaka, there is more chances of focus being
on epistemology than on metaphysics, unless there is comparison with other Metaphysical philosophies.
Lately there has been much emphasis on contemporary western Philosophy, but that is one
portion students tend to be less prepared for. This is so as it is little tough to understand. However,
it is necessary that no part be left unprepared.
! # =
simple but incorporate philosophical terms. External examples should be avoided.
Paper II - This paper allows more freedom for usage of normal language, external examples
from our general awareness can be quoted. Further, there is a better chance of comparisons and
suggestion making. This part of philosophy Optional is easy. This takes almost one fourth the time
which Paper I would take.
The sociopolitical part could be written as a general awareness (from G. S). However, philosophies
from Paper I can be drawn out here to beautify the answer, or to emphasise a stance. Religious
philosophy is probably the easiest of it all. It does not require any special type of preparation except
for a lot of writing practice, which in general is the need for the whole examination.
So I would summarise it by saying — less material, more conceptual clarity, open minded
approach, and lots of writing practice.
11.5 Prabhav Joshi—AIR 23
&

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23rd rank #$%&'()!He attributes his top rank to his
fabulous marks in interview {204: 74.2 % } and essay.
276 6 786 78*-78
-
9

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+
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+

-

+

+

-++O++
++-

-

- ++ *

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+
++

Subjects Marks
Essay (Paper I) 125
Optional I (Psychology) (Paper VI) 118
Optional II (Psychology) (Paper VII) 131
Written Total 671
Final Total 875
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attempt I had written on the topic of working women. We had a chapter on gender psychology in
my Optional and my mother and every other relative is a working woman, so I believed I had good
content for this topic and I thought I wrote well. But even then, I ended up getting mediocre marks.
On the other hand, in the second attempt I wrote a pretty ordinary piece according to my own
"!

how to explain this. However, here are some salient points which might be of help to you.
∑ I do not have a great command over English. I can write grammatically correct plain English
< ~"
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∑ =

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∑ I did not prepare on any topics in advance.
5+
5++
277
∑ ! <
= "
quotable quotes from stuff you come across while preparing.
∑ # \ =
#
"#
∑ Coaching for essay is not really useful. I joined Ramaswamy and his inputs were not very
helpful. The only good thing was that unlike other coaching institutes which give a lot of
: and conduct only a couple of tests, he conducted 7 to 8 tests. So luckily for me I was
able to utilise the introduction of one of the essays, which I had written in the test, as it is in
my Mains.
∑ Introduction is the most important part. Spend at least 15–20 minutes thinking about
it. Another 15–20 minutes should be devoted to conclusion which should be equally
powerful.
∑ In the main body, organisation of thoughts is the most crucial thing. The essay should
" =

∑ Length of the essay should be moderate. It should be neither too long or nor too short. I do
not remember how many pages I wrote but I devoted two hours for writing and one hour
for brainstorming the content, organising it and thinking of innovative introduction and a

J]]J]]
∑ Next time there might be two essays so manage time and word limit accordingly.
∑ Essay remains a poor cousin of other subjects when it comes to preparation. Please do not

"! !
that too I showed to only one person who praised it a lot. As such I did not feel the need to
write more and hence could not improve. & #
∑ <
"
∑ Please do not have any preconceived notions that a particular type of topic fetches more
marks. The only criteria for selection should be availability of content.
∑ !
#
commensurate with the efforts made.
Structure of the essay

1. First paragraph: This should make an impact. Try writing something very catchy which
invites the reader to read what lies ahead.
2. Next paragraph: ;
e.g., this year I wrote on “Science and Technology is
the panacea for the growth and security of the Nation”. I explained that what is science,
technology, growth, etc. I remember mentioning growth is just not GDP rise but includes
social dimensions as well.
278 6 786 78*-78
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9

#$
3. Third paragraph: What follows—major issues to be covered. Tell the reader what lies ahead.
4. Main body: This should include the sum and substance of what you want to say.
5. Pre conclusion summary: Try to recapitulate all the points that have been stated earlier.
6. Optimistic conclusion` \ #

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picture.
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Pros of psychology as an Optional

J +

!

this Optional interesting without fail. I think
/+
+

/+ because when you are passionate about something you
will enjoy the whole process.
=
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not be any fear of getting butchered because it is no more a mass Optional such as Public
Administration and Geography.
3. Direct application of lot of concepts of Paper 1 in Paper 2 reduces the amount of mugging
required.
4. Techniques learnt while reading topics such as memory, intelligence, motivation, etc., can be
applied in your UPSC preparation.
5. From stress management to effective parenting, the subject has a lot to offer for implementation
in everyday life too. Even In case you do not succeed, you would have learnt something

Cons of psychology
1. There is dearth of material in certain topics, especially in Paper 2.
2. The syllabus is a bit lengthy with 28 chapters.
3. Scoring in Paper 2 is little subjective and unpredictable.
&& 0 B
0$

Paper 1: NCERTs (Class 11 and 12 ), Baron, Ciccarelli, Mr. Mukul Pathak’s notes, Morgan and
King (selected topics), lot of internet research.
For statistics: People read A.K. Singh, Aron, Aron & Coups (I could not refer to these).
Paper 2: NCERTs (Class 11 and 12 ) Smarak Swain, %+ ++
, Mr.
Mukul Pathak’s class notes and printed material + lot of internet research.
5+
5++
279
Some useful websites (for reference in selected topics, if time permits):

1. IGNOU material on egyankosh
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#
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@
; -
1. Citing case studies/experiments/examples/newspaper reports/drawing diagram adds a
lot of value to the answer — specially in Paper 2. Quote as many as case studies you can.
No need to remember the researcher’s name but the crux of the study should be written.
2. Form a group of 3–4 students and get your answers peer reviewed. This is, especially, needed
for Paper 2.
[

&* +

1. Ensure that you have a good command over Paper 1. The concepts of Paper 1 are
foundations of Paper 2.
2. Beware of chapters on statistics. They have become UPSC’s favourite and require extra
efforts.
3. Certain topics are being asked repeatedly: working memory, intrinsic motivation, etc.,

4. Issues in modern psychology, statistics, personality, attitude values and interests are some
important chapters.
&/ + #

1. Root your answers in theory. Please do not write what you feel instead write the psychological

# + J ~

~
because you feel they are correct.
2. Try giving Indian examples wherever possible, e.g., in the topic of impact of TV on children,
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$, will
have an added impact.
3. Prepare a standard format for answering questions involving attitude and behaviour
change. Use principles of operant conditioning, modelling, social psychology, persuasive
communication, etc., in the framework.
280 6 786 78*-78
-
9

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4. While attempting the Paper I advise that one better skip questions from the dicey chapters
such as community psychology and instead answer ones from the topics which have

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arouse community consciousness”, I would prefer answering questions from the therapeutic
approaches chapter. But needless to say, cover every nook and corner of the syllabus.
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2. Based on detailed notes, make skeletal notes (very very brief ones containing keywords
only) for all topics for faster and effective revision.
3. Effective revision is must. Segregate material into last minute revision (LMR) and non
LMR, e.g., personality theory by Alfred Addler needs to be revised just before the examination,
but not the behavioural aspects correlated with Nach.
4. Make a list of all the technical words you encounter, e.g., Flynn effect, autokinetic effect,
etc., and use them in your answers.
5. Make a list of cases study/experiments. Topic wise whenever you read any topic. As a

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6. Solve all previous questions.;
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in Paper 2.
7. Do look up one or two articles on the net for even seemingly mundane topics such as use and
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enrich your content.
8. One of the very important things which we must follow while writing answers is our ability
to interlink Paper 1 and Paper 2. For this you must remember the syllabus completely. Read
the syllabus every day for 5 minutes.
Every year, UPSC is now asking questions worth 20–30 marks which no one on earth can answer.
For example, the question on language production in 2013 Paper 1. Now while preparing, don’t
worry about how to answer such questions. Don’t start digging the net to cover such topics or every

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11.6 Rishav Gupta—AIR 37
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217 out of 275 (almost 80%) is one of the highest in the country.*
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Subject Marks
Essay 78
General Studies I (Paper I) 71
General Studies II (Paper II) 52
General Studies III (Paper III) 88
General Studies IV (Paper IV) 89
Physics Paper I 145
Physics Paper II 121
Written Total 644
Final Total 861
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In the preliminary examination, for indicating the choice amongst the options provided, one has to
shade in the answer sheet, one amongst the four bubbles (circle) provided for each question.
!

bubbles:
(a) Circling after each attempted question: This method ensures accuracy in marking but
wastes a lot of time. Time is precious in the 2nd Paper (CSAT).
(b) Allotting last 10 minutes for circling: This method ensures little time wastage. But the last
J]
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mental situation can lead to poor accuracy in marking of bubbles. And if you are marking
continuously and unfortunately miss a question, the whole answer sheet gets corrupted.
=

I have a nice technique that I have been following since the days of AIEEE and JEE. It is
based on binary algorithm.
∑ Just divide the available time in two halves and mark the bubbles after the end of 1st half.
∑ Thus, in the two hour paper, after the one hour, mark the bubbles of the attempted
questions. At this point you experience low level of anxiety (as one hour is still available
to you) and this ensures avoidance of silly mistakes.
282 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
∑ Now attempt the remaining questions and mark the bubbles after half an hour, i.e., 1½
hour after starting of the examination.
∑ Following this pattern mark the bubbles after 1 hour 45 minutes.
∑ After this third marking of bubbles, you can switch to marking of bubble side by side
with the attempt.
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(a) Limit your resource material

Keep your resource limited to whatever you can revise before the examination. Please do not
go for humongous books. Also do not subscribe to multiple magazines or for that matter multiple
newspapers.
Read only those resources that you may be able to revise at the end (say last one month). In order
to revise a year’s material in last one month, make compressed notes.
(b) Prepare mind maps
In order to facilitate quick revision just before the examination, I made my notes in the format of
mind maps. Mind Mapping is a great learning tool which helps to store information in our minds in
a non-linear fashion facilitating easy retrieval. While depending upon linkages of different topics,
it enhances retention. It’s a tool worth exploring.
(c) Make best use of the examination time
There is nothing more frustrating that the feeling when you come out of examination hall and
realise that you knew answers to some 20 marks worth questions but could not attempt due to
paucity of time. More than writing speed, it is about alertness during those three hours. Always be
on your toes. There is not a single second to be wasted on some lazy stretch or yawn. Forget going
to the loo. One cannot afford to be complacent during the examination.
(d) To the point answers
There is a cliché advisory that everyone issues, “Write what is asked, not what you know”. We hear
it umpteen times yet many of us fail to follow this golden rule. I myself have made this mistake of
not following this advisory in 2012 civils main examinations. Always keep this advice at the back
of your mind before attempting any question. Writing stuff that is not asked is not only, not
going to fetch you any marks but shall also waste the precious time that could be invested in
other answers. If you know less, write less: no issues, but never go for redundant stuff.
(e) Practice writing answers
Practicing writing the answers is a must. Make a peer group of around two to four people and
write answers on a daily basis. Cross-check each other’s answers and make suitable amends. Do
not wait for the day when you will have enough content in order to write answers. Believe me, such
a day would never come.
Also, taking “test series” can prove helpful if you are indifferent to marks (marks in the tests
tend to shift the focus from the aim of test series). Be more interested in taking the tests.
5+
5++
283
(f) FM radio
I would like to suggest the aspirants to subscribe to RSS Feeds of All India Radio and listen to
“News and Spotlight”, a 15 minute discussion on a current issue daily. Preferably make notes of
the same.
(g) Explore online resources
There are many good resources available online such as, Mrunal, Halfmantr, D, Magazine,
Rajya Sabha TV, MEA, Jagran Josh, Okkal, Centre for Policy Research, PRS, GK Today, egyankosh,
pib, idsa, etc.
But the problem with online resources is that they are often repetitive and tend to waste a lot of
time. Therefore, my advice would be to go to these sites with some particular aim in mind, i.e., look

. For example, if you want to make notes of disaster management then look for

# "

site. They should not be browsed and looked for what’s the new content that they have.
(h) Preparing notes from newspapers
Preferably prepare notes from newspapers topic wise and not date wise. Also revise these notes
once a month so that you know what topics you have already covered. It helps in reducing the
redundancy of notes and the placement of new points at appropriate places.
(i) Reading Magazine
If you are making newspaper notes very holistically then there is lesser reading requirement of a
magazine. But in case you tend to be lazy (like me) then at least one magazine is essential, specially
to cover the issues which you might have missed in the newspapers. I went for 63 . It’s a good
magazine especially for bilateral and international issues.
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(a) D, and =
are indispensable for clearing this exam.
As per me =
is not very important and D,should be read only if time permits,
especially selected topics. It can be left without much loss, considering the new pattern of
examination.
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syllabus which is taught from VI to XII.
(c) " D and 1D should be known cover to cover.
They can be left altogether if the relevant topics are covered effectively from other
sources.
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284 6 786 78*-78
-
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#$
Since the past few years, the exam has become quite analytic and mugging up of strange
facts (chronological order of least important later Mughals) and who’s who (heads of UN
bodies) is no longer required.
(e) Minimum three newspapers are required to be read on daily basis.

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should be read especially in the last two for months before the interview.
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My sincere request to every serious aspirant is to choose one’s Optional carefully. Please do not

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or Geography or for that matter Physics, does not make that subject suitable for you. Before selecting
an Optional please ascertain whether you have interest and basic aptitude for the subject.
Give a cursory reading to a few Optionals before deciding yours. I, myself, gave a try to Political
Science (10 days reading), Sociology (I had done a Sociology course at IITD), and Electrical
Engineering (my Graduation subject) before settling for Physics and Geography in 2012 attempt
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problems for hours without feeling bored.
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The following books are referred to by me apart from the coaching notes (of DIAS Jia Sara Delhi)
1
LD. S. Mathur, J. C. Upadhyay, DIAS notes
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LAjoy Ghatak, B. S. Aggarwal
5
LGarg Bansal Ghosh
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LH. C. Verma
1LRajkumar Banwell
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LPuri and Babbar
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(a) Practice last years’ questions

One thing which is a must for scoring well in Physics Optional is practice. I solved:
∑ Last 20 years IAS papers;
∑ Last 10 years IFS papers; and
∑ Behind the chapter questions of all the books that I have mentioned above.
5+
5++
285
(b) Remember what you read

There is a major difference in IIT-JEE and UPSC examination. In the former, we do not need to
memorise much, once we have understood the basics. But in the latter case, there should be no

+
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pages long. All the steps (substitutions, normalisations, calculus) in such derivations should be
remembered by heart. In many cases, there is no alternative to memorisation.
Therefore, my serious advice to all the Physics guys preparing for Civil Services is to know your
notes by heart<

"! "
(c) Revision is a must
There is no use of covering a book if you cannot revise it in the last month before the examination.
Believe me, there is a lot to cover in the last month. So the preferable thing to do is to make your
notes in such a manner that in the end you need not cover anything else. So I would like to give three
`
∑ Always use a spiral binded notebook to make notes so that there is an option of adding in
more pages afterwards.
∑ After each lecture (if your are take coaching) leave three to four pages blank. In these pages,
you can add important stuff from books including some theory or explanatory diagram or
*!
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start adding more pages in between.
(d) Attempt maximum number of questions
Again this is not JEE where one gets 100% marks for correct attempt. Even for a correct answer,
UPSC awards 50% to 70% of the total marks allotted to a question, the variation is all about
answer-writing.
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So my advice is always to attempt full paper in physics, if time permits. Even if you have some
idea, answer it rationally and try to keep the attempt maximum. If your attempt itself is less, you
are automatically likely to score less and are likely to be out of the race.
(e) Practise writing answers
As I mentioned above, even for a correct answer, marks vary from 50% to 70%. As such quality of
answers does matter. A few additions that can make an answer better are:
∑ Related diagrams;
∑ A real life example of the concept in nature;
∑ An actual application of the concept in today’s world; and
∑ *

286 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
(f) Last day revision

As per the latest pattern, the number of holidays before Physics examination have been reduced
from ~10 (in the old scheme) to NIL. Therefore, it makes a lot of sense to make small summary
sheets (~5–6 pages) for each unit to revise in half an hour just before the examination day.
11.7 Nima Arora—AIR 50
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854 marks #$%&'()!
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Subject Marks
Essay (Paper I) 130
Optional I (Public Admn.) (Paper VI) 110
Optional II (Public Admn.) (Paper VII) 086
Written Total 648
Final Total 854
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A civil servant is expected to take good decisions which take into consideration the aspirations of

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is the attitude one needs to imbibe before preparing for the personality test.

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of the Detailed Application Form (DAF). One needs to be extra cautious and truthful while jotting
5+
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we answer the questions taken directly from the DAF.
To be frank, I started serious preparation only after the declaration of the Main examination
result. I read the newspapers religiously and tried forming unbiased views on controversial issues.
This further helped me in answering opinion based case studies in a logical manner. Every day
I used to prepare two to three questions from my DAF. I took help from my friends and mentors
who randomly asked me questions from the details mentioned. Thus, I was able to prepare more
than 100 questions in this manner. Having Public Administration as my Optional and a subject
in M.A., I re-read the practical concepts of the same along with the important articles of the
Constitution. I would advise everyone to be well versed with Polity before appearing for the
personality test (PT).
It is not the knowledge but our attitude that matters the most in this last stage. Further, our
communication skills are very important at this stage which includes both verbal and non-verbal
communication. We should be expressive and have decent communication skills. This can be

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and family members in the same language as you may opt for the Interview. Sometimes, it is hard
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conversation. This can be avoided by speaking slowly (taking pauses in between). Be calm and
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Last but not the least, be a good listener, as an effective communication is a two-way process.
Coming to the non-verbal gestures, our thinking should be positive and we should carry a smile on
our face throughout the interview excluding those moments when serious issues are discussed. Try
and avoid criticism of any kind associated with the government of the day.
+
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jittery when our turn comes. In fact, all it needs is to be your own self. If you are genuine and have

!
am not a good speaker, yet, I was given an above average score. I believe my sincerity helped me
sail through.
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Name: Nima Arora

Education background: B.Tech + M.A. (Public Administration)
Hobbies and interest: Teaching underprivileged children, Playing badminton
Board: Mr. Vinay Mittal
I was second to go in the afternoon session. There were four members in the Board including
one lady member. The questions asked in the interview were almost all originating or related to
the information given in the detailed application form (DAF) or were prompted by my subsequent
answers. Board was very cordial and it was a comfortable session.
288 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
ChairmanLWhy did you shift from engineering discipline in B. Tech to Public Administration
in P.G?
I replied that it was in the fourth year of my engineering that I decided to go for the Civil Services
Examination and decided to choose public administration as an Optional. Therefore, I also took
it as a post-graduation subject. I was then asked if it was it a planned decision? I replied in

Chairman: What is public administration?
!
"

=
was followed by more questions on community involvement, constitutional mandate regarding
community models (PRIs and ULBs), and how to make it effective. In my reply I included ICT,

=

involved in various works and schemes. Next set of questions were based on teaching and my
volunteering in Bal Sahyog.
Chairman: Do you still teach and to whom?
I replied that I continued to teach and gave a satisfactory reply.
Member 1: How to improve health facilities in urban area say Delhi and the sewage treatment?
I replied to this question satisfactorily. However, on the issue of how Polio is spread instead of
saying through faecal matter I said foetus, then I corrected myself.
Member 1: What is the difference between IPV and OPV?
I replied to this question. This was followed by a few more which I don’t recollect fully but I
answered them, satisfactorily.
Member 2 (lady): You talked of sustainable development. What is it?
I replied that there is a difference between need and greed. I gave example of air conditioners we
use and how the energy can be saved then I was asked if I could give any other example from
Delhi? But I could not think of any. I said I can recall SEWA model from Gujarat and explained the
self-help groups and people participation.
Member 2: But there are many loopholes in that model, are you aware of that?
I replied that I am not aware.
Member 3: Questioned on Lokpal, CBI, CVC.
I did not give appropriate answers to his questions. I said CVC heads CBI and that was wrong. I
was then asked questions on Badminton and lack of sports culture in our country. I answered these,

Member 4: You talked about people being happy and content, can you name the country which
focuses on happiness index? What can India learn from it?
I replied that the country is Bhutan. I also spoke about environmental protection, added Kerala
Model and how tree plantation per person a day is important for future sustainability.
I was then asked about the Delhi Nirbhaya case and present situation and how as the head of
police in district I would have handled it? I talked about raising a women force.
5+
5++
289
Member 4: Do you know the state where women police are more?
I replied that I do not know and that I guess it is Tamil Nadu. Another member added Kerala too. I
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ChairmanLYou talked about RWAs (Resident Welfare Association) in the Bhagidari model but
you see people are less concerned to get involved and we blame the authorities. Can you suggest
me a way to solve the problem?
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a resident should do as an aware citizen (and I further discussed about it)
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Regarding my Optional subject - public administration, my coaching at Vajiram was of great
help. The class notes that I prepared were useful for my M.A. as well. Added to it, I read IGNOU
subject material which further broadened my understanding. The following books I referred
selectively:
1. Mohit Bhatacharya (Paper 1)
2. Prasad and Prasad—
5
(Paper 1)
3. Arora and Goyal (Paper 2)
4. ARC II Reports (Paper 2)
5. D, Monthly Magazine (Paper 2)
6. Super 50 by Shubra Saxena (Both Paper 1 and 2)
I would suggest everyone to read limited books but practice writing answers expressively.
11.8 Manish Bansal—AIR 53
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854 marks !
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290 6 786 78*-78
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(a) Main Examination

Subjects Marks
Essay (Paper I) 091
Optional I (Physics) (Paper VI) 130
Optional II (Physics) (Paper VII) 128
Written Total 656
Final Total 854
(b) Preliminary Examination
Paper I 133.34
Paper II 194.18
Total 328
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(a) Choice of Optional

Choosing the right Optional is the battle half won in civil services examination. Although the

current pattern of examination as the weightage of the Optional subject is only 25% of the total
" "

the marks secured in the General Studies amongst the candidates may not be substantial. Public
Administration and Geography have been favourite Optional subjects in the recent past. But they
have apparently not been doing very well. The reason may be that almost 50% of the candidates
appearing in Mains opt for these two subjects and hence the competition is immense. And UPSC
is no longer accepting same clichéd answers picked up from class notes of the famous coaching
institutions. They are asking very innovative questions which are currently relevant and expect
good answers. So one must not choose any subject just because it seems easy or a lot of people
are opting for it. Subject must be chosen based on personal interest, familiarity and aptitude.
One must always carefully study the syllabus and look into the previous years’ question papers of

"

/

material is available for the subject chosen.
5+
5++
291
(b) Physics as an Optional subject

! +

Physics is a promising option and being a science subject, one can very easily correlate the
attempt in this paper with the marks obtained. Anyone with science or engineering background
can consider taking it. However, one must be cautious about two things. One, is that the questions
"

understanding of the subject. Secondly, since this subject involves a lot of derivations and
formulae, #
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. If

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badly despite best preparation. In the current pattern Mains examination is conducted in a period

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moment revision swiftly.
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examination for a professor or a scientist. UPSC wants to test how good an administrator one can
be from the way he or she writes the answers. So while being good in this subject is important,
it is not the whole part of the story. Equally important is performance during those three hours
for each paper in terms of quality, speed, choice of questions and presentation. Only arriving at
numerical results may not fetch good marks as in physics, writing all the relevant theory for each
question asked is a must. At the same time one must not write unnecessary things to showcase
knowledge as it may irritate the examiner. Usually examiners are highly experienced professors
from reputed universities and they look for quality in answer as they know it and not some

X

*
/
if some particular phenomenon is being talked about, then explaining the underlying physics in
words is important than just writing simple mathematical solution. Diagrams, where possible,
must be neatly drawn.
(c) Making notes
Making notes in one’s own handwriting is a very good way to learn physics. During the whole
preparation of physics one has to go through a number of sources such as coaching material,
books, internet, etc. These sources cannot be picked up every time one sits for revision and

can be quickly glanced at whenever possible. These notes also become important in current
scenario when there may not be much gap available for reason during the back to back mains
examination.
(d) Practice
Solving all the questions of last 20 years of physics papers, is the best and a must way to practice.
One can try writing answers as in exam like conditions. Apart from that the last few years IFS
(forest) exam papers can be solved if time allows.
(e) Book List
∑ Apart from referring to notes of DIAS (Coaching by Mr. Vajpeyi), I also referred to the
following books.
292 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
Paper 1:
(i) Mechanics
∑ The book by J. C. Upadhayay can be kept as reference book in general. It is good to
give a thorough reading to this book (relevant topics). Central Force Motion, Angular
Momentum, Rutherford Scattering, Rigid Body Mechanics and STR are covered well.
∑ " 1
– Kleppner-Kolenkow is another very good book that

= ~=

from this book.
∑ D. C. Mathur is good for solving practice questions and for mechanics of continuous
media.
(ii) Optics
∑ The book on /+
by Ajoy Ghatak is the Bible for this topic. It is a large book and one

* " ¡

something or the other on every topic of this bit.
∑ However, optics is one topic where there is a lot of scope to write theory. Sometimes
only theory based questions may also be asked. These questions have been dealt very
nicely in a small book on /+
by B. S. Agarwal. I think it is a must to compliment the
preparation with B. S. Aggarwal.
(iii) Electricity and Magnetism
∑ =

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derivations and lots of mathematics involved. But " %
by
;\ "

Magnetostatics. The book is one of the smoothest one may come across.
∑ ¢ \ " % 5 F
%
by Satya Prakash is more relevant. It extensively covers almost all
topics of this chapter (except RLC circuits and Blackbody radiation) and has very good
solved problems that often are asked in exam.
∑ For current electricity (RLC circuits) I did not do much (though I think I should not
have ignored it so much as many questions were asked this year) as I have Electrical
Engineering background.
∑ Topics of black body radiation overlap with Thermal Physics and hence can be covered
in books by Garg, Bansal, Ghosh, or even H. C. Verma’s 91
or Sears
and Salinger.
(iv) Thermal and Statistical Physics
∑ I covered this topic mostly from coaching notes and then supplemented it with a book
by P. K. Chakrabarty. But this book is usually not considered the best source and I have
heard that Garg, Bansal, Ghosh and Satya Prakash are better books.
5+
5++
293
∑ For statistical physics theory part, I did Sears and Salinger.

∑ For Bose Einstein condensate derivation and Helium Lambda curve, one can search
! "
Paper 2: Resnick and Eisberg

"
=
I believe is a very scoring paper and is mostly theoretical in nature and hence making notes for
this paper is even more important. In this paper one should try to write as much relevant theory as
possible in every answer along with diagrams.
1. Quantum Mechanics
∑ Stick to H. C. Verma’s 9

(new edition) for this chapter and do it from
cover to cover including all the solved and unsolved problems.
∑ This book does not cover the following topics very well: proof of uncertainty principle
and proof that minimum uncertainty occurs in Gaussian packet; Hydrogen atom full
derivation, angular momentum derivation by solving differential equation. Uncertainty
principle part can be searched on net and * atom and angular momentum are well
covered in Resnick Eisberg.
2. Atomic and Molecular Physics
∑

by Raj Kumar
∑ 1

by Banwell McCash
∑ Reference book: Resnick Eisberg
3. Nuclear Physics
∑ This bit contains many small but important topics and should be covered well as almost
all topics are asked with equal probability.
∑ I did this part from varied sources. S. B. Patel is a good book to start with. But for theory
part the book by Resnick Eisberg has to be read (relevant chapters only) word by word.
∑ I also referred to Brilliant Tutorial notes and notes of Sh. Abhijeet Agarwal (AIR 24,
CSE 2009) (which can be found on his blog) for a sense of completion.
4. Solid State and Electronics
∑ Usually candidates do not cover this topic well because it is very complex in nature and
not more than 30 marks compulsory will be asked from here.
∑ Z

∑ One can refer to either S. O. Pillai (relevant chapter) or Puri and Babbar (full book)
for topics such as superconductivity, crystal lattice, band theory, magnetic and thermal

*
=+

about semiconductors and npn, pnp transistors and opamps. I recommend Puri and
Babbar because it is small and less frightening.
294 6 786 78*-78
-
9

#$
∑ Logic gates, Karnaugh maps, Boolean algebra is also a very easy topic and can be

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not leave this).
∑
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spending the time on.
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Interview is the last and the most crucial step in the long process of Civil Services Examination.
=

as rank secured. While interview does have an element of subjectivity due to various factors like
on-the-spot performance of the candidate, the board allotted, and the relative performance of
other candidates in the board on the same day, yet there is a lot that the candidate can do during
preparation for doing well in interview.
Amidst all this subjectivity of interview, one often wonders what exactly the UPSC board looks
for during an interview. I chanced to interact with my professors in IIT Delhi, who have been
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in the candidate. They may try taking stress interview or even a very casual one. But it is the
alacrity with which questions are answered that matters. While knowledge forms the basis of

it is not the knowledge per-se which is being evaluated, but the thought

# !
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%
The answers have to be comprehensive wherever required, but still to the point. The panel
consists of very well read persons having immense experience. It is not possible to befool them, so
"
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may also be cross checking the answers on internet simultaneously. It is not possible to answer each
and every question of the board, and one can humbly say “I do not know”. But at the same time,
one is expected to have something to say on opinion based questions. Also, if the exact answer is
not known but some relevant thought comes to the mind, one can take permission to express that
thought. It will in fact make the interview more of a conversation than a question answer session,
which in my opinion is how an interview should be. One should avoid being over smart, but try to
be smart with a good presence of mind, for which one has to maintain a cool mind. The tone should
be friendly and cheerful but respectful at the same time.
The preparation for interview is a gradual process. #

of various ideas, thoughts, values and actions that a candidate has imbibed or experienced
during her or his lifetime.

bring them to the fore while subduing the negative and undesirable traits. This attitude building
inherently starts from the day one starts to prepare for Civil Services Examination. However, a
more conscious preparation can be done right from the day one writes the Main examination.
Before appearing for interview, one must be very sure of her or his driving force for joining civil
services. So one must introspect and sincerely ask herself or himself the questions such as: Why

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this examination? What do you want to do as a civil servant? What is your vision for India? What
are the biggest problems being faced by India? How can you contribute to solve them? What are
the qualities of a good administrator? The answers to these questions should be well thought of and
rehearsed, but should come naturally from your heart and not from memory. This process will boost

In the recent few years, it has been seen that while a good personality is very important, sound
knowledge about one’s own background is also being considered very important. Interview usually
revolves around the hobbies one has mentioned in the detailed application form (DAF) for main
examination. DAF is the candidate’s bio-data and it is from here the board will try to know about
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must be thoroughly aware of everything related to what has been written in the form. This majorly
includes the hobbies, any particular activity or sports, home state and home town, etc. Repeatedly
in various public speeches, members of UPSC have stressed upon the importance of graduation
subjects of candidate. UPSC interview board is unforgiving if the candidate does not know the

#

Here are some other checkpoints that one can use to prepare holistically for interview.
∑ Start right after the Main examination. Continue with reading newspapers. Identify some

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∑ Interact with people.= #

studies. But after Mains, one must try meeting new people and interact with them. This

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gained subconsciously from such interactions is of great importance. One may join a part
time job, or even some good NGO, or may teach somewhere.
∑ Watch news debates, good speeches on internet. Try to form opinion on whatever you hear
or read or think.
∑ Take a notebook (or a computer) and start making questions related to you DAF, right
from the importance of your birth date or information about your state, town (economy,
social issues, culture, important events, etc.) to the hobbies and activities mentioned in the
form. Think of what questions may be asked immediately after looking at your form and
;
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them and pondering upon them so as to internalise them. Take help from friends and family.
∑ Revise your graduation subjects and Optional (basics), their current relevance, recent
developments, etc.
∑ Make a list of various issues of importance such as women rights, democracy, corruption,
human rights, terrorism, technology, Naxalism, LGBT rights, death penalty, neighbourhood
relations, environment, disaster management, riots, FDI, economy, reservation, media, social
media, health, education, etc., and form balanced opinions on these.
∑ If you are working somewhere, then be prepared about questions on your current place

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. If you are not working anywhere, then be prepared on why you are
not working.
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∑ If you are from professional colleges such as IIT, IIM, AIIMS, etc., then be prepared on
questions like
∑ Why are you not taking up engineering as your career?
∑ Why not private sector, it pays well?
∑ Why did you take engineering?
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∑ Why not join some NGO to serve the society? (If you work in some NGO already.)
∑ Why not join politics?
∑ If your hobby is say singing or painting, why don’t you pursue singing or painting as a career?
∑ Questions related to political interference in civil services or some other ethical situations.
To conclude, I would say that it is up to the candidate how she steers her interview. While the
Preliminary examination is like an ODI match in cricket and the Main examination like the Test
Cricket, Interview is like a 20:20 match. Whatever may be the question, the candidate is expected
to demonstrate her best skills to the board in those 30 minutes. One has to market her skills and not
wait for the relevant questions, though this is the tricky part as one must also not sound desperate.
It is a skill which may be inherent in some and others may have to work to develop it.
11.9 Swadha Dev—AIR 66
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Subject Marks
General Studies I 74
General Studies II 65
General Studies III 85
General Studies IV 113
Essay 125
Optional 1 80
Optional 2 142
Written Test 684
Interview 171
Final Total 855
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My basic learning during the course of preparation has been much beyond books and so, at the
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are the topmost things, one should keep in mind while preparing for CSE
(a) Do not follow anyone’s strategy blindly – devise your own strategy and capitalise on your
strength. For example, if aptitude is your forte – use CSAT to cruise through Prelims and
ditto for General Studies.
(b) *

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each topic. This way, information is not only registered in your memory but is also easier to
recall. This is especially important for Civil Services Mains Exam (CSM).
(c) Writing practice is a MUST!!

If you are comfortable with it practice harder, because CSM is unlike any other examination
you wrote.
5

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∑ Prelims GS Paper I to a certain extent is a recall test and also a factual examination. That
means you need to cram a lot of information – but do not need to memorise it by heart
*
∑ It is essential to follow newspaper diligently and make notes. Whatever questions come
(even those which appear to be from traditional areas and NCERT books) are also related to
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found this more useful than following magazines. Try to follow two newspapers (I followed
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∑ CSAT requires practice and practice alone. Also, no matter what your background, try to
maximise your score in CSAT since it is more predictable than GS Paper I. Practicing CSAT

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∑ Typically, 2–3 months are enough to prepare for the Prelims.
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∑ Select your Optional carefully. Usually, people are comfortable with their graduation

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available for different Optionals and see if you enjoy reading it for one week at a stretch.
∑ Choosing something that contributes to your GS prep such as Economics, Law, Public
Administration, Geography, etc., is a bonus but neither an absolute necessity nor a guarantee
for success.
Also, it is essential to maximise your score in Optional papers, for the same reason as
CSAT— its more predictable than General Studies.
∑ The GS syllabus for Mains is extremely detailed, wide, and current affair-oriented. I will
again recommend sitting with the syllabus and marking against each topic – a basic source,
plus a contemporary supplement for it.
Usually, NCERT is your basic source and you can supplement it with coaching notes,
online journals and article or with other books.
∑ I, personally, found that writing practice is of utmost importance for the Mains. Particularly
practice for those questions which you do not know – this will come handy in the real
examination because it will prepare you to tackle unknown questions.
∑ Ethics is a new paper and most aspirants are worried about the approach. I, personally, did
not study at all for Ethics. I believe it is, really, a test of your own character and probably
– to a certain degree – of how well can you express it. Ensuing use of examples from your
life, public life or contemporary cases is an excellent way to approach ethics questions. Also,
using Indian philosophical thought and mythological examples (since it was a personal area
of interest) helped me, I think. Case studies in ethics paper must be approached in a solution
centric way but not as to over simplify or generalise solutions. Try to make several scenarios
out of it.
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It is a test of your personality.
∑ Fill your DAF carefully for that is your claim to the Board and you are going to have to
justify it well.
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∑ Please don’t go with any preconceived notions about the members or the Board. They are
cordial and helpful.
∑ Be positive. Do not be hesitant or apologetic of your choices in life. Remember, if you are
convinced yourself then only you can convince anyone.
∑ <" %
So do not get worried about failing to answer a few.
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Geography - NCERT (classes VI to XII) + G. C. Leong
History - Spectrum (for Prelims) + Bipin Chandra (" 4
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History ($#3–NCERT, Class 9 and 10)
Economics - Sri Ram’s notes + NCERT (Class 11and 12)
Politics - Laxmikant + Bare act (optional) + prsindia.org + /#

6 (NCERT)
Art and Culture - NCERT
Science and Technology - NCERT (till Class 10th) + Newspaper + Internet sources
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of India.
This list is neither exhaustive nor absolutely mandatory. This is merely what I followed for some
areas. But I think, any serious aspirant, three to four months into preparation (which is the time
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I do hope my guidance is fruitful for some of the young aspirants. Wish you all good luck, for
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Essay (Paper I) 160
Optional I (Hindi Literature) (Paper VI) 166
Optional II (Hindi Literature) (Paper VII) 147
Written Total 851
Final Total 1001
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Preparation for the Civil Services Examination (CSE) requires a certain level of maturity and
adopting a holistic approach. Some students are able to achieve this at an early age of 22–23
while some are only able to achieve it very late. It all depends on one’s upbringing, education and
experience.
In the present examination scenario, the CSE questions have become very dynamic and
innovative, as such aspirants are also required to develop some skills and qualities in themselves.
These are:
1. Integrated approach
2. Balanced view
3. Respecting others’ views
4. Open-mindedness
5. Creativity
6. Writing skills and a reasonable command over language
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9. Well-structured thought process

10. General reading habit
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I have keen interest in three areas which are language, literature, culture and philosophy. Right

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life changing principles. These were:-
1. Nishkam Karma Yoga (detached action), from :
2. Anekantvad (non-absoluteness), from Jainism
3. Madhyam Marga (middle path), from Buddhism
These three great principles help us not only in our everyday life but also in our CSE preparation.
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it can be handled well if we keep in mind the following:
1. Remain calm and stress-free on and before this one day examination.
In this, Nishkam Karmyoga helps a lot. When you focus only on your action and do not
get attached to the result, you do have a psychological edge over the other candidates.
2. Handling negative marking is the key to cracking the Prelims. There is no substitute for
practice while preparing for this phase of Civil Services Examination. Please do take help
of various test papers.
3. For qualifying this phase, a candidate must be a keen learner. * #
awareness pays a lot. When we make our area of study diverse and comprehensive and are
able to connect the various segments of General Studies with one another, then we get an
edge over others.
4. Always be ready to learn even from the unorthodox sources. For example, while travelling in
a metro or on roads, do not ignore government advertisements like on education, health and
taxes etc. Likewise, we must be familiar with AIR, PIB, India portal and other Government
media.
8) !

The most important phase of this examination is the Main examination. It is truly the key to achieving

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to suggest some techniques for the Mains also.
302 6 786 78*-78
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1. Respecting others’ views: When we are open minded and respect and appreciate others’
views also then the chances of improving the quality of our own answers rise for sure. This
approach is relevant for all of the Mains papers including GS IV (Ethics) and essay.
2. Integrated and comprehensive approach: Remaining dependent only on text books and
coaching notes will not help. One’s approach must be comprehensive and multi-dimensional.
"
3. Writing skills and command over language: After 2013, the Main examination pattern
has changed. Question papers are less traditional and more dynamic. Merely following
text books does not pay much and the importance of writing skills and command over
language has drastically risen. I have found this trait to be common among most of the
toppers. Invariably, they have a very good command over the language which they opted as
their medium of examination and they have excellent writing skills too.
I would also like to add here that if you opt for Hindi or any other Indian language then
please make sure that you have a good command over that particular language and you
are able to write well in that language without making grammatical errors.
4. General reading habit: In this age of information revolution and media, our general
reading habit other than text books has fallen drastically. If one wants to score extraordinary
marks, then one must expand his/her area of reading, to books of general interest and
magazines. Some of the good magazines are, 5 ; 4

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comprehensive and interesting particularly in the papers on Ethics and essay.
5. Essay and Ethics are the game changers: When you analyse the Mains’ mark sheets, you
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person. In the Essay, one can get as little as 50 marks while someone may even secure more
than 150 marks (out of 250 marks). Fortunately, I got 160 marks in the essay paper which
is probably the highest score. This makes a huge difference. The same is true about the GS
IV paper. Some candidates only manage to get up to 60–70 marks while some score even
110–120 marks out of 250. It is very clear that if you want to get a good rank, you will have
to pay due importance to both of these papers. Unfortunately, candidates ignore these papers.
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to practice more and more for essay and case studies for GS-IV.
For Essay, I would suggest some points again:

=

paragraphs.
iii. The range, of content in an essay must be wide and comprehensive. Various aspects such
as historical, social, economic, cultural, geographical, philosophical and political must be
discussed during the development of the essay. Different perspectives of the topic must also
be discussed before conclusion.
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iv. The introduction should make an impact and offer a vision and should be contained in one
or two paragraphs. The essay must end with a clear conclusion.
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Finally, I would like to share some tips for the Interview:
i. You are what you are. So, do not try to become like others. Be natural and remain calm.
ii. Never bluff. Do not try to befool the board at any cost.
iii. Listen to the board with patience. Start answering only after they conclude their question.
iv. Try to follow the principle of middle path and respect others’ views.
v. Be humble and be a keen learner, this creates a positive impression about you being receptive.
8/ 6 B% 30

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I have felt on many occasions, that candidates who prepare with the medium of Hindi or opt
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following suggestions to them.
i. Please

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hesitation.
ii. Try to improve writing skills. X

required.
iii. Linguists and psychologists say that studying in your own language makes you understand
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an edge over others. Perhaps this is the reason got, I got 851 marks in the Mains which is the
third highest score in CSE 2014.
iv. Please avoid grammatical errors in your language.

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radio discussions and websites which are in English.
85 9
At the end, I want to share some general tips relevant for the entire preparation schedule and also
important in life:
i. Have
in yourself.
ii. Never, Never, Never give up.
304 6 786 78*-78
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iii. If possible, try to gain employability before entering into this long preparation process.
This way you may join a respectable employment in case of failure in the Civil Services
Examination. This also helps in remaining a pressure-free person during the preparation.
<
So do not ignore them. I would also advise to remain in touch with those persons who have

v. Try to retain in your memory the things which you have studied and revise them regularly.
“It is better to read one book ten times than to read ten books for one time.”
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Chapter 12
Preparing for the Essay
“All that we are is the result of what we have thought.

The mind is everything. What we think we become.”
—Gautam Buddha
An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject. It can be in nature of a composition, a

thesis, a dissertation, an assignment or even a treatise depending upon the purpose for which it is
being written. From the perspective of the CSE, the essay is a composition of a 1,000–1,200 words
where the aspirants are expected to express their views, argument or evaluate a topic or an issue, in
a structured, coherent and logical manner.
12.1 Pattern of the Examination

With effect from the CS (Main) 2014 examination, the pattern of the essay test has undergone a
change. The candidates now have to write two essays from two different sections (Section A and
Section B) of the paper in either English or Hindi language. In each of these sections there are four

and both within a time span of three hours. Earlier the candidate had to write a single essay of 2,500
words in the same time duration. The total marks for both the essays is 250 (i.e., 125 each).
12.2 Significance of the Essay

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(Mains) and carries substantial marks (increased from 200 to 250 since CSE 2013). Being the very
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allotted to this paper, (nearly 14.3 per cent of the entire marks of the Mains) is equal to each of the
two Optional papers as well as to each of the four papers of the General Studies. The maximum
marks scored by the toppers in the General Studies is around 30–35 per cent and in the Optional
papers it is roughly 50 per cent. However, in the essay paper, marks of 50 per cent and above (i.e.,
125 plus score) is not uncommon. Thus, the marks of the essay buoy the overall marks scored
by the candidate in the CS (Main). Further, unlike the GS papers, the marks scored in the essay
show a larger variation even among the other toppers and among the successful candidates. At
times even for the same candidate there is a substantial variation in the essay marks between one
attempt and the other.
This implies that scoring or not scoring well in this paper can make a real difference in qualifying
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difference of 40–50 marks can easily occur in the marks scored in the essay, depending on the
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getting a service offer (in the General category) is not more than 140–150, the difference of 40–50
marks in the essay itself means a lot. No wonder Sri Prabhav Joshi (23rd ranker in CSE 2013)
attributes his success to his scores in the essay (125) and the interview (204). The real difference in
his own score as compared to his previous attempt was in the essay marks where his score jumped
from an 80 out of 200 (40 per cent) to 125 out of 250 (50 per cent).
But the importance of the essay is not merely because of the scope of scoring well in it, but more
so because of the little effort (as compared to the preparation for the GS and Optional papers) it
takes to prepare for it and catapult one’s own score.
In a nut shell, it is essential to do well in this paper to succeed in the examination. This is very
much possible despite not having a great command over the language, which is often a concern of
many candidates (also see guidance tips of Roman Saini (AIR 18, CSE 2013), in the chapter ‘Tips
from Toppers’). All what is needed is concerted effort, adequate practice and proper guidance.
The latter is what this chapter endeavours to provide you.
12.3 Understanding the Basics: Structure of an Essay

Broadly the structure of all types of essay can be said to comprise three parts.
(I) The introduction—which is short
(II) The body—comprising the major portion of the essay
(III) The conclusion—which is short
The above three parts are to be inherent in the structure of the essay. However, they are not to be
denoted separately as ‘introduction’, ‘body’ etc., through distinct captions.
12.3.1 The Introduction

The opening paragraph (or a couple of short paragraphs) of the essay is what is referred to as
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beginning) the introduction informs the reader as to what the writer aims to capture in the essay.
Thus, an introduction is akin to a synopsis to the essay or a formulation of the thesis of the essay,
particularly for an argumentative category of essay. But the objective of the ‘introduction’ is not
Preparing for the Essay 307
merely to convey to the reader the broad contours of what it is likely to contain, but also to catch
the attention and generate interest on what will follow.
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impression may not always be the last one, it is sure to be a very important one as far as the essay is
concerned. As such, a good introduction is a must for scoring good marks in the essay. Besides,
introduction also highlights the importance of the topic of the essay, especially if the issue is a
contemporary and relevant one. Some salient points about composing an introduction are discussed
below.
∑ An introduction should be brief. Considering that the essay is to be written in 1,000–1,200
words, the introduction should not exceed more than 100–125 words (or 10 per cent of the
essay).
∑ It should preferably be catchy. A quotation or slogan is generally a good way to begin the
introduction. It should strive to make the reader interested in what is to follow.
∑ It should endeavour to establish what is coming next in the essay or set the tone for the
body of the essay.
∑ In an argumentative essay (where pros and cons of an issue are to be discussed) which
side of the debate you propose to take may be brought out in the introduction itself. Even a
statement in the form of a question can be a good introduction to such an essay. However,
in a narrative essay, one can begin with facts (or even some statistics) which are interesting
or even surprising. In an expository descriptive essay, one can begin with a quotation which
captures the essence of the topic or even with an anecdote.
∑ Do not jump into writing the introduction straight away. Once you have shortlisted and
narrowed on the topic

which you want to include in the essay. Keep on noting them in the order in which they
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The need for a carefully composed introduction can be summed up by the famous adage, “well
begun is half done”.
12.3.2 Body of the Essay

The body of the essay contains all what we have to say about the topic. The arguments, facts,
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contained in several body paragraphs. Typically the body of the essay should comprise 80 per cent
of the essay (the remaining 10 per cent each, for the introduction and conclusion). For each of the
essays of CSE this would mean 800–900 words. The salient points to be kept in mind while writing
the body, are given below.
∑ Before commencing to write the main part of the essay always review as to what are the
points on you intend to write about' $
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mental plan as to how are you going to develop the content before you actually embark upon
doing so.
∑ The body begins where the introduction ends. As such the transition from introduction to
the body of the essay should be smooth and not sudden. This implies that the thread of the
idea which was drawn in the introduction should continue in the initial portion of the body
as well. Let’s consider the topic, “Tourism can this be the next big thing for India” (CSE
2014). Supposing that we introduced the topic by comparing the number of foreign tourists
coming to Singapore (over 1.5 crores) as compared to only 70 lakhs coming to India, then the
same idea thread (of much smaller percentage of foreign tourist coming to India as compared
to many smaller countries) should continue to be the beginning of the body. The other points,
like reason for lesser share of international tourists, how things can be improved, tourism
potential in India and economic opportunities it offers; all can come later.
∑ Maintain coherency of thought in the entire body of the essay. This implies that your
essay should not be disjointed. Not only the introduction but transition from one idea to
another should be smooth and not sudden in all sections of the essay. For instance in the
topic discussed above a coherent sequence of thoughts can be; India’s poor share in the
international tourist market; reasons for it; steps to be taken to ameliorate the situation,
viz., improvement in law and order, infrastructure, information services, etc.; why invest
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future of tourism in India.
∑ In the aforesaid topic, the order sequence of ideas is not sacrosanct. One could have begun
with the impact of tourism on the economy of a region and then moved on to another idea.
But in certain types of essays this chronology becomes important. For instance, if one is
tracing the growth of communication technology then one cannot discuss the development
of computers after writing about the proliferation of internet. Similarly, in an essay tracing
historical developments, chronology of events is important and its order ought to be
maintained in a sacrosanct manner. This can be done by proper mental planning of the course
of the essay.
∑ The body of the essay should be divided into several paragraphs. Care should be taken
to discuss different points or ideas in separate paragraphs. One should not merge two
different points/ideas in the same paragraph. It is also possible that a single idea/point may
extend into more than one paragraph. In such cases, the content should be broken up into two
or more paragraphs. Do not make a paragraph very long and surely not longer than 150–175
words.
∑ Use of anecdotes, illustration etc., are a good way of developing your contents as well as
supporting your hypothesis. For instance, to highlight the unrealised potential of tourism
in India one can cite success stories of tourism in Singapore, Thailand, Turkey etc. In these
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they are of much smaller size than India and have lesser number of possible tourism spots.
Examples and anecdotes lessen the burden of writer as what to write next. Besides, they
catch the attention of the reader and keep him mentally involved with the essay.
∑ Similarly, quotations which support the idea being discussed are a good way of capturing
the attention of the examiner as well as adding substance to your essay. In a technical

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∑ It is extremely important to cover various perspectives of the issue being discussed. This
would include the pros and cons of the issue in an argumentative essay, e.g., “Is growing
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topic the examiner would expect the candidate to discuss the positive as well as negative
effects of competition on youth. While more efforts, hard work and greater output by youth
are the positive aspects, undue stress and excessive competition fostering unethical practices
are some of the negative fall-outs. A balanced essay would discuss all the aspects, but
would conclude in favour of one.
∑ Cover all the important points you have thought to incorporate in the body. Avoid the
trap where you keep on writing about a single point and later realise that you have little time
or leg room to accommodate the other points.
12.3.3 The Conclusion

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body of essay, is referred to as the conclusion. The conclusion has to be short, roughly 80–100
words and not exceeding a couple of short paragraphs (at the most). Its objective can be said to be:
- to sumarise what the writer wants to convey
- to establish the thesis, or the line of argument the writer has been taking;
- to leave an impact on the mind of the reader, inciting the reader to ponder further on the
points/issues raised by the writer.
A good conclusion therefore should only revisit the highlights of the essay or reinforce the
proposition. It should not add new points not discussed in the body. Further, it should also give
the reader a sense of completion. For instance, on a topic pertaining to striking a balance between
ecology and economy/sustainable development, the following can be a good concluding remark.
The entire issue is aptly captured in the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “The world has enough for
every one’s need but not for every one’s greed.”
12.4 Planning your Essays

Planning of the essay refers to deciding what one proposes to write (points/lines of argument)
and preparing a time frame to do so. Planning is a must to come up with a good essay. Not only
good planning helps in presenting our thought in a coherent and lucid manner, but also reduces the
likelihood of us missing some vital point. Further, it reduces the chances of our mind going blank
midway and our not knowing what to write next or how to proceed further. In an examination, time
management is also crucial to balance the time devoted to both the essays and to complete them
timely. Besides, it is important to cover all the points which we propose to include in our essay. This
calls for proper planning and management of our time. Here is what should be done.
12.4.1 Careful Choice of the Essay Topic

∑ A candidate has to select two topics for the essay paper, one each from Section A and Section
B. The choice must be made carefully
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can be quite perplexing and even disastrous.
∑ Read all the four essay topics in each of the two sections carefully. Eliminate those topics
which you are clueless about or have little idea/knowledge. Then think about the remaining/
probable topics and

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each of the essays have to be written in 1,000–1,200 words, even if you can think of three to
four good points on a topic, then that would be reasonable enough material to develop and
write the essay. Also take into consideration whether you have any anecdotes, illustrations,
short stories, or quotations that can go well with the topic.
∑ It is advisable to select the essay topics of both the sections at the outset, instead of completing
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one’s mind is not preoccupied with the anxiety as to which topic to choose for the second
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and fast rule.
12.4.2 Pondering What to Write

∑ Once the topics have been shortlisted the
!

. Around 12–15 minute per topic must be devoted
simply on pondering over what to write.
∑ Barring the exception of a gifted few, our initial thoughts on a subject do not emanate in a
structured or chronological manner. It is usually haphazard. We may think of lesser important

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on noting all the points which come to our mind. This can be done on the last page of the
answer sheet. This page can be marked as rough and later crossed out neatly.
∑ Once you have thought of enough points, lines of arguments, illustrations, anecdotes, quotes
etc., then work out the order in which you are going to deploy them in your essay.
∑ Finally, compose a brief introduction. This can be done mentally or preferably a written

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12.4.3 Plan a Time Frame

The choice of the essay topics should be done within 5–10 minutes. The next 15 minutes should be
spent on pondering and
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. Spend around an hour in
actually writing the essay. #$
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. This is
essential as many of our mistakes (viz., dotting of i’s, crossing of t’s, checking of spelling mistakes,
errors of articles/preposition etc.), which are easily spottable, can be corrected by us in this period.
An equivalent time frame should be set for the second essay. Always keep a tab on time. Writing
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prudent.
12.5 Attributes and Abilities

The three fundamental elements of an essay are;
(I) Thoughts and ideas U content of the essay.
(II) Expression of thoughts and ideas in a clear yet engaging manner which requires command
over language.
(III) Presentation in lucid, coherent and yet effective manner.
The above elements require certain abilities which are discussed here.
12.5.1 Content of the Essay and Expression of Thoughts

As essay is essentially an expression of our thoughts and ideas on a subject. The ability to think
holistically and on an issue and logically to express oneself in a coherent and clear manner, is
the key to fetching good marks in this paper. This is by far the most important attribute expected
of the aspirant. 6 ^_!
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following:
“Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected
to keep closely to the subject of the essay, to arrange the ideas in orderly fashion and to write
concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.”
As can be seen the emphasis is, on writing closely to the subject, orderly arrangement of ideas
and concise and effective writing. Further, in the question paper, the following instructions are

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“Examiners will pay special attention to the candidates’ grasp of his/her material, its relevance to
the subject chosen and his her ability to think constructively and to present his/her ideas concisely,
logically and effectively.”
The
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the candidates too has to be on the content of the essay. Fluency of language and attractive
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topic. Thus, our thoughts have to be that nucleus around which other aspects of the essay
should revolve.
(I) Knowledge about the subject
Thoughts here refer not merely to our ability to think on an issue, but also about our awareness and
knowledge about the issue. For instance, let us take the topic, “Tourism: Can this be the next big
thing for India? (this topic appeared in Section B of the 2014 paper). Quite obviously the topic
would not only solicit the views of the candidate, but also his knowledge about the potential of
tourism in India, economic opportunity it offers, as well as what are the present shortcomings in
this sector and how to overcome these. This brings us to the question, whether there is a need to
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the following points are noteworthy.
∑ 6
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plethora of contemporary and raging issues and one has to be plain lucky to be able to predict
one (or a few) correctly.
∑ However, the wide exposure which the CSE preparation brings, does ensure a basic
understanding and knowledge about a variety of concurrent issues. As such an aspirant
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∑ For reasons as above, reading about issues or probable essay topics from the sole perspective
of gathering information about them is not prudent. However, candidates may read good
essays (in books magazines and websites pertaining to CSE preparation) from the perspective
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points of the issue.
(II) Developing thoughts and views

Although reading separately to gather information on various topics, is not needed, however
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should be a part of our daily preparation vis-à-vis the various debatable and pertinent issues which
we often read in the newspapers and magazines.
∑ Do wide reading. Aspirants must also make it a habit to read outside the CSE curriculum.
Wide reading is a must to score well in this paper. The wider and more extensive our
reading, the more mature and meaningful will be our thoughts and expression. Thus, wide
and extensive reading lies at the heart of the preparation for the essay. Not only it adds
substance to what we have to say, but it hones our language and shapes up our expression
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various perspectives of numerous issues. Besides, we also come across quotations, anecdotes,
examples etc., which makes our presentation livelier and more meaningful.
A list of suggested reading has been included in Chapter 2: ‘Preparation by the Undergraduates’.
Any of these or similar books should always be read for at least 10–15 minutes daily. This also
helps in bringing a break from the monotony of preparation. Although the candidates may not be
able to devote much time to such wide reading, particularly in the last couple of months before the
Main (and Preliminary) examination, this must be a regular habit for the remaining part of the year.
12.5.2 Command over Language

Aspirants often perceive that command over language is ‘the ability’ essential for scoring well in
the essay paper. Indeed a basic command over language is essential, implying that language should
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manner, in simple sentences, which are free from errors of grammar, syntax and spelling, then he
has all the language ability which is essential for writing a good essay.
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during our graduation studies most of us fail to heed the need for working upon our language skills.
The little reading that we do outside our course curriculum is more guided by our interests rather
than by our desire to improve our language. The result is that our standard of writing plummets,
barring a few exceptions. We imbibe the habit of writing complex sentences which are verbose and
at times grammatically incorrect. This happens specially on reading too much of technical texts,
government reports etc. All this emphasises the need to brush upon a bit our writing and language
skills. Here are a few areas which ought to be polished.
(I) Write simple sentences
Make a conscious effort to write simple sentences. Complex/compound sentences are often

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moreover, also etc). For instance, consider the following sentence;
‘Indeed it is a matter of great regret that female infanticide is rampant in our country, despite
strict laws, especially in northern India and its prosperous towns where easy access to healthcare
and economic development has led to mushrooming of such centres, which are indulging in female
infanticide and parents are able to afford such centres because of their new found economic might.’
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is a classic example of what is not to be written, particularly in the essay paper. The reader has
to put in an effort to understand what the writer implies. This would simply put off an impatient
reader. The writer has to make an extra effort to maintain the grammatical integrity of the sentence.
If one is in the habit of constructing such complex sentences then by conscious effort one must
eschew it.
The above paragraph comprising a single sentence (of 64 words!) can be easily broken into a
number of simple and smaller sentences. As shown below it conveys the same meaning but is much
easier to understand.
“Indeed it is a matter of great regret that female infanticide is rampant in our country despite
strict laws. This is more so in northern India and its prosperous towns. Here economic development
has led to mushrooming of such centres which are indulging in female infanticide. Besides, parents

(II) Pay attention to your grammar
While taking examinations, particularly of technical subjects, we do not bother too much about our
grammatical errors. Our attention is on the content; as grammatical mistakes are not likely to result
in deduction of marks in such an examination. But in an essay, one cannot afford to be lax towards
such errors as it would surely affect the overall marks awarded.
One can overcome such errors by practising to write regularly. More importantly, aspirants
should ask someone reasonably competent to read and correct what they have written. One’s

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we may not be aware of it actually being a mistake. Our teachers at college and coaching institute,
parents, peers or even co-aspirants can help in correcting what we have written. But once our

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mistakes again.
Two common areas of grammatical mistake to watch out for:
(a) Incorrect usage of prepositions (to, for, of, by, at etc.)
(b) Punctuation marks (comma, full stop, inverted comma, exclamation mark, semicolon etc.)
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command over language.
(III) Enrich your vocabulary
Written and verbal communication skills are an important aspect of the CSE and a good vocabulary
is an integral part of the communication skills. As such enriching one’s vocabulary pays off
not only in the essay paper, but even in your interview and in some questions in the General
Studies papers also (which call for originality of thought and expression).
Enriching your vocabulary does not mean that you have to purchase a separate book on word
power and do exercises on it. During your CSE preparation you would be reading a number of
articles in newspapers, magazines and also some books which are not related to your curriculum.
Be on the lookout for new words while you are reading them. Check their meaning in a dictionary
or mark/note them down for looking up later. Preferably note down such words in a dairy and
also the sentence in which it was used. You could make a sentence of your own with that word
and jot it down. It is only on using a word in a sentence that it becomes a part of our vocabulary.
As such, it is not only important to know the meaning of the word but it is also important to
actually use it.
Besides, also jot down those good words and expressions whose meaning you know but you do
not employ them in your regular writing, i.e., the word or expression is not a part of your active
vocabulary.
Use of metaphors, idioms and phrases also makes your expression more catchy and adds to
your overall command over language. However, use of idiomatic expression and metaphors is not
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if you do not have that luxury of time, then do not feel dejected about it. As said earlier what is
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prerequisite although it may help in more effective communication of our ideas.
12.5.3 Presentation
Presentation is that aspect of the essay, which helps in conveying to the reader in a coherent and
lucid manner what the writer thinks about the issue. The objective of the presentation is also to
capture the attention of the reader and sustain his/her interest during the entire course of the essay.
Broadly speaking, presentation has two primary aspects; the structure and the style. If style were
to be an art which carries an individual’s imprint, then structure would surely be a science, which
is more standardised. While the structure and its essentials have been discussed earlier, the salient
aspects of style of presentation are discussed here.
(I) Style of presentation
Style refers to how we say what we want to convey. Style would vary from individual to individual
and bears a person’s imprint. Some important aspects which are to be borne in mind are highlighted
below.
(a) Neatness of presentation
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essay should be written neatly, viz., proper spacing of words, lines and paragraphs and proper side
and bottom margins should be there. Alignment of your handwriting should also be taken care of.
Scribbling and untidy scoring out of words and sentences must be avoided. Words (if need be)
should be struck out by a single stroke of line and inserted by a legible pointer. Needless to say
avoid a leaking pen/blunt tip which can leave smudge marks on the paper.
(b) Legible handwriting
Hand writing should be legible and clear. It should not be too small to strain the eyes of examiner
nor the letters should be too close to merge into one another. If your ‘e’ looks like an ‘i’ or you do
not dot your ‘i’ or cross your ‘t’, then you need to make a conscious effort to rectify your habit.
Tips on how to improve your handwriting are included in an earlier chapter in this book. Revisit the
portion and practice (please refer to chapter, ‘Target CSE: Preparation by Undergraduates, section
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you have to think and write (and not reproduce what you know) you can afford a moderate speed
of writing, thus improving the quality of its legibility.
(c) Clarity of expression
Lucid and clear language is the next a prerequisite of a good style. What we want to convey should
be expressed in a clear, unambiguous and coherent manner. Using simple sentences and appropriate
words and expression should be made a habit. If you are not sure of a word’s meaning, then do not
take chances by using it in the examination. Wrong usage of a word creates poor impression in the
mind of the reader. Also avoid double negatives (unless appropriate) and long complex sentences.
(d) Quotations, illustration, anecdotes
Quotation, illustrations, anecdotes etc., are useful features of an essay which help to substantiate
our proposition and support the line of reasoning. They catch the attention of the reader and add
substance to our presentation. However, care should be taken that they are appropriate and not out
of place, in the context of what we want to convey.
12.6 Preparation for the Essay

Essays are often a neglected area of CSE preparation. Many candidates do not realise the need
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to be covered or they believe that the time spent in preparation may not result in any tangible
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a reasonable improvement in his/her essay marks by making an optimal level of preparation. Here
is what ought to be done.
∑ Practise and Practise more. If you want to score even average marks in this paper then
practising writing essays is absolutely essential. This is all the more important for
candidates from science background and those who have not been in the regular habit of
creative writing.
∑ Every candidate must
' during the course of CSE preparation.
Practice of 15–20 essays would perhaps be the optimal preparation that is needed. Practice
of essays should ideally be spread over the entire CSE preparation schedule and not merely
before the Mains.
∑ Select a topic to write. Preferably pick a topic from past years’ question papers. Simulate
an examination like environment, i.e., write an essay (of 1,000–1,200 words) in a single
stretch of one and a half hours. Initially you can practice writing one essay in a sitting later
on practise two essays in each sitting of three hours (as per the examination pattern).
∑ Do not rush head along in writing an essay. For an essay of 1,000 words $
minutes to think about the points you propose to write and jot them down in rough. Also
think of the illustrations, quotations, anecdotes etc., which you would like to include.
∑ % $
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someone competent. Others can identify the mistakes which one often fails to notice. It is
also crucial to take note of the mistakes/lacunae and avoid them in subsequent essays.
∑ You do not need a guide book exclusively for essay preparation, particularly for gathering
material on likely topics. However, reading a few good essays from such a book or from the
CSE preparation websites may be helpful. This gives an idea of the structure and style of
presentation.
∑ Joining a coaching institute for learning about essay preparation is not recommended.
However, there are institutes and websites which take ‘essay tests’ and evaluate your write
up. These can be helpful.
∑ Last but not the least, practise as much as you can_ $U
thoughts and to synchronise your thinking and writing speed.
∑ Wide and extensive reading as advised earlier is very useful in shaping our thought
processes. Besides, it helps us to pick new words, quotations and anecdotes which add value
to our essay.
12.7 Types of Essays and their Salient Features

The essays at the graduation level can broadly be categorised into four types:
∑ Argumentative Essay ∑ Narrative Essay

∑ Expository Essay ∑ Descriptive Essay
12.7.1 Argumentative Essay

An essay, where the writer has to argue about a particular issue, by evaluating its pros and cons, or

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fall in this category. From the perspective of the examination this is the most important category as
the essay topics in CSE would largely fall in this category. Understanding various perspectives
of an issue and adopting a logical and well-reasoned line of argument

in argumentative essays. Following are the examples of this category of essay.
* *

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(II) Are the standardised tests good measure of the academic ability or progress? (Section A,
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(III) Was it policy paralysis or paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our

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12.7.2 Expository Essays

These are essays where the writer is trying to present an explanation on an issue or solicit the
views of the writer on the issue. Often such topics are in the form of a question or the question is
inherent and the writer is to give an answer or explanation to it. For example, the following topics
can qualify in this category.
(I) * 8 95
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terms—swadhinta, swarajya, dharmarajya. Critically comment on their contemporary

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(II) Creation of smaller states and consequent administrative, economic and developmental
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The key to attempting such essays is having an understanding of the issue, its various aspects
and being able to crystallise one’s own views on the issue and express them lucidly.
12.7.3 Narrative Essays

Narrative essays are those which call for narration of or giving an account of an event/set of events
or record of what happened etc. For instance, the following topics are close to the description of a
narrative essay topics.
(I) ‘How has satellite television brought about a cultural charge in Indian mindsets (CSE
'':+
(II) ‘India’s economic development in the past two decades’.
(III) ‘The growth of information technology in India’.
Such topics can fall in the category of a narrative essay although certain elements of other essays
would also be incorporated in them. From the CSE perspective, purely a narrative essay is less in
vogue, although other category of essays may also require some narration. The attributes needed
in such essays include, accurate tracing of the chronology of events and lucid as well as structured
presentation style.
12.7.4 Descriptive Essay

As the very name suggests, description of people, places, of human emotions, nature, sensory
details, technical issues etc., all fall in this category. Even imaginative description of a person,
place, country, society in future, can be categorised as a descriptive essay. Examples of such essays
are:
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require, ability to imagine, visualise, recollect, and a good command over language to express.
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(I) Persuasive Essay: where the writer tries to convince the reader of a particular point of view

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(II) Compare and Contrast Essay: Where similarities or difference of an issue or other subjects
are the point of discussion.
From the CSE perspective the categories of most important essay are argumentative/persuasive
and expository. Aspirants should preferably practise these two types of essays.
The topics given in the essay paper in the recent years in CSE also have some noticeable
characteristics. Either they are based on contemporary issues (viz., Is sting operation an invasion
on privacy (Section B, CSE 2014) or the topics have a philosophical context (e.g., ‘With greater
power comes greater responsibility?” (Section A, CSE 2014).
Candidates must practise both the categories of essays, especially the latter. The philosophical
essays are often a challenge to some candidates as they require understanding as well as exposition
of the underlying philosophy. The question setters often throw surprises by including quite a few
challenging albeit interesting philosophical topics. In CSE 2014 two out of the four topics of Section
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candidates must strive to use quotations, anecdotes examples from life of great men and teachings/
philosophies of prominent thinkers (if one is aware), to substantiate the proposition of the topic.
12.8 Theme Based Classification of Essays

There are certain themes which are recurrent in the topics of essays in the past few years. These are,
(I) Human development
(II) Economy and related issues
(III) Science and technology: impact on society
(IV) Environment and ecology
(V) Education, and society
(VI) Culture and society
(VII) Women and related issues
(VIII) General administration and polity
(IX) India and world
(X) Based on philosophy & values
Aspirants should be on lookout for good articles on such/similar issues particularly if it is a
contemporary issue. Making a mental note of the vital points of the issue is all what is really
needed. One can always develop these salient points if one is aware of the key issues.
12.9 Essay Topics of Past Years’ Examination

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based on the underlying theme. This would help the aspirants to identify the important repetitive
themes and focus on them during their practice.
Table 12.1 CSE Essay Topics in the Past Five Years
S. No. Year Topic Theme

1. 2014 Sec A With greater power comes greater responsibility. Philosophy and values
2. 2014 Sec A 6 %% % $; Society and culture
3. 2014 Sec A Are the standardised tests good measure of academic Education and society
% ;
4. 2014 Sec A Words are sharper than two-edged sword. Philosophy and values
5. 2014 Sec B Was it policy paralysis or paralysis of implementation Economy and growth
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6. 2014 Sec B 6% ; Miscellaneous
7. 2014 Sec B %/ 6; Miscellaneous
8. 2014 Sec B &$ "%%6; Economy and
development
(Contd)
Table 12.1 (Contd)

S. No. Year Topic Theme
9. 2013 Be the change you want to see in others – Gandhiji. Philosophy
10. 2013 6 %6@$ ; Administration and
development
11. 2013 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Economy and human
Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for development
judging the well being of a country.
12. 2013 Science & technology is the panacea for growth and Science and
security of the nation. technology,
development
13. 2012 In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore Miscellaneous
on an evolutionary scale the terms, Swadhinata, Swaraj,
Dharmrajya. Critically comment on their contemporary
relevance to Indian Democracy.
14. 2012 Is the criticism that Public-Private-Partnership model for Economy and
development is more a bane than a boon in the Indian Development
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15. 2012 ! X' ; Science and
technology
16. 2012 Managing work & home is the Indian working woman Women and related
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17. 2011 Creation of smaller states and consequent Culture and society
administrative, economic and developmental
implications.
18. 2011 Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely Culture and society
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19. 2011 Credit based higher education system—status, Education and society
opportunities and challenges.
20. 2011 In the Indian context, both human intelligence and Miscellaneous
technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism.
21. 2010 Geography may remain the same history may not. Miscellaneous
22. 2010 Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in Economy, ecology,
$; development
23. 2010 Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership India and world
role.
24. 2010 From traditional Indian philanthropy to the Gates-Buffet Culture and society
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Chapter Summary
Since CSE 2014, candidates have to write two essays from two different sections of the
paper. Each essay has to be written in 1,000–1,200 words and is of 125 marks (total 250
marks). A time of three hours is allotted for writing both the essays.
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more marks in it as compared to 30 to 35 per cent marks in the General Studies papers and
that too without substantive effort. Thus, the marks scored in essay buoys the overall marks
scored in the Main examination.
The structure of the essay comprises, the introduction which should be short; the body
comprising the major portion of the essay and the conclusion which also should be short.
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good introduction is must for a good essay score. The introduction should be brief (100–125
words), interest the reader, establish what is coming next and set the tone for rest of the essay.
Aspirants should preferably compose the introduction before penning it in fair.
The body contains all what we have to say about the topic (around 800–900 words). Jot
down in rough as to the points you propose to cover in the body. Ensure that the transition
from introduction to the body is smooth and coherency is maintained in the entire body of
the essay.
Write different points or ideas in separate paragraphs.
Use of anecdotes, illustrations etc., are a good way of developing your contents as well as
supporting your hypothesis. Similarly, quotations which support the idea being discussed
are a good way of adding substance to the essay as well as of capturing examiners attention.
Cover various perspectives of an issue. A balanced essay would discuss all aspects but
conclude in favour of one.
The conclusion should be short (80–100 words) and should summarise what the writer wants
to convey, or establish the thesis/line of argument. Further, it must leave an impact on the
mind of the reader.
Plan your essays. First make a careful choice of the two topics after assessing that you have
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capture the points which come to your mind including quotations, illustrations, anecdotes,
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your essay.
The three fundamental elements of an essay are; thoughts and ideas of the narrator, expression
of thoughts and idea in clear yet engaging manner requiring a command over language and
presentation in a lucid, coherent and effective manner.
Do wide and extensive reading to develop your thoughts and also a command over language.
Make a conscious effort to write simple sentences and pay attention to your grammar. Also
do enrich your vocabulary by noting words, idioms etc., the meaning of which you do not
know or which you rarely use.
Presentation should be neat in legible hand writing. Further, language though simple should
be clear.
Practise at least 10–12 essays during the course of preparation. Write the essays in an
examination like environment within the permitted time frame.
Practise different types of essays. These are argumentative essay, narrative essay, expository
essay and descriptive essays. Select one from each category from the past years’ questions
and write on it during the practice sessions.
Get your essays evaluated by a person competent to do so. Based upon the feedback improve
upon your shortcomings.
Chapter 13
General Studies Paper I
“Live as if you are to die tomorrow. Learn as if you are to live forever.”
—Mahatma Gandhi
The General Studies (GS) Paper I is undoubtedly the most challenging examination of the entire
CSE. The reason is quite obvious. It has a vast syllabus, covering history, geography, Indian culture,
social developmental and women related issues. The questions are opinion and analysis based with
all questions being compulsory. If the past trend of marking is any indication, then it can easily be
dubbed as pretty strict. Even the toppers are able to score only between 25 to 35 per cent of marks
in this paper. However, this should not be any reason for disillusionment, as in any competition it is
the comparative score which matters. Further, the question trends and evaluation pattern do change
over a period of time. More importantly, as the subsequent batches of aspirants are able to analyse
the questions better and catch hold of the appropriate resource material to study, they get a grip over
the examination and the performance steadily improves.
As an aspirant, one’s objective should be to give one’s best, within the constraint of time and
resources. This requires adopting a focussed approach which would imply a proper understanding
of the syllabus, the nature of questions, the books to read and the strategy to adopt. These are
the issues being highlighted in this chapter.
The GS Paper I tests the students in four broad areas, Indian and world modern history,
Indian culture and heritage, Indian and world geography, and social developmental and
women related issues. The syllabus, recommended reading, and strategy for preparation are being
discussed as per these four broad preparation areas.
13.1 Modern History

The history component of this paper usually comprises 8–10 questions worth 80–100 marks.
Questions from Indian History are of 40–60 marks while 2–4 questions (of 20–40 marks) comes
from world history. The broad bifurcation of the syllabus is as follows.
13.1.1 The Syllabus
(I) Indian History

∑ Modern Indian History from middle of the eighteenth century (A.D. 1750 onwards) until the

∑ Freedom struggle—its various stages and important contributors/contributions from
different parts of the country
∑ Post-independence consolidation and reorganisation within the country
(II) World History

∑ Events from the 18th

13.1.2 Recommended Books

Begin your preparation with NCERT books of classes XI and XII (Themes in Indian History,
Class XII, Vol. III; Themes in World History, Class XI, Section IV). Ideally these books should
be covered before the Preliminary examination and before the Mains the focus should be more on
the following books.
(a) (i) Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence; or
(ii) Shekhar Bandopadhyay, From Plassey to Partition
(b) Bipan Chandra, India After Independence
(c) Norman Lowe, Mastering Modern World History
Bipan Chandra’s book India’s Struggle for Independence should be read for the pre-
independence history. The book by Shekhar Bandopadhyay is quite well written, but is as lengthy

time, then read Brief History of Modern India (published by Spectrum), which is the next best
option.
13.2 Indian Culture and Heritage
13.2.1 The Syllabus

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literature and architecture for ancient to modern times”.
General Studies Paper I 325
The ambit of the word ‘art form’ is quite wide. Besides literature, architecture also has a large
domain. Thus, the description of syllabus does not help in precisely understanding what and how
much to study. To understand this analysis of past years’ questions ought to be done.
$ worth 30–50 marks emanate from this topic. The
focus of the candidates in this topic should be on the following areas.
∑ Salient features of Buddhism, Jainism & Hinduism and their philosophies and texts
∑ Indus valley civilisation, culture planning, art etc.
∑ Various schools of art & sculpture in Ancient India (viz Gandhara, Kushana etc.)
∑ Literature, music dance and other art forms in ancient India (viz., Sangam literature, and
works of important poets)
∑
socio-religious ideas in India in the medieval period,
important personalities, and impact on society
∑ Art and architecture in temples in India
∑ Social-religious reforms particularly in India and impact on society, religion, art, literature etc.
∑ Essential features of art forms in modern India

(i) NCERT books
∑ Introduction to Indian Art, Part 1
∑ Living Craft Traditions of India (Chapters 1 to 5, 9 and 10)
∑ Themes in Indian History
Vol. I (Class XII) – Chapter 4 ‘Thinkers; Beliefs & Buildings’
%'*+/67 : <7% = >:
(ii) Other books
∑ Trends in Indian Culture, Ausaf Sayeed; or
∑ The National Culture of India, S. Abid Hussain; or
∑ Facets of India Culture, Spectrum Publication
In the NCERT book Introduction to Indian Art (Part 1), chapter 6 on temple architecture
should be covered thoroughly as invariably a question from this topic comes in the examination.
Apart from what is contained in NCERT books other topics for culture should be covered from one
of the three books as recommended. The book by Ausaf Sayeed should be preferred. Also refer to
websites of the Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (www.ccrtindia.gov.in) and of Cultural
India (www.culturalindia.net) for resource materials on various aspects of Indian culture.
13.3 Geography
This is by far the most important section of GS Paper I in terms of number of questions emerging.
Invariably ! . As such, to do well in
this paper one needs to have a good grasp of this subject.
13.3.1 The Syllabus

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∑ Salient features of world physical geography
∑ Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and Indian

industries in various parts of world (including India)
∑ !
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etc.
∑ Geographical features and their location—changes in critical geographical features
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Although the syllabus may appear to be limited but the nature of questions and their spread
necessitates comprehensive study of the topics.
(i) NCERT Books

(a) Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Class XI
(b) India Physical Environment, Class XI
(c) Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class XII
(d) India People & Economy, Class XII
(ii) Other Books
(1)
, G. C. Leong; or
(2) General Principles of World Geography, Charles Farro; or
(3) India and World Geography"
#
(4) School Atlas
The book by G. C. Leong is the most compact and should be preferred, particularly if you have
paucity of time. Topics which are not covered in it may be covered from NCERT books/internet.
If you prefer a comprehensive book then go for Majid Hussain’s book, but remember that it is
quite exhaustive and one cannot plan to go through it from cover to cover. As such a focused and
selective approach needs to be followed for this book. Besides also go through IPCC report (select
chapters and recommendations) for climate change related issues.
13.4 Development, Society and Women Related Issues

This topic contributes questions worth 40–50 marks in the paper. This is by far the most unstructured
portion of this syllabus and perhaps the least predictable of all. This makes the questions more
> >
13.4.1 The Syllabus

The syllabus of the GS Paper I prescribes the following topics for this portion.
∑ Salient features of Indian society and diversity of India
∑ ' *

∑ Effects of globalisation on Indian society
∑ +

13.4.2 Salient Tips for Preparation
∑ No single book covers the above topics in entirety or even substantially.

∑ Candidates may give a reading of the following books and prepare notes from them.
(a) India Development and Participation, Amartya Sen and Jean Dreze – It is an
analytical book on growth, development and poverty alleviation. It is also helpful for
GS Paper III, the Essay and the Interview.
(b) Social Problems in India$%
(c) Society in India: Concepts Theories & Recent Trends$%
There is no need to purchase these three books if you can borrow them from a library and prepare
#
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communalism, regionalism, secularism, urbanisation, poverty, violence against woman, illiteracy
etc., are well covered in the book, Social Problems In India by Ram Ahuja. The book by Amartya
Sen and Jean Dreze gives a detailed insight on issues of gender inequality and women, economic
development and social opportunity, basic education, democracy and security in India etc.
For women related issues, one can read Platform for Action Report: 10 years After; India
Country Report (on Indian women) of Ministry of Women and Child Development; Working
Group Report on Empowerment of Woman; and Annual Report of the Ministry of Women and
Child Development (these reports are accessible at the website www.wcd.nic.in; under the
link publications & reports) and also relevant chapters of Economic Survey of India.
Although it may not be possible to cover the chapters of all these reports/publications, the more
important chapters from each report are listed below and must be covered and notes prepared
therefrom.
(a) Platform for Action Report
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(b) Working Group Report on Empowerment of Women
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(c) Annual Report 2014–15, { W |
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Preparation of this topic would require more extensive reading particularly of books, newspapers
> ! != > !forming of one’s own
views and preparing notes on the topics. Internet can be a very handy resource pool. Studying
the chapter on ‘Human Development’ in the Economic Survey of India can also be very helpful.
Pay special attention to newspaper editorial page. It is best to identify 20–25 topics (or more)
particularly from past years and concurrent topics in news. Prepare notes of 250–300 words on

?
∑ Secularism in India and the world, essential features and challenges

∑ Women—Challenges in India, viz., adverse sex ratio, work environment, law and order
problems, violence against women, professional challenges, representation in the legislature
and other organs of government and society
∑ Social problems and challenges in post-Independence India, viz., regionalism, linguistic
problems, re-organisation and demand for new states
∑ Socio-economic issues, social disparities, human development challenges in India,
educational & work force related challenges
∑ Social structure, transaction & related issues, viz., urbanisation, caste, bureaucracy etc.
13.5 Nature of Questions in GS Paper I

Since Main 2012 the nature and pattern of questions in all General Studies papers have undergone
a substantial change. As compared to the earlier pattern the syllabus has also changed and now
instead of two papers in GS we have four papers. The paper now has 25 questions, each worth
10 marks. At times a question may have two sub parts (each worth 5 marks). All questions are
compulsory and there are no choices at all, making the paper even more challenging.
The questions are such that they do not merely focus on the content or information, but solicit
views and opinion of the candidate as well as call for critical analysis of the issues entailed.
'

!* !!+
/
opinion, analyse various issues. Thus, the endeavour is to make the questions more application
oriented and not merely a copy-paste of information contained in the standard text books.
13.6 Strategy for Preparation and Answering in the Examination

GS Paper I has four broad areas of preparation. The portions pertaining to history and geography are
# >
#

two subjects should be centred around the books as prescribed earlier. Identify the more important
topics (around 50 each) and prepare notes for them. These notes should be exhaustive to cover all
W preparing notes also keep in mind that the nature of questions are to be of
the type ‘evaluate/analyse/critically examine/give your opinion’ etc. As such, what possible
questions can arise from a topic and how you are to present your answer (depending on the
nature of question) with the same matrix of facts, must be decided by you as you study a topic.
Besides the more important topics, also identify the lesser important ones (around another 50
such topics) and prepare point wise notes on each of them. This 50-50 strategy would help you to
cover a wide variety of topics. This way you would also have covered ‘everything of something’
(of very important topics) and ‘something of everything (of less important topics). This would
be in conformity with strategies enunciated by toppers (see tips from Bharti Dixit in the Chapter
‘Tips from Toppers’). The number 50-50 is not sacrosanct and could be more. It emphasises on
two things; the need to identify important topics and to prepare notes on them.
For the portion of ‘Culture’, the syllabus description is not exhaustive. However NCERT books
and the books mentioned earlier, cover what is needed from the examination perspective. A strategy
similar to that described earlier should be adopted. As only 3–5 questions are asked, following a
20–20 strategy would be good. This implies candidates should identify around 40–50 important
sub-topics and prepare notes on them (detailed notes on more important topics and bullet points/
brief for less important ones).
The portion pertaining to development society and women related issues, is the least structured
and most challenging one. The syllabus only indicates the broad contours of the areas from which
$ >
#

As such the strategy here is different from ‘intensive reading’ of a book or two. The students
have to do wide and extensive reading of the books as indicated earlier as well as articles on
related relevant issues on internet, chapters in Economic Survey of India, government reports
etc. One also has to keep an eye on news items and articles appearing in various newspapers,
> #
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contemporary and in sharp focus in society these days. As such many articles can also be found
about these issues with relative ease. Expect a couple of questions (worth 20 marks) on women
and related issues.
13.7 Strategy during the Examination

In the examination, at the outset the candidates should not be surprised or discouraged if they

# ##$ ' #
little about them). This is likely to happen with most of the candidates as the syllabus of GS Paper I
8
+ !!. Plan
to attempt towards last those questions about which you only know a bit. Even if you know the
answers well of around 15 questions (out of 25) and answer them well (with legible hand writing,
good presentation and as per the word limit) then you should fetch 65–70 or more marks (or so) from
these. The remaining few questions which you know partly should be attempted later so that you do
not ‘eat’ into the time of your ‘good questions’. Also remember that if you know little, then write
little. Do not try to make wild guesses or write more when you know less. More number of words
will not mask for the lack of substance. This will irk the examiner creating a poor impression.
Stick to the word limitsD # 10 marker in around 200 words.
Occasionally you may exceed the world limit, but by a maximum of 40–50 words and only if you
do know the answer very well. But take care not to go beyond that limit. Remaining within the
word limits is also important to save time for the subsequent questions. As the answers would
involve application of mind and thinking despite knowing the subject, as such sometime has to
budgeted and saved for marshalling you thoughts.
Considering that a candidate makes an attempt of 20 questions (there is less likelihood of knowing
well the answers to all questions), then one has approximately 8 to 8.5 minutes to answer each of
these questions. The remaining time would be consumed in reading and revising. Out of the eight
odd minutes, a candidate must devote a minute or so in thinking and framing (mentally) one’s
answer. As the answer is to be in brief (200 words) and needs to capture all the relevant points, it is
+9
!++9!+ !!+: Also remember that you must come
to the reply straight away without beating much about the bush. Introduction and conclusion if
any, may at most be of a couple of lines.
13.8 Books and Resource Materials at a Glance
S. Topic/Subject Recommended Books

No.
1. Modern Indian History (1) NCERT, Themes in Indian History, Vol III
(2) (i) Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence
(ii) Shekhar Bandopadhyay, Plassey to Partition
(3) Bipan Chandra, India after Independence
(4) Spectrum Publication, A Brief History of Modern India
2. Modern World History (1) NCERT, Themes in World History (Class XI, Sec. IV)
(2) Norman Lowe, Mastering Modern World History
3. Indian Culture and (1) NCERT books

Heritage (i) Introduction to Art (Class XI)
(ii) Living Craft Traditions of India (some chapters)
(iii) Themes in India History, Vol I, Chapter 4 (Class XII),
(iv) Themes in Indian History, Vol II, Chapters 2 and 3
(Class XII)
(2) Other books
(i) Ausaf Sayeed, Trends in Indian Culture; or
(ii) S. Abid Husian, National Culture of India; or
(iii) Spectrum Publication, Facets of Indian Culture
4. Geography (a) NCERT Books;

(i) Fundamentals of Physical Geography (Class XI)
(ii) India Physical Environment (Class XI)
(iii) Fundamentals of Human Geography (Class XII)
(iv) India People & Economy (Class XII)
(b) Other Books
(i) G. C. Leong, ; < => @
; or
(ii) Charles Farro, General Principles of World Geography; or
<= "
# , Indian and World Geography
5. Development, Society (a) Amartya Sen and Jean Dreze, India Development and
and Women Participation; or
<= $%, Social Problems in India; or
<= $%, + ! J;K ='
Trends
Important Websites
Sl. Name of Website Remarks
No.
1. W
Ministry of www.india.budget. ∑ Contains all documents related to
Finance for budget details nic.in budget
and Economic Survey of ∑ The Economic Survey of India can
India be freely downloaded in PDF format
2. Website pertaining to www.yojana.gov.in ∑ All articles appearing in Yojana can
magazine Yojana be read here.
∑ Old issues and special editions can be
read and downloaded.
3. Centre for Cultural www.ccrtindia.gov.in ∑ This is an institution working to link
Resources and Training culture and education.
∑ Has good publication and resources
on Indian culture.
4. Cultural India www.culturalindia.net ∑ Offers concise information
about various aspects of Indian
culture, including music, painting,
monuments, national symbols,
leaders etc.
5. Website of Ministry www.wcd.nic.in ∑ Can download/read, Platform for
of Women & Child action report on Indian women
Development and information about gender
budgeting etc., schemes pertaining
to women and girl child, national
policy on women empowerment and
‘working group report’ on women
empowerment.
Chapter 14
General Studies Paper II
“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then is not an act but a habit.”
—Aristotle
14.1 Introduction
The General Studies (GS) Paper II is yet another challenging examination, very much like
Paper I where the syllabus is vast and the scores are low. As per the past trends, the toppers (in
top 100 ranks) on an average secure 75–85 marks in this paper (out of 250). A score of above
80 is usually considered excellent. The reason for relatively low score in GS Paper II is almost
identical to that for Paper I. Not only is the syllabus vast but the preparation resource materials

broadly described in the syllabus and the study involves treading through diverse voluminous
sources. However, the silver lining is that in a competition it is only the relative score that
matters.
From the perspective of preparation, the topics in this paper can be divided into four broad
categories: Governance, Constitution and Polity, Social Justice and Development, and
International Relations. The average number of questions arising from each of these topics is as
below:
(a) Constitution and Polity 25–30%
(b) Social Justice and Development 20%
(c) Governance 25–30%
(d) International Relations 20–30%
The detailed syllabus, books, sources of preparation, and salient preparation tips have been
discussed and described in the following sections:
14.2 Constitution and Polity

Amongst all the topics this is the only broad topic which can be covered largely from standard
!"#$
covers the following portions.
14.2.1 The Syllabus

∑

provisions, and basic structure.
∑ Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining

therein.
∑ Separation of powers between various organs, dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
∑ Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries.
∑ Parliament and State Legislatures — structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers and
privileges, and issues arising out of these.
∑ Structure, organisation and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary, Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and
their role in the Polity.
∑ Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
∑ Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions, and responsibilities of
various Constitutional bodies.
∑ Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

(1) NCERT books
(a) Indian Constitution at Work: Class XI
(b) Political Theory: Class XII
(c) Politics in India since Independence: Class XII
(2) Other important books
(a) D. D. Basu: An Introduction to the Constitution of India
(b) M. Laxmikanth: Indian Polity
(c) Subhash Kashyap: Our Parliament
(d) Subhash Kashyap: Our Constitution
General Studies Paper II 335
14.2.3 Salient Preparation Tips

∑ Begin your preparation by going through the three NCERT books. These are the basic
resource material for preparation and are, especially, helpful in understanding the concepts,
particularly, if you have not studied them in your graduation.
∑ The book, Our Constitution at Work, must be covered from end-to-end as every chapter is
important. As the questions are analytical in nature, frame questions from each topic and
prepare notes accordingly. Also pay heed to the comments in the boxes and questions at
the end of chapter given in the NCERT books.
∑ The book, Political Theory, offers a conceptual understanding of the political theory and
presents an analytical perspective of concepts of freedom, equality, social justice, rights,
citizenship, nationalism, secularism, peace, development, etc. One must go through this
book at least once and prepare notes on the topics mentioned above. Even identifying a
few bullet points on each of these topics would be good enough.
∑ The third book is also very helpful in conceptual understanding of the political developments.
However, if time is of constraint (which indeed is for most of the candidates) then at least
go through the chapters on “India’s External Relations – Chapter 4” and “ Regional
Aspirations – Chapter 8”.
∑ If you have already covered the books mentioned above (which should preferably be done
before the preliminary test) then move to more advanced level books to cover and understand
these topics in depth. Pick one amongst the following:
(a) D. D. Basu: Introduction to the Constitution of India
(b) M. Laxmikanth: Indian Polity
∑ Introduction to the Constitution of India and Indian Polity are equally good books. Stick to
the one from which you have studied during the preliminary examination. However, the book
by Laxmikanth is more comprehensive from the perspective of this paper as topics such as
political parties, pressure groups, electoral reforms, anti-defection law, foreign policy, etc.,
are also covered in it. However, this book is more voluminous.
∑ It is good to have the two books by Subhash Kashyap, Our Constitution and Our
Parliament. Both the books are not voluminous (or costly) and explain the concepts lucidly.
They are, however, not a substitute for D. D. Basu/Laxmikanth and should be used more as
a reference book for supplementing your preparation and preparing notes therefrom.
∑ For this topic (Constitution and Polity) although the basic reading and preparation has to

&one must keep an eye on the recurring issues in
news pertaining to Constitution and polity. Among the numerous topics covered (under
Constitution and polity), those which repeatedly emerge in the national news have a higher

∑ The topics such as judicial activism, powers and privileges of Members of Parliaments
(MPs), President’s power of pardoning (and delay in it), anti-defection law, Section 66A of
Information Technology Act, Article 371A, etc., from which questions appeared in the past
years, all were repeatedly highlighted and discussed in the news. As such it is extremely
important to follow regularly what’s in news and take cue from it on which topics to
focus and emphasise upon. Newspapers are the best source of capturing such news
items, particularly the editorial section, where issues of raging as well as enduring social

analysis of issues are given which is what the questions ask for. As such these articles/
news items must be covered regularly and thoroughly. It is better to prepare notes on more

'
*
∑ While preparing notes also understand the complete backdrop of the issue involved
in news and not merely what has happened. This can be found by searching about the
news item on internet (Google and Wikipedia). Some CSE preparation related websites
& #

website of PRS Legislative Research (www.prsindia.org) is one such site which provides
information about various bills, recent Acts, reports, parliamentary committees, budgets, etc.
14.2.4 Other Sources of Reading

(a) The Finance Commission report on issues and challenges pertaining to federal
& '+
*'

recommendations).
(b) The Puncchi Commission report, Volume-I; Evolution of Centre-State Relations and
Volume-II; Constitutional Governance and Management of Centre State Relations (http://
interstatecouncil.nic.in/second-ccsr.html). Read at least the recommendations.
(c) Website of Election Commission of India for salient features of the Representation of
People’s Act.
14.3 Governance
The topic of governance is vast and quite a dynamic one. From the syllabus of General Studies
Paper II, the portion which can be ascribed to this topic is as follows.
14.3.1 The Syllabus

∑ Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications,
models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens’ charters, and institutional and other
measures.
∑ Role of civil services in a democracy
The limited number of topics in the syllabus ascribable to governance should not let an aspirant

4&nearly 25–30% of questions
in GS Paper II can be attributed to governance (worth 60–75 marks). Besides, the ambit of this
topic is quite wide and all encompassing and touches areas like challenges before the government,
its policies, programmes, structure and functions, impact on society, future/road map, etc.
14.3.2 Recommended Reading and Resource Material

There are no standard textbooks which cover this topic either in entirety or even substantially.
As such this topic poses an additional challenge to aspirants as, from where to study and how to go
about the preparation. The study necessarily involves scouting for resource materials from diverse
sources such as government reports, editorials/news items in newspapers, articles in magazines,
internet, CSE preparation websites, notes from coaching institutes, etc. Thus, the preparation has to
be based on information gathered and notes prepared from diverse sources. Some of these sources
are discussed below.
14.3.3 Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) Report

The Second ARC report is a virtual gold mine for gathering information on issues pertaining to
governance, transparency and accountability, etc. Besides it is a must read even for GS Paper III
and GS Paper IV. The report (http://arc.gov.in) does not give a textbook like theoretical treatment
to the subject but deals with the issues as on ground, analysing it critically, enunciating a vision,
and suggesting a practical road map. This is what the questions in the examination expect of the
candidate.
As the reports are voluminous, it is prudent to begin reading them with the summary of
recommendations. If time permits, then go to the main body of the report (at least for those topics
which you consider relevant) and take notes from them. The Second ARC has submitted many
reports on issues which are of direct relevance to the topics in GS Papers II, III, and IV. These topics
are mentioned below.
14.3.4 Various Reports of the Second ARC

(1) 1st report on Right to Information
(2) 2nd report on Unlocking Human Capital
(3) 3rd report on Crisis Management
(4) 4th report on Ethics in Governance
(5) 5th report on Public Order
(6) 6th report on Local Governance
(7) 7th$ < $= >
(8) 8th report on Combating Terrorism
(9) 9th report on Social Capital—a Shared Destiny
(10) 10th report on Refurbishing of Personnel Administration

(11) 11th report on Promoting e-governance
(12) 12th report on Citizen-Centric Administration
(13) 13th report on Organisational Structure of Government of India
(14) 14th report on Strengthening Financial Management System
(15) 15th report on State & District Administration
14.3.5 Various Reports of the Puncchi Commission

1. Volume I—Evolution of Centre State Relations
2. Volume II—Constitutional Governance and Management of Centre State Relations
3. Volume III—Centre State Financial Planning and Relations
4. Volume IV—Local Self governance and Decentralised Governance
5. Volume V—Internal Security Criminal Justice and Centre State Co-operation
6. Volume VI—Environment Natural Resource and Infrastructure
7. Volume VII—Socio Economic Development Public Policy and Good Governance
There is no need to be taken aback by the long list. From the perspective of Paper II, reports on
Local Governance, Refurbishing Personnel Administration, Citizen Centric Administration,
and Organisational Structure of Government of India are relevant. While Volumes I, II and
III of Punchi Commission report are pertinent for this paper, the other reports are relevant for other
papers of GS and are separately discussed. The summary of recommendations followed by a few of
the relevant chapters should be studied as well.
14.3.6 Other Resource Material

Candidate should also look out for articles, news reports, editorials in newspapers and magazines.
Newspapers worth reading are The Hindu and The Indian Express. Magazines such as Yojana,
Economic and Political Weekly & # $&
Services Examination preparation magazines like Civil Services Chronicle and websites also carry
good articles at times on governance related issues.
14.4 Social Justice and Development

This topic is yet another area of GS Paper II which cannot be prepared from a standard textbook.

K &
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Q &
particular year may be less relevant or may not at all be relevant in the next year and this makes this
topic more challenging for the aspirants. In the past years nearly 20% questions (4–5 questions)
have arisen from this topic every year. As such its thorough preparation is a must to score well in
this paper. The syllabus of Paper II which falls under the ambit of social justice and development
is as below.
14.4.1 The Syllabus

∑ Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising
out of their design and implementation.
∑ Development processes and the development industry — the role of NGOs, Self Help
Groups (SHGs), various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other
stakeholders.
∑ Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the
performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the
protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
∑ Issues relating to development and management of social sector/services relating to health,
education and human resources.
∑ Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

∑ Begin your preparation by familiarising yourself with the government policies and schemes
of development. This can be accessed from the websites mentioned below. Go through
them and note/copy-paste relevant material from the websites under topic wise folders
in your computer.

on it. Always keep an analytical perspective when preparing notes. Find out not
only what are the salient features of the programme and its objective, but what is
the likely impact/effect on the targeted section/society at large, what are the short
comings, and how can the programme be improved. The useful websites in this
regard are:
(a) The national portal of India (http://india.gov.in): This contains topic-wise hyperlinks on
various relevant sectors viz. social development, labour and employment, food and pubic
distribution, education, health and family welfare, rural sector, etc. Each of these links takes
you further to other relevant hyperlinks. For example, the link, social development contains
links to women, backward classes, SC/ST/minority, disabled women, etc. Each of these links
further takes one to the relevant ministries, policies and programmes.
(b) Wikipedia page on government schemes: Wikipedia contains pages on various government
schemes (http//:enwikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_government_schemes_in_India). The page
contains a number of programmes, each linked to the website of the respective ministry.
(c) Website of Press Information Bureau (http://pib.nic.in): The latest government

announcements and schemes are announced on this website. Besides, a host of information
about latest government policies programmes can be known through this website.
(d) Second Administrative Reforms Commission report (http://arc.gov.in): The second
report of this ARC: Unlocking Human Capital: Entitlements and Governance—A
Case Study, covers the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the
programme. It reviews inter alia other public employment programmes, covers special
problems of backward districts, guaranteeing reach and outcomes, strengthening local
governments, monitoring systems, corruption and leakage. Begin with the summary of
recommendations.
(e) Economic Survey of India (http://indiabudget.nic.in)
The Economic Survey of India contains several chapters on social sector, health education,
improving human resource, social services, and even on some government programmes.
Being a voluminous document, it’s prudent to identify at the outset the relevant chapters and
cover them (viz. chapter 9 Volume II Economic Survey of India 2014–15). Pay heed to the
content in the boxes. There is no compulsion to purchase a hard copy of Economic Survey.
Y
&
(f) GK Today enlists several government schemes at www.gk.today.in: Besides the above
certain other CSE preparation websites and coaching institutes also offer some study material
on this topic. If they are freely available you can peruse it to ascertain their quality and
relevance. However, purchase material only based on recommendation.
(g) Newspapers and Magazines: Follow the news of government policies and programmes

Z[
One must look out for relevant articles in the Yojana magazine. The articles in it
are particularly relevant for this topic (http://yojana.gov.in). The website also contains
an archive (old issues) which can be perused to select suitable articles. The magazine
Kurukshetra also contains relevant articles and can be perused (if time permits) (www.
ekikrat.com)
14.5 International Relations

[ \ ] ^`{|`}
emanate from it. However, being a topic which is substantially based on current affairs, it is
comparatively easier to anticipate questions or at least the important areas of preparation. The
syllabus of this topic is mentioned below.
14.5.1 The Syllabus

∑ India and its neighbourhood—relations.
∑ Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting
India’s interests.
∑ Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests and
Indian diaspora.
∑ Important international institutions, agencies and fora — their structure, mandate.

The issues entailed in International Relations, being dynamic, are not covered by a standard
textbook. Quite similar to other topics one has to gather the relevant material from a variety of
sources, viz. books, government reports, government websites, articles in newspapers, magazines,
internet resources, CSE preparation websites, etc.
∑ First, go through the chapter on foreign policy in Laxmikanth. It covers issues such as
principles and objectives of India’s foreign policy, look east policy, nuclear doctrine, Gujaral
doctrine, etc., which help in understanding the backdrop of India’s foreign policy.
∑ Regularly visit the website of Ministry of External Affairs (www.mea.gov.in). The
website contains the particulars of the latest foreign policy announcements and
initiatives of India, bilateral treaties, agreements, and highlights of visits of the Prime
Minister to other countries. Besides, it also contains a compilation of news and articles
on bilateral issues, foreign visits of Indian President, Prime Minister (or visit of foreign
dignitaries) which appear in foreign as well as Indian media. One can cull out these articles

media centre’ link on the website. This
link is the most relevant one as it contains links to speeches and statements, press releases,

, etc.
∑ The website of Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (www.idsa.in) is another important
resource centre. Although it is more relevant to issues of defence and internal security, but
it also contains articles on bilateral issues. Go through this website once to know what is
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∑ Websites pertaining to CSE preparation also contain some good articles on foreign policy
viz. Mrunal, Insights on India, etc.
14.5.3 Newspapers and Magazines

∑ Newspaper articles and news items are the most important resource material on
International Relations.
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cover news items which are frequently emerging, are of national importance, and are of
"The Hindu and the Indian Express. However

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They may cover only a small aspect of the entire gamut of the bilateral relationship. As such
the issues/background of news should to be researched on the internet.
For instance, if there is a news item of India entering into a civil nuclear deal with the
USA, then the entire gamut of nuclear co-operation and Indo-US bilateral relationship
comes into focus which needs to be understood and covered. Similarly, if the issue of India
and WTO is in news, then do not limit yourself to understanding the issue in news (say, it
may be agricultural subsidy being given by India), but have a deeper and comprehensive
understanding as to what is WTO, what is its international role, and what is India’s stand
vis-à-vis WTO policies apart from the issue of agricultural subsidy.
∑ Magazines such as The Frontline, The Economist, etc., carry good articles on international
relations. The latter is an expensive magazine and may be borrowed from libraries (if
accessible). World Focus is also a good magazine for issues pertaining to international
\

viz. economic diplomacy, energy, security, environmental diplomacy, oil diplomacy, etc.,
(www.worldfocus.in) accessible at (magzter.com).
14.5.4 Books for International Relations

The book by Pushpesh Pant, International Relations in the 21st Century, is a good reference book
for this topic. One can read chapters on Indias Foreign Policy (Chapter 5), Non alignment
(Chapter 6), and Co-operation in South Asia (Chapter 7) from this book. Another book,
International Organisations, Conferences and Treaties (Spectrum publishers) can be referred,
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14.6 Nature of Questions in General Studies Paper II

In 2013 there were 25 questions (each of 10 marks) in this paper. However, in 2014 the number of
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20–25), their nature is going to be the same that is questions would be analytical and not merely
factual or information oriented. Expect questions which require you to evaluate, examine critically,
discuss, give opinion, analyse issues, etc. As such during preparation the focus should be to gather
not only factual information but form opinion and critically analyse issues.
Strategy for preparation – It is noteworthy that apart from the topic of “Constitution and Polity”,
preparation of none of the other topics is based on standard textbooks. Even in “Constitution and
polity”, past trends clearly indicate that questions are likely to emanate from issues which
are in news. For instance, questions on Constitutional validity of Article 66A of Information
Technology Act, National Lok Pal Bill, and Citizens Charter were prominent in 2013 paper and
questions on judicial activism, delay in commuting death sentence by President, freedom of speech
and hate speech were put up in 2014 question paper. These topics and issues were prominently in
news in the relevant period. Therefore, the following points should be kept in mind.
∑ To anticipate the areas from which questions are likely to emanate, one has to keep a close
watch on the news items which are of national importance as well as repeatedly appear
in the news.
∑ Based on what is important, keep on compiling a list of potential topics and prepare notes
on them. Adopt a 50-50 strategy for all the four topics of this paper, i.e., identify at least
50 very important and 50 lesser important topics (the numbers are not sacrosanct). For the
former, prepare detailed notes while for the latter preparing bullet point notes would

∑ While preparing notes make sure to take input from a variety of sources, such as
government reports, newspaper editorials, magazine articles, material on CSE preparation
sites, other websites, notes of coaching institutes, resources on internet, etc. Remember that
for this paper, reading and preparation has to be from wide and diverse sources. Then only
will you be able to suitably modify/adapt your answers as per the need of the question while
taking examination.
14.7 Strategy During Examination

One must adopt a strategy for this paper similar to that for GS Paper I. The salient points to be kept
in mind are as follows:
∑ Do not be taken aback if you do not know the answers to a few questions. Focus on the
questions you are well prepared for.
∑
Write as much
as you know and save time for the next question.
∑ Be to the point in your answers.
∑ Always think for a minute or so and plan your answer mentally before you embark on
writing it.
∑ Time management is important for this paper. Remember you have at the most 8 to
8.5 minutes for each question. If you exceed this time limit in one question then you are

∑ If it is asked in the question to give opinion, then do not merely express facts, and give pros

!
for it. Similarly if you are asked to critically analyse then consider both pros and cons. Do
not let the analysis be single sided. This is what is referred as taking a balanced view.
14.8 Books and Resource Material at a Glance
14.8.1 Books
S.No. Topic/Subject Recommended books and reports

1. Constitution and Polity NCERT books
Indian Constitution at Work: Class XI
Political Theory: Class XII
Politics in India since Independence: Class XII
Other books
D. D. Basu: An Introduction to the Constitution of India
M. Laxmikanth: Indian Polity
Subhash Kashyap: Our Parliament, and
Our Constitution
The Finance Commission report (to read summary of

recommendations) on issues and challenges pertaining to federal
structure, devolution of powers, etc.
The Puncchi Commission report on centre-state relations (to read
recommendations only) (http://interstate council.nic.in/second-ccsr.html)
Website of Election Commission of India (note Salient Features of the
Representation of People’s Act).
2. Governance Reports of Second ARC on Local Governance, Refurbishing
Personnel Administration, Citizen-Centric Administration, and
Organisational Structure of Government of India are relevant.
Magazines: Yojana, Economic & Political Weekly
3. Social Justice and Reports of Second ARC on Unlocking Human Capital: Entitlement
Development and Governance
Economic Survey of India: Relevant chapter (viz. chapter 9 Vol II )
Magazine: Yojana and Kurukshetra
4. International Relations International Relation in the 21st Century : Pushpesh Pant
Magazines: World Focus, The Frontline, The Economist
14.8.2 Important Websites
S. No. Name of website Web address Remarks

1. Ministry of External www.mea.gov.in Gives information and latest news
Affairs related to India’s bilateral relationship
with other countries, international
agreement, speech statements and
information about the visit of Prime
Minister to other countries
(Contd)
(Contd)
S. No. Name of website Web address Remarks
2. Website of Ministry of india.budget.nic.in The Economic Survey of India can be
Finance for Economic freely downloaded in pdf format
Survey of India
3. Website pertaining to www.yojana.gov.in All articles appearing in Yojana can be
magazine Yojana read here.
Old issues and special editions can be
read and downloaded
4. Press Information Bureau www.pib.nic.in Contains latest news, current affairs
issues, information about latest
government initiatives
5. PRS Legislative Research www.prsindia.org Provides information about various
bills, recent Acts, reports, parliamentary
committees, budget, etc.
6. Centre for Policy www.cprindia.org Website has information on areas
Research of economic policy analysis,
environmental law and governance,
international relation and security,
urbanisation, etc.
7. Institute of Defence www.idsa.in Its link on publications has good
Studies and Analysis material on security and defence
8. Report of Second www.arc.gov.in Various reports of Second ARC can be
Administrative Reforms accessed
Commission
9. The Finance Commission
Report of Finance Commission can be
read
10. National Portal of India http://india.gov.in For government schemes
Chapter 15
General Studies Paper III
“The greatest enemy of knowledge is not ignorance but it is the illusion of knowledge.”
—Stephen Hawking
15.1 Introduction
The General Studies Paper III, as per the syllabus, covers the topics of technology, economic
development, bio-diversity, environment, security and disaster management. Quite like the other
two papers this one too encompasses diverse topics, has a vast syllabus, and is more dynamic and
current affairs oriented rather than being based on standard textbooks. However, unlike the other
two GS papers, the scores are not restricted in the range of 25–35%. A score 90–100 (out of 250) is
common (amongst toppers) in this paper.
15.1.2 Topics to be Covered and Distribution of Questions

be subdivided into the following six topics—(a) Economy and development, (b) Agriculture,
(c) Science and Technology, (d) Environment and bio-diversities, (e) Disaster Management,
and (f) Internal-Security. Some candidates presume disaster management (DM) to be an offshoot
of the topic of environment and do not separately prepare for it. Such an approach is detrimental

be devoted to each of the topics should be based on the average number of questions emerging
from them. The topics and the questions which have emanated from them in the previous years is
summarised in Table 15.1.
It is clear that ‘Economy and Development’ is the most important topic and nearly 35% of
questions arise out of it. Internal Security is the next important topic (20–25% questions) followed
by Agriculture, Science and Technology, Environment and Disaster Management. What and from
General Studies Paper III 347
Table 15.1 Break-up of Previous Years’ Questions
S. No. Topic CSE 2013 CSE 2014 Percentage of questions

1. Economy 9 6 30–35%
2. Agriculture 3 3 12–15%
3. Science and Technology 4 3 15%
4. Environment and Bio-diversity 3 2 10–12%
5. Disaster Management 1 1 5%
6. Internal Security 5 5 20–25%
Total 25 questions 20 questions
where to cover in each of these topics along with salient tips for preparation is discussed in the
following sections.
15.2 Economy and Development
15.2.1 Economy
With nearly a third of the questions emanating from it, quite clearly, economy is the most important
topic of this paper. A good thing about this topic is that quite a few good books include a reasonable
portion of what needs to be covered about economy. But surely, not all what is needed to be studied
is there even in these books.
By its very nature economy is a dynamic and ever changing study. What is relevant in a year may
not be pertinent in the next year’s examination. As such always study this subject in conjunction
with the important occurrences in the real-time economy. Events happening in the country and
world are likely to give us a clue as to which areas of the study must be focused upon more. Further
what is covered in newspapers and magazines are not only the harbingers of what will appear in
the question paper but they are important resource material which supplement what we read in the

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15.2.2 Syllabus of Economy and Development

∑ Indian economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth,
developments, and employment.
∑ Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
∑ Government budgeting.
∑ Effects of liberalisation on the economy, changes in industrial policy, and their effects on
industrial growth.
∑ Infrastructure, energy, ports, roads, airports, railways, etc.
∑ Investment models.

1. NCERT books
a. Indian Economic Development: Class XI (important chapters as below)
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Chapter IX: Environment and Sustainable Development
b. India People and Economy: Class XII (Important chapters as below)
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Chapter 7 – Mineral and Energy
Chapter 8 – Manufacturing Industries
Chapter 9 – Planning and Sustainable Development
c. Introductory Macroeconomics: Class XII (Important chapters as below)
Chapter 5 – Government Budget and Economy
Chapter 6 – Open Economy Macroeconomics
2. Other Books
UV UV"Z'Indian Economy: Performance & Policy; or
UV"Z'Issues in Development & Planning; or
UV \ ]7 'The Indian Economy; or
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(e) Economic Survey of India
(f) Report of Latest Finance CommissionU
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∑ Begin your preparation with the NCERT books or revise from them quickly if you have

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particularly chapters mentioned above must be covered thoroughly and notes should be
prepared therefrom. The issues are dealt lucidly and explained in a simple manner which
helps to grasp the concepts quickly.
∑ +

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Economy Performance and Policies is the most suited for the GS Paper III and is usually
recommended by the successful candidates. The book need not be covered in entirety but
concentrate more on the chapters in Section IV: Growth Development and Structural
Change, and Section V: Sectoral Trends and Issues
"ZIssues in
Development and Planning, is also good but gives a much briefer treatment to the issues. If time
is really not a major constraint then go for the book, Indian Economy: Performance Policies.
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pages) on Indian Economy but more suited for beginners who have paucity of time. The book
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pages). If one has opted for this book then one should focus on selected chapters particularly
in Section B of the book viz., Indian Agriculture, Indian Industry and Infrastructure, India and
the Global Economy. Indian Financial Market, International Economic Organisations, Tax
Structure (particularly GST), Public Finance, Demographic Dividend, Human Development,
and Sustainability and Climate Change.
∑ Keep a tab on newspaper so as to identify what is important.< }
daily viz., The Hindu, Business Line, The Business Standard, The Financial Express, or The
Economic Times$

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national newspapers thoroughly (viz., The Hindu, The Indian Express).
∑ Identify recurring issues of national and international importance. Some of these
are GST, food security, subsides and WTO, land acquisition and infrastructure

development and employment, FDI in various sectors, sustainability, renewable and

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out for and read articles on such issues in newspapers, magazines, and from internet and

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∑ Always incorporate analytical perspective/critical analyses of the important issues in your
notes. This would mean analysing the pros and cons of issues, shortcomings of various policies,
suggestions for improvement or overcoming constraints, etc. This is extremely important as
most of the questions do not call for enumeration of points of an issue or merely copy-pasting
of information. Invariably questions ask the candidates to critically examine, evaluate,
discuss analyse, etc.
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Singh, etc.) and also look out for good articles in magazines, editorials of newspapers, etc.
These can also be found on the internet. This way time can be saved in going through the
book while still focusing on the relevant topics.
∑ Read the relevant chapters of the latest Economic Survey (of India) particularly the

industrial performance, energy, infrastructure and communications, and sustainable
development. Although other chapters are also important but the above should not be missed.

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These write-ups are particularly helpful in developing a critical perspective. Further, they often
come up with innovative suggestions highlight, salient points of the topic under discussion.
∑

the sources given below:
Table 15.2 Topics to be Covered for Economy and Development
Topic Book/Source/Resource Material

Indian economy and issues related to ∑ Uma Kapila: Performance & Policies\
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planning, mobilisation of resources, ∑ NCERT: Indian Economic Development; Chapter 4, 5, 6,
growth, development and employment 7
Inclusive growth and issues arising ∑ Economic Survey of India: Chapter on Human
from it. Development
∑ Uma Kapila: Chapter 9; Poverty in India
Government Budgeting ∑ NCERT: Introductory Macroeconomics; Chapter 5
∑ Economic Survey: Chapter on Public Finance
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Effects of liberalisation on the ∑ Uma Kapila: Chapters 13, 14, 15 and 16 on Industrial
economy, changes in industrial Policy and Growth
policy, and their effects on industrial ∑ Economic Survey: Chapter on Industrial Performance
growth
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, ∑ Economic Survey of India: Chapter on Energy,
Airports, Railways, etc. Infrastructure and Communication
Investment models ∑ Uma Kapila: Chapters on FDI and Financial Sector
15.3 Agriculture
15.3.1 Introduction

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year nearly three questions worth 30–40 arise from it. For most of the students this topic is a

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happening in the current scenario, the latest challenges, and the problems plaguing this sector.
This can only be done by going beyond the standard books, peering in the government reports, and
keeping a close watch on the latest news in this sector.
15.3.2 The Syllabus

∑ Major crops, cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation
and irrigation systems, storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues
and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers.
∑ Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; public
distribution system—objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks
and food security; technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
∑

and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
∑ Land reforms in India.
15.3.3 Books and Recommended Reading

1. NCERT books
(a) Indian Economic Development: Class XI
∑ Chapter 2; Agriculture
(b) India People and Economy
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2. Other books and resources
(a) Uma Kapila: Indian Economy & Performance Policy
∑ Chapter 5: Agriculture
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(g) Section on agriculture in The Hindu, Business Line

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go through it thoroughly. The chapter on agriculture in Uma Kapila’s book and on land
reforms must be covered thoroughly.<\

agriculture which covers this topic comprehensively.
∑ Read the chapter on Agriculture in the Economic Survey. This offers a concise account of

∑ The report on the State of Indian Agriculture 2012–13 U
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read. It has seven chapters on the following topics.
(a) Indian agriculture: performance and challenges
(b) Natural resource management
(c) Farm inputs and management
(d) Agricultural production and programmes
(e) Agricultural prices and markets
(f) Post harvest management and value addition
(g) Agricultural research and education
(h)

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of the above topics. If time is of constraint and one cannot cover the complete report then one
must cover the section on “Challenges” and “The way forward” of each chapter.
∑ The website of Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (www.cacpdocnet.nic.in)
contains some excellent material and articles from persons of accomplishment on this
website. The articles are contained in the link titled discussion papers.
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Publications and Programme Schemes available on the site, offer useful material on relevant
topics. Particularly go through the Technology Missions on various crops.
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initiatives, reforms, and government programmes pertaining to agriculture.
∑ <
section on Agriculture in The Hindu, Business Line newspapers. Also read editorials
and articles on this topic in these newspapers, and Yojana and Kurukshetra magazines.
∑ \

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for good articles on these issues and prepare notes on them. These are;
∑ Agricultural subsidies—need, effect, WTO
∑ Agricultural research, technology and dissemination
∑ Agricultural produce pricing, Minimum Support Price (MSP), marketing, APMC Act and
features
∑ Agricultural and food security; Food Security Act
∑ Agricultural produce warehousing, supply chain and marketing, Public Distribution
System (PDS)
∑ Land reforms and impact on agriculture rehabilitation
∑ Second green revolution, pink revolution, blue revolution, and various ‘missions’ in
agriculture
15.3.5 Books and Resource Material

Books and resource material for various topics as indicated in the syllabus, may be read as detailed
in Table 15.3.
Topic Book/Resource Material
Major crops, cropping patterns in various ∑ <\ 'Indian Economy, Chapter 8 – Indian
parts of the country, different types of Agriculture
irrigation and irrigation systems, storage, ∑ "Z'Indian Economy – Performance and
transport and marketing of agricultural Policy – Chapter on Agriculture
produce and issues and related constraints; ∑ <
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Prices
Issues related to direct and indirect farm ∑ <
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Public Distribution System – objectives, ∑ Website of Commission for Agricultural Cost and
functioning, limitations, revamping; Issues of Prices
buffer stocks and food security; Technology ∑ _
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missions; economics of animal-rearing
Food processing and related industries in ∑ <
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upstream and downstream requirements,
supply chain management
Land reforms in India ∑ "Z'Indian Economy—Performance & Policy
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15.4 Science and Technology
15.4.1 Introduction

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some guide books on this topic in the market, one cannot wholly depend on them as the current and
the latest development in them may not be covered. As such the preparation has to be more from
the unstructured sources and the preparation of notes on each topic should, as a norm not be missed
at any cost.
15.4.2 Syllabus of Science and Technology

∑ Science and Technology — developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
∑ Achievements of Indians in science and technology; indigenisation of technology and
developing new technology.
∑

and issues relating to intellectual property rights (IPR).
15.4.3 Resource Material and Books

(1) NCERT books
(a) Class IX Science
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(b) Class X Science
∑ Chapter 14: Sources of Energy
∑ Chapter 15: Our Environment
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UV JZ \ 'Science & Technology (McGraw Hill Publication)
(b) Spectrum Publication: Developments in Science and Technology
(3) Other resources
(1) Science and technology, Thursday Supplement of The Hindu newspaper.
(2) Science Reporter and Frontline magazine – relevant articles
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(a) S&T Development and application in day-to-day life
(b) India’s achievement in S&T
(c)

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biotechnology and IPR
As per the analysis of the past years’ questions, most of the questions can be attributed to
the part C of the syllabus and some questions are ascribable to the other parts. Questions on
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antibiotics and drug resistance, etc., which appeared in past years’ question papers, where
repeatedly in news in the relevant years. As such it is of utmost importance that one keeps

achievement in them.
∑ Begin your preparation with the selected chapters of NCERT books as mentioned above.
These chapters are to give only a basic understanding of the subject but in itself are not

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∑ Pick up any of the two books on S&T as mentioned above (as Other books). Both are
comprehensive but voluminous (around 600 pages). Do not strive to cover them from end-to-
end. Select the relevant chapters particularly of topics in (c) section of the syllabus. However
always supplement your study on any topic from these books with latest development

. These two books may be covering and explaining a substantial part
and the background of the issues but they may not include the latest developments which
take place on day-to-day basis. What is to be covered should also be decided on the basis of
what is in news and recurring time and again.
∑ Prepare notes:

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as there are no standard textbooks. A twenty-twenty approach would be good. This means
identify twenty important topics and prepare detailed notes on them and twenty lesser
important ones and prepare brief/bullet point notes on them. This would comprise your
basic study material.
∑ Always visit the websites of ISRO, DRDO, NASA, CERN,

(a) ISRO’s website (www.isro.gov.in) for various space missions and write up on them.

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(b) DRDO (www.drdo.gov.in) for latest research and developments and inputs in the
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sciences, naval systems, etc.
(c) CERN (http://home.web.cern.ch) for understanding various researches being
conducted particularly in search of fundamental particles such as Higgs-Boson.
(d) NASA (www.nasa.gov) for understanding and learning about various space programmes,
international space stations, mars mission, e-books, etc.
(e) New Scientist (www.newscentist.com) for latest developments and researches in
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the computer for a later reference.
∑ Z

The Hindu, Science Reporter,
(www.niscair.res.in), GK Today (www.gktoday.in), The Frontline (magazine), besides the
editorial pages of newspapers for articles of national and international importance and

15.5 Environment and Biodiversity
15.5.1 Introduction
In recent times environmental issues have always been in sharp focus in the news and are also
likely to be so in the future. As a result environment and biodiversity is a very important topic and
comparatively more predictable to be followed from the perspective of CSE. In the past years,

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On going through the syllabus it is noted that it gives only a very broad and merely a single line
description of the topics to be covered. This leaves the ambit of preparation very wide and the
required coverage vast, making it perplexing for the aspirants to decide, as what all to cover and
from where. Further, unlike topics such as polity, history, economy, etc., there are no year marked
graduation level topics to be covered or standard textbooks to be followed. This section guides the
aspirants to the material to refer to and how to proceed with the preparation of this topic.
15.5.2 Syllabus of Environment and Biodiversity

Conservation, environment pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
15.5.3 Books and Resource Material

(i) NCERT Books
(a) Class X Science: Chapter 15 — Our Environment
(b) Class XI Chemistry7$$"
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(c) Class XII Biology Volume II'"
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(ii) (a) Economic Survey 2014–2015
Chapter 9: Carbon Subsidy to Carbon Tax
(b) Economic Survey 2013–14
Chapter 12: Sustainable Development and Climate Change
(iii) Government Reports
(a) Annual Report 2014–15 of Ministry of Environment and Forest;
∑ Chapter 2 – Conservation
∑ Chapter 3 – Environment Impact Assessment
∑ Chapter 4 – Abatement of Pollution
(b) State of Environment Report: India 2009 (Ministry of Environment and Forest);
∑ Chapter 2 – State and Trends of Environment
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(iv) The Hindu Environmental Survey 2012 — (Optional to refer, if time permits)
(v) Yojana, May 2012 issue, Environment and Development (available at www. yojana.gov.in)
15.5.4 Websites to Refer

(a) Website of Mrunal'U### V<

links to articles on environment.
(b) Website of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (www.envfor.nic.in):
Proceed to the link ‘public information’ and sub link ‘schemes and programmes’ and peruse
the particulars of various ‘schemes and programmes’.
(c) Websites of IPCC U### V =<$ U###

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only the section ‘summary for policy makers’ (if time is available).
15.5.5 Salient Tips for Preparation

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the actual material to be covered is not all that substantive. Begin your preparation with
the chapters of NCERT books (as indicated above). You might have covered this during
the preparation for CS (P), in which case revise them quickly. These chapters cover the
fundamentals of the topics and it is necessary to properly understand them.
∑ Go through the two chapters of Economic Survey (mentioned above). Although the
chapters are brief (15 pages approximately) they are a rich source of information and issues
pertaining to environment; viz., why sustainable development is needed and what is it, and
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carbon credit market and trends, challenges and outlook, etc. It also covers the recent focus
of India’s policy as carbon taxation vis-à-vis carbon subsidy.
∑ Go through the two reports of Ministry of Environment and Forest, (a) the Annual
Report 2014–15 and (b) State of Environment Report 2009.

}
report, covers the topics of conservation, environment impact assessment and abatement of
pollution along with the challenges and policy initiatives of Government of India (available
at the website www.envfor.nic.in). The topics are fully in sync with the UPSC syllabus on
environment and must be covered thoroughly. If one has time one can also read Punchhi
Commission Report Volume VI on Environment Natural Resources and Infrastructure
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∑ The second report, though old, is still relevant (it is available at the above website) and covers
the topics of environmental trends, key environmental issues, policy and institutional options.
The report after discussing an issue (viz. air pollution) also gives policy suggestions. This
aspect (policy suggestions) must be read carefully and one’s thought be applied to it.
∑ Prepare notes. Mere reading of the above material would not be helpful. Prepare brief
notes from the two reports as well as from the Economic Survey by cutting out the relevant
material. The notes should be such as to serve as your reading material for the next revision
with there being little need for reference to the original source. Besides prepare bullet notes
which can be perused just before the day of the examination.
∑ Follow what is in news. This is by far the most important thing to do. What is in news
particularly in this topic gives us a cue as to what can possibly be asked in the question
paper. As such one must take note of such news items particularly if it is appearing in
the news repeatedly. It is likely that the news item (viz., India’s stand in an international
environmental convention which is captured in news) may not gather the entire gamut of

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its background information. These can be accessed at various websites and books, some of
which are highlighted below.
(a) Mrunal (www. mrunal.org) – Environment section of this site contains links to various

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Wikipedia, sites of TERI and IPCC to check whether articles on the relevant
issue is available.
(c) Books to refer for background information: Indian Economy < \
another book, Geography of India by Majid Hussain, both have a chapter on environment.
If you do have either of these books then you can refer to the chapters to check whether
the relevant information is there or not.
(i) Environment and Ecology – By Majid Hussain. Although it is too voluminous
(568 Pages) it covers the background of environmental issues. If time is of
constraint then this book may be skipped and relevant material be accessed from
internet.
(d) IGNOU and NIOS
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15.6 Disaster Management
15.6.1 Introduction
The topic of Disaster Management (DM) is at times perceived to be a part of environment and
biodiversity, however this is not so. Although, there may be some areas of overlap in study of both
the topics, but from the CSE perspective, different sources have to be tapped for this topic and the
coverage is quite separate from that of environment and biodiversity.
15.6.2 Questions and Coverage

Every year one question emerges from this topic. Although the marks attributable to DM
are quite less as compared to other topics, candidates should not become complacent about its
preparation or ignore it altogether. The
+6

topics. This makes the questions more predictable and preparation more rewarding. Further,
it is important to bear in mind that generic information gathered from the newspaper reports or

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the topic in totality — although they may serve as a good supplement to our preparation. As such
concerted preparation for DM preferably from sources as indicated below is essential.
15.6.3 The Syllabus

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# Disaster and Disaster Management. This does
not elucidate at all the domain of study of this topic. As such one has to refer to government
sources of National Disaster Management Authority (www.ndma.gov.in) and government reports
to understand as to what the topic disaster and disaster management would entail.
15.6.4 Resources and Salient Preparation Tips

As mentioned above the information on the website of NDMA and the 2ndJ<&

(a) The 2nd ARC, 3rd Report; Crises Management: From Despair to Hope: access the 2nd
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gov.in. Considering the constraint of time it is not recommended to read the entire report but
preferably the following chapters.
Chapter 3 – India’s Key Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Crisis Response Mechanism
Chapter 5 – Risk reduction
Chapter 6 – Emergency Response System
Chapter 7 – Recovery
Chapter 9 – Drought Management
Chapter 11 – Summary of Recommendations
Out of the above, Chapter 3 and Chapter 11 are the most important and a must read for all
the aspirants. Besides the above, the report also contains boxes which have salient topics and
must also be covered. These boxes and topics are as indicated below:
Box no. Topic
2.1 Disaster Management and Sustainable Development
2.2 Distinction between Disaster and Hazard
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to different disasters. However, all need not be covered. The six important guidelines to be
studied are given below. Further, as these guidelines themselves are quite exhaustive they
need not be covered fully but selected chapters mentioned as follows should be studied.
(1) Guidelines on Management of Earthquakes

Chapter 6 – Awareness and Preparation
Chapter 7 – Capacity Development
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(2) Guidelines on Management of Tsunamis
Chapter 3 – Tsunami Preparedness
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Chapter 8 – Summary of Action Points
(3) Guideline on Management of Cyclones
Chapter 6 – Awareness
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Chapter 3 – Flood Prevention, Preparedness and Mitigation
Chapter 7 – Capacity Development
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Chapter 10 — Summary of Action Points
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Chapter 3 – Assessment and Early Warning System
Chapter 4 – Prevention Preparedness and Mitigation
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then they should
cover at least the summary of action points given in the report. Further, aspirants should
lay greater emphasis on study from the 2nd ARC report as the material required to be read
is briefer while incorporating the relevant points.
(c) Yojana Edition on Disaster Management
The March 2012 edition of Yojana incorporates a number of good articles on disaster
management. This must be covered thoroughly (available at www.yojana.gov.in in the
archives section).
15.6.5 Take a Cue from the Current Affairs

India and various parts of the world often see different disasters striking it. Candidates must take
note of such disasters (if any) occurring particularly in India. This would help in anticipating as to
which disaster is likely to be asked about in the examination. For instance, if parts of Nepal and
India have been rocked by an earthquake then probability of questions on earthquake being asked
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just one or two topics for the examination hoping that questions will emanate from it. Cover all the
six topics as mentioned above but emphasise more on the one(s) in news.
15.7 Internal Security
15.7.1 Introduction
From the perspective of the GS Paper III, Internal Security (IS) is second in importance only to
the topic, Economy. Five questions worth 50–60 marks have arisen from IS in the past years.
As such proper coverage of this topic is essential to do well in this paper.
15.7.2 The Syllabus

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syllabus. As such the syllabus of IS must be kept in mind during its preparation. The topics are
indicated here:
∑ Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
∑ Role of external state and non-state factors in creating challenges to internal security.
∑ Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering
and its prevention.
∑ Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organised crime with
terrorism.
∑ Various security forces, and agencies and their mandate.
15.7.3 Resource Material, Reports and Books

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Chapter 6: Other Internal Security Issues
(i) The Naxal problem
(ii) The North East
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(III) Website of Institute of Defence Studies and Analysis (www.idsa.in) – For articles and
various publications.
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∑ Chapter 4: Does Counter Insurgency Theory Apply in North East India

∑ The 2nd ARC, 7th report and the Punchhi Commission Report-Volume 5 are the most
important and authentic information on the subject. Go through them carefully.

conclusions and summary of the
recommendations of the report which is given at the end. Once you are through with it then
go to the chapters indicated above (provided time permits).
∑ Prepare notes on the topics you read from the reports. Notes should be brief or even in
bullet points so as to be easy to revise and remember.

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summary of the various sections of the above reports. Besides detailed notes also prepare
very brief or micro notes which you can peruse a day before the examination to recollect
what you have read.
∑ JZ Internal Security and Disaster Management, is concise and can
be very helpful to supplement the reports. Besides it is a good source to cover the topics
otherwise not discussed in the report (viz., cyber security, money laundering, etc.). Similarly,

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perspective of the topics. It is worth a read, if you can borrow it from a library or elsewhere
but no need to separately purchase it.
∑ The IDSA websites (www.idsa.in) has good articles in its weekly journal, ‘The week in
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journal can be periodically perused for relevant analytical articles. Further its monograph
series no. 23 of 2013 on India’s internal security situation is a good read.
∑ The syllabus for IS can be broadly divided into the following distinct areas of study.
(a) Spread of extremism, causes, link with development,
(b) Internal security, threat due to state and non state actors,
(c) Challenges to cyber security and communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites,
(d) Money laundering and challenges to internal security,
(e) Challenges at borders and link with terrorism, and
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The reports and chapters mentioned above cover the topics (a), (b) and (e). However, the
remaining three topics viz. (c), (d) and (f) need to be covered separately and through different
sources.
(a) For cyber security threat to communication networks one can go through Wikipedia and
familiarise oneself with various forms of cyber threats. These are also in news and one
must watch out in the newspaper as to know what cyber security and cyber threat issues
are arising. One should also read about topics such as digital signature, encryption,
cryptography, phishing, trojan-worms, cyber-warfare, cyber-crime, cyber-espionage,

cyber-terror, etc., and understand India’s National Cyber Security Policy 2013.
One can also read about the above issues from IDSA’s e-book, India Cyber security
Challenges (this can be downloaded from IDSA’s website). In this book one must go

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(b) The various security agencies and their roles can be studied from Wikipedia, which
has a good page on this issue. Identify the important agencies and note down a few

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(Chapter 11).
(c) To understand about money laundering as a security threat one must know a bit
about legislations such as Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), Foreign
Exchange Management Act, and about Financial Action Task Force (FATF) — an
inter-governmental body. The information, about them has to be culled from different
websites. One may also read FATF Guidance 2013, National Money Terrorist Financing
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combating generation of black money and prevention of money laundering. These often
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∑ Aspirants must also apply their own thought to the various issues pertaining to internet
security. This is essential as the questions in the examination are, Analyse, Critically
Examine, and Comment types. They are not straight forward questions which merely
test the information content or the knowledge on an issue. As such on any topic candidates

of the question asked in the examination. For example, on the issue of naxalism, one must
develop a few points on causes of naxalism, viz., lack of economic development, lack of land
reforms, growth of leftist extremism, exploitation of poorest of poor, lack of administrative
reach to certain areas, and administrative failures and failure of justice delivery. Similarly one
should develop some points regarding the solution to the problem viz., initiation of welfare
activities, development of infrastructure and generation of employment in the affected area,
launching joint operation of security agencies in co-ordination with the affected states, etc.
Such points can be developed wherever a question related to naxalism arises. Depending on
what the question asks the answer should be molded accordingly.
∑ Follow what is in news. News enables us to capture the important developments and
anticipate the issues on which questions can arise in the examination.
Chapter 16
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
“Character is doing what is right when nobody is looking.”

—J.C Watts
16.1 Significance of GS Paper IV

The topic of “Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude” is a recent introduction to the Civil Services
Examination [in vogue since CSE (Main 2013)] and indeed a very important and pertinent addition.
In the modern bureaucracy of our country, a civil servant’s ethics, integrity and aptitude is put to
test in almost all aspects of duty he/she attends to and even put to question, though occasionally. It
is only appropriate that the prospective civil servants quite understand, what do ethics, integrity and
aptitude imply and appreciate its practical relevance. To an “aspirant” the topic is important as it is

as compared to the much bigger (syllabus-wise)
topics such as history, polity, economy and geography, each of which contribute questions worth
100 marks only.
The GS Paper IV is, thus not a material intensive study where one has to pore over myriad

pertaining to ethics, integrity and other bureaucratic and social values. Besides it is also necessary
to hone one’s innate ability to discern what is right, and appropriate from what is not. Clearly the
mugging up to be done is considerably less. At the same times

!" . Thus, amongst all the three GS Papers, “Ethics
Integrity and Aptitude” invariably offers the most marks. Quite rightly Nishant Jain (AIR 4 CSE
2014) describes this paper as a game changer in the Mains (see Chapter 11, 'Tips from the Toppers')
Although this paper gives a greater output (marks) with lesser input (time and effort) this should
not be construed as to be requiring negligible or no input. In this paper, if there is a compromise in
effort then the drop in marks is bound to be sharp. As such proper and focused study of the topics
is essential. Here is what is to be done.
Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude 367
16.2 The Syllabus of Paper IV

The syllabus of GS IV is detailed and exhaustive and is given below. Candidates must go through
it carefully and keep on checking/ticking the relevant portions or the topic covered by them. This is
essential to ensure that all topics as enlisted are duly covered.
General Studies IV: Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
This paper will include questions to test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating
to integrity, probity in public life and his or her problem solving approach to various issues and

to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants, and consequences of Ethics in human
actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships. Human Values – lessons
from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family, society
and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude:

Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service: Integrity, impartiality and non-
partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards
the weaker sections.
Emotional Intelligence: Concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration: Status and problems;
ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening
of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
corporate governance.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and
probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of

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of public funds, challenges of corruption.
Case Studies on above issues.
It is noteworthy that as this paper does not constitute a standard graduation subject or discipline

themselves are not indicative of the study and its extent encapsulated by it. For instance the topic,
“essence, determinants and consequences of human actions”, does not indicate what all should be
covered in its study. On the other hand a topic such as post independence Indian History, albeit vast,
is explicit as to what all it would entail. As such the syllabus must be seen/analysed in conjunction
with the past year’s questions of this paper.
368 "%&"%&'%& ( )
16.3 Analyse Past Years’ Questions

Go through the past years’ questions so as to understand what sort of questions are emerging.

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to understand the nature of preparation and extent of coverage to be done during the study of this
topic. Some of the salient points emerging from the analysis of past years’ questions is as below.
16.4 Salient Features of G.S. Paper IV

The GS Paper IV is #$

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The ( ) of the paper contains questions worth "$ marks and tests candidate’s
theoretical understanding and appreciation of the topics of the syllabus. The question may call
for elucidation of the concepts of terms such as integrity, voice of conscience, perseverance,

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and lives of great moral thinkers, philosophers, leaders, reformers, etc. Some questions require
elaboration of ethical or moral values as contained in a famous maxim, adage or a quote of a
thinker, leader, etc., viz. “Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s
character give him power.” Abraham Lincoln: Bring out what it means in present context (CSE
2013).
Another class of questions seeks the views/opinion of the candidates on a particular issue, e.g.,
“It is often said that politics and ethics do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard?
Justify your answer with illustration.” (CSE 2013)
Some questions may ask a candidate to dwell upon a social issue in an ethical context, viz.,
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(CSE 2014)
Thus, while the various socioethical values remain at the core of these questions, the requirement
of the question may vary from elucidation of a concept to explaining with practical illustration and
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has to clearly understand what these values stand for and why they are relevant in the society and
bureaucracy. As such some inputs on this point are contained in this chapter
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ethical and moral dilemma as to what correct course of action is to be adopted within the practical
and situational constraints. The question may contain certain possible course of actions and the
candidate may be asked to select the most appropriate one giving detailed reasons for choosing
that particular course of action. Some questions may not be specifying altogether any course of
action suo moto, but may ask the candidate to come up with possible options and the best possible
solution to the situation. This chapter contains a number of such case studies with solutions
highlighting the best course of action as to, why it should be taken and the principle/value the case
study tests.
16.5 Resource Material and Salient Preparation Tips

(a) Resource material and books
(i) This book contains the essential resource material to begin your preparation, which includes
article on ethics, conceptual explanation of various terminologies, and 30 case studies
which succinctly bring out the various ethical values and principals. The solution to the case
studies helps to understand what are the core values and principals incorporated in the social/
administrative dilemmas and how to arrive at an appropriate course of action in the given
constraints. Go through them very carefully as they are not only apt for the paper but good
enough to launch your preparation in the primary orbit.
(ii) Do wide reading especially of government reports on ethics and integrity and books and
articles which bring out facts about life of great men and values, principle and ethics which
they stood for. Some of these reports and books are given below. However, it is not an
exhaustive list of all what can be read. Even reading a few of such books or select chapters
of reports brings clarity as to what are these ethical values and what standards are expected
of bureaucrats.
It is not necessary to read them in one go, rather a few pages or a chapter at time. They
can be read even as a break between studies, while travelling, at leisure, etc., so as to leave
a gradual but lasting impact on your thoughts. The purpose of the books is to broaden your
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Table 16.1 Important Books and Reports
Book and Author Remarks

(1) All Men are Brothers – Mahatma Gandhi Chapter II: Religion & Truth
(Navjivan Publishing House) Chapter III: Means & Ends
This book is a must read. It is a small Chapter IV: Ahimsa or the Way of Non-violence
book of around 200 pages of which just a Chapter V: Self Discipline
few chapters are required to be read, one Chapter IX: Democracy and People
may read other chapters of this book, if Chapter X: Education
time permits. Chapter XI: Women
(2) India of My Dreams–Mahatma Gandhi Chapter 1: India of My Dreams
5

Chapter 2: The Meaning of Swaraj
Chapter 3: Democracy in India
Chapter 16: Theory of Trusteeship
Chapter 17: Non-violent Economy
Chapter18: The Way to Equal Distribution
Chapter 19: Every Village a Republic
(3) 4th Report; Ethics & Governance of 2nd Chapter 2: Ethical Framework
Administrative Reforms Commission Chapter 3: Legal Framework (have a broad idea of the
(ARC) issues)
(This report must be read. But read Chapter 4: Institutional Framework

(have a broad idea)
(Contd...)
370 "%&"%&'%& ( )
Table 16.1 (Contd.)
Book and Author Remarks

(4) Article on Ethics and Governance of It is a 10 page article available on the website of RITES
T. N. Chaturvedi, former Governor of (www. rites.com/rites-journal- july/pdf)
Karnataka (may be read)
(5) Report on Probity and Governance: by Available on the website—www.lawmin.nic in/ncrw/
National Commission to review working ! !

of the Constitution (read only Chapter 3 the link ncrwc )
if you have time)
(6) Competency Dictionary for Civil Services Available at http://persmin.gov.in/otraining/
It is a must read. It is brought out CompetencyDictonary.asp
by DOPT and UNDP (It is a brief
publication which brings out the traits
essential for civil services & what do
they stand for)
(7) (a) Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by N. K. This is one amongst the many books available in market
Reddy & Santosh Ajmera (Mc Graw on the subject (albeit better than others). Read it only to
Hill) supplement the content given in this chapter and from
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any similar one as your primary source of study as they
are quite voluminous i.e., 600 pages or more. This book
is more concise (and marginally better than the rest) and
should be preferred.
16.6 Tips for the Examination
(a) /%

Make a time plan for this paper and stick to it. This is extremely important as none of the
questions are substantially information or theory based ones. Rather they are often based
on a practical situation (case studies in Section B) or elicit the opinion of a candidate on an
issue, or elucidate a concept. As such none of the questions are likely to be having ready
application of mugged up information or answer. Thus, % ,
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to stop or how to conclude. Surely this would be detrimental to the candidate. As such proper
time planning is crucial so as not to fall in this trap. Here is what can be done.
∑ Section A usually has 12–13 questions each of 10 marks to be answered in 150 words.
Section B contains generally 5–6 case studies each of 20–25 marks to be answered in
approximately 250 words. *

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under lining, etc.
∑ For each question of Section A you have seven to seven and half minutes. 1
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the questions within the given word limits. As such it makes sense to stick to the word limit.
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thoughts in 150 words, then you may exceed it by a maximum of 50 words or so. But do
not exceed your answer by more than that. Although the examiners are least likely to count
the words in an answer (no! they do not have time for that), very long answers are easily
noticeable to be exceeding the word limit. Then it is up to the examiner, as to award the
marks which the answer deserves on merit or deduct marks for exceeding the word limit.
Besides, longer answers would compromise availability of your own time for the remaining
questions.
(c)
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As discussed, thinking about what to write beforehand is essential as the questions are least
likely to be ones where you would have readymade or cut-out answers. Here is what can be
done.
∑ 2
' % and identify the main part and the subparts of the question
which need to be answered. For instance, a question may ask to explain a terminology
such as probity or crisis of conscience. It may also ask to bring out its practical

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the parts of the question.
∑ 3 Jot down (preferably in rough) the various points which strike
you based on which you can develop your answer. Even if you gather two or three points
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are initially unable to think of points for the second part (that is a practical illustration
portion in the above case) then do not continue to wait for composing answer to the

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second part may strike you later.
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should cover a point. This way the answers are well structured and lucid. They present
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clearly what the writer wants to convey and the probability of missing a point which
you had thought to cover, is also less. This also helps in framing your answer in correct
chronology of points. Besides, when you have exhausted your points you know that it
is time to end the answer. You are then not tempted to continue writing frivolous lines
which do not add substance, just because you are not sure whether you have something
more to add.
To understand how to develop an answer point wise let us consider Question no 8 of
CSE 2013—“It is often said that politics and ethics do not go together. What is your
opinion in the regard? Justify your answer with illustration.”
A decent answer could be framed covering the following points.
∑ Politics and ethics are not contradictory to each other as both are essentially for the good
of individual and society.
∑ As such the notion of both not going together is incorrect and a misconception propagated
by those who are concerned only with meeting the ends at any cost.
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politics (activities in realm of governance of people and public service through the
methodology of representation) and what are its objectives. Show that their purpose is
in consonance with each other.
∑ Quote Mahatama Gandhi that politics devoid of “Dharma” (implying here a code of
ethics) is like body bereft of soul.
∑ Give examples viz. Mahatama Gandhi withdrawing the non-cooperation movement
after Chauri-Chaura incident or any other example.
∑ Give example of some modern day politicians and leaders in India and across the world
who empahsise on value based politics.
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(d) 4 in those questions where you feel you have little to write or cannot marshal
your thoughts. Skip them and move ahead. Come to them towards last when you have some
time left after attempting all the other questions. Even if you can think of one relevant
point, write it, although it may be just one paragraph. For instance in the above question
supposing you believe that politics and ethics are not contradictory but you cannot recollect
any examples to support your answer. In such a case just write your opinion mentioning
that eventually both are for the good of the society and therefore not contradictory. This
elaborates the single point.
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your own time, fetches you no extra marks, rather irks the examiner who forms a poor
opinion of you.
16.7 Understanding Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

Section A of the question paper tests the understanding of candidates on various concepts associated
with civil services and public life, such as probity, integrity, spirit of service, administrative ethics,
courage of conviction, etc. Besides there are many other questions, which although do not ask for
a direct explanation of these terms, revolve around the understanding of the concepts encompassed
by them. As there are no cut-out answers for the questions arising in this paper, so it is all the
more important that candidates fully comprehend as to what are these concepts and what is their
relevance in public life. This section captures an article on ethics and 20 such very important
terminologies and concepts which are explained in the context of civil service with their practical
relevance and illustration.
16.7.1 Article on Ethics

Here is a brief article which lucidly explains what are ethics, what are its important features which
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important posts in his long and illustrious career.
Ethics for Civil Servants
1. Ethics connotes what is morally right and what is not. Ethics in administration is a pre-
requisite, to and a corner stone of good governance. Public service is a public trust and this
trust depends upon observance of ethical principles at all levels of decision making. Some
of the key components or aspects of ethics to be practiced by civil servants in their day to day
functioning are as follows:
(i) Probity
/
4
misused for personal advancement or gain or for furthering the illegitimate interests of
any group or individual.
(ii) Exercise of Authority: This should be done in a fair and impartial manner. This implies
that decisions should be taken in an objective manner, within the framework of law and
5

(iii) Standing to pressure: In decision making this is yet another important feature of ethics.
In a democratic system of government, political pressures are bound to operate to
6 !
cajoling, by cultivating the art of resisting them often. What acts as a shield against such
pressures is one’s reputation for doing what is just and fair, and the same has to built up
through consistent acts of unbiased decisions.
2. 74
8 9
4
and punctuality and putting in one’s best effort in handling the functions that one is entrusted
with, are some other important aspects of administrative ethics. As a leader of a team, one
should ‘walk the talk’, that is, demonstrate by his or her conduct these values instead of
374 "%&"%&'%& ( )
merely talking about them. Seniors should lead by setting an example of honesty, dedication,
thoroughness and a respectful and responsive attitude towards the citizens. Another attribute
of administrative ethics is sharing of credit for accomplishing a challenging task with all
members of the team (instead of appropriating the same for oneself) and owning responsibility

4
3. / # #
4

politician or other interest groups, accepting hospitality or favours from those with whom

4
8
days of one’s tenure in a particular position), misuse of public resources, acceptance of gifts,
improper outside employment are clearly unethical acts and should be shunned. In fact the
service conduct rules prescribed for civil servants constitute a code of ethics for them and
encompass the various ‘dos and don’ts’ for them.
4. Every civil servant should adhere to them in the interest of public service in general and in
the interest of his own reputation and career in particular.
16.7.2 Concepts Pertaining to Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
(1) Ethics
(a) What are Ethics?
As per the dictionary meaning, ethics are said to be the moral principles that govern a person’s
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proper course of action for man.
From the perspective of civil services,
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. It serves as a beacon of light at all levels of
decision making and acts as a guiding force particularly in those areas of administration where laws
and rules are silent or are unable to resolve the dilemma before the civil servant.
(b) Are ethics same as law/rules?
Ethics connotes what is the morally appropriate course of conduct. However, it is not identical to or
same as the law of the land. Under the legal framework, it is the Constitution which is the supreme
law followed by the various laws and rules, as enacted by the legislature from time to time. Ethics
per-se, is neither a written nor enacted set of rules of conduct and as such it may have no legal basis
or enforceability under the Constitution. Nevertheless it is an extremely important guiding force of
human action.
Ethics are not the same as law. Although there exists a vast area of overlap between the two,

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us consider the following examples. To steal from a friend (or anybody) is illegal and unethical.
However, to lie to a friend would be unethical but not illegal. But if a person lies under oath before
a court then it becomes illegal as well. Thus, the same set of conduct may be perceived differently
from the perspective of legality and ethics in different circumstances.
Usually to tell a lie is considered unethical but in some circumstances it may become ethical
too. Supposing if a person is running from an outlaw, who is trying to shoot him or her, he or she
takes shelter in another person’s house, who on being asked by the outlaw truthfully discloses the

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However, if the person hiding is an outlaw and the cops are asking for his location then truth would
be legal as well as ethical.
The above simplistic examples are only to show that legality and ethics are separate from each
other. While legality solely depends on whether the act conforms to the law of the land or not, ethics
is more dynamic and would substantially depend on the facts and circumstances.
As a civil servant while taking decisions ethics and law both are important considerations and
the conduct must conform to both. Further, to understand what is ethical/unethical there must be
proper appreciations of facts and circumstances.
Practical relevance of ethics: Ethics help in distinguishing the appropriate course of conduct to be
adopted by civil servants and to take apt decisions even in challenging circumstances, particularly in

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(2) Integrity: The word integrity refers to unity, wholeness or soundness of a thing or a person.
In the context of civil services, % '% %

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Thus, honesty, uprightness of character and conformance to professional ethics are essential
elements of integrity. A civil servant is expected to be a person of the highest and impeccable
integrity.
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< In a modern day civil servant’s, integrity is the most important requisite
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and even dangerous if a person lacks integrity. An honest person would work in the interest of the
governmentm the society and the organisation. His or her output may be limited by his or her
competency; however, his or her intentions would always be aligned with organisational objective.
On the other hand despite the highest standards of competency a person of doubtful integrity may
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self serving and even be injurious to the organisation.
Practical illustration
A dishonest worker who accepts bribe, gives a bad name to the organisation. Such a person may
work only if personal interest is met and on other occasions slow down the bureaucratic machinery.
He or she may undertake activities which suit his or her personal ends but are injurious to the
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interest group but overall detrimental to the organisation/society.
(3) Aptitude: Aptitude refers to the '
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learn or mental disposition towards an act or discipline.
For the subject of “ethics and integrity and aptitude”,

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376 "%&"%&'%& ( )
to appreciate administrative competencies and ethical traits essential for the civil servant. Some
of these traits are diligence, commitment to service/devotion to duty, objectivity, impartiality
neutrality, sensitivity and responsiveness, perseverance, courtesy, courage of conviction, integrity,
probity, transparency, initiatives, etc. What do these terminologies/qualities stand for have been
explained in the following paragraphs.
The abilities/competency essential for modern day civil services has also been captured in the
Competency Dictionary for the Civil Services prepared by Department of Personnel and Training
(DOPT) along with UNDP (available at http:// persmin.gov.in/otraining/CompetencyDictionary.asp).
It prescribes the 6 %, , #,7 # # '%
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6 refers to a 8 + 9 . This means placing the interest of country/
organisation/people before personal interest. It also includes strategic thinking ability, organisational
awareness commitment to the organisation and leadership qualities.
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information seeking, planning and coordination, desire for knowledge, innovative thinking, problem
solving, self awareness and control, communication skills and team working.
(4) Probity: The literal meaning of the term probity is honesty, integrity and uprightness and a
strict following of the code of ethics. In the context of civil services, % '%

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probity is the very soul of ethical conduct and essential element of integrity. All civil services are
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(5) Impartiality: Impartiality is another important trait of a civil servant which has its origins in
the principles of law and justice. It refers to the qualities of even handedness and fair-mindedness.
It
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As a civil servant impartiality of conduct and decisions is essential. This is achieved by
scrupulously subscribing to laws, rules, norms of the organisation and making departures from
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A contractor who is close to the local MLA of ruling party applies for works contract. He approaches
the committee deciding the bids requesting it to favour him. Impartiality in such a situation demands
that while deciding the winning bid, the factors ought to be considered by the committee should
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should not be a factor even worth consideration. Rather the committee may even take objection to
being approached.
(6) Objectivity: Objectivity refers to qualities of equitableness, detachment, neutrality and
justness. In the context of civil services
,

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. The attribute of objectivity and impartiality
go hand in hand and play a key role in decision making by civil servants. Both objectivity and
impartiality are essential qualities for gaining trust of the public. While detachment and neutrality
makes the decision unbiased, justness would imply incorporating due consideration of all the
factors before taking the decision. This is what makes the decision appropriate.
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by any biases, but has failed to take into account all the factors worthy of consideration, may be
impartial but not completely objective.
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and the contract is awarded solely on the basis of the lowest cost of the bid then the decision cannot
be said to be objective and sound.
(7) Commitment and dedication to service
Both the terms, commitment and dedication to service, mean
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. This is also referred as devotion to duty. Thus

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Commitment and dedication add another realm to the qualities possessed by the civil servants.
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making, the quantum of work done and the actual discharge of duties are dependent on the
commitment of the civil servant. It is this ability which enables a civil servant to carry forward
even in the face of numerous hardships and seemingly insurmountable challenges.
Soldiers manning the defence posts in hostile climate and adverse circumstances are able to
discharge their duties because of their absolute commitment to service and patriotism.
(8) Accountability: Accountability is an important tenet of civil services. It implies the
obligation of an organisation or an individual, (which emanates on acceptance of an authority or
responsibility); to
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. In the context of civil services, accountability
378 "%&"%&'%& ( )
encompasses two liabilities (on the bearer of responsibility or the executor of authority). These
are answerability and enforceability. Thus, if a job has been entrusted on a public authority, then
the authority is answerable to public as well as the superiors of the authority who can direct it to
complete the task it was entrusted upon.
For instance, if Public Works Department (PWD) of Government is entrusted with a public
project then it is answerable to the appropriate authority and the public. Besides, the superior
authority can direct completion of the task in the manner it was required to do.
Thus, accountability not only casts an obligation but also provides for enforcing that obligation.
Accountability can be of various types. The political executive is accountable for its action to the
Parliament, while the bureaucracy is accountable to the political executive. The legal accountability
of both vests with the courts while social accountability with public.
(9) Neutrality: The reference to neutrality in civil services essentially refers to political
neutrality. This , ,
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servants from being a member, of any political party or any organisation taking part in politics, or

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executive and yet not lean politically particularly towards the ruling party. This can be achieved by
reinforcing of the fact that the loyalty of the civil servant lies with the Constitution and state and
not with the political masters. Besides the civil servant must have sound understanding of the laws,
rules, regulations, practices and precedents to render his or her advice in a nonpartisan manner.
Further, he or she must have the courage of conviction to speak out what he or she considers
appropriate and not what the political masters want him or her to speak. But the most important, he
or she himself or herself should not be lured by the prospects of seeking political favours and his or
her acts and advice must pass the acid test of conforming with administrative ethics.
(10) Transparency: As per the common understanding transparency means the attribute of
being able to see through an object or a system as opposed to being opaque. : -
, # #
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Transparency International, an international body which surveys institutions, organisations and
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transparency as below:
Transparency is a principle that allows those affected by administrative decisions, business
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and processes. Thus, transparency mandates the civil servants, managers and trustees to act visibly
predictably and understandably.
This availability of information in public domain about acts, policies and functioning of the
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information is as important as it being timely and accurate. Beyond sharing of information, why’s
and how’s of things are equally important. If a policy is being framed or the government is acting
in a particular manner then public ought to know why not the policy has been framed not framed,
or particular act committed not committed.
Transparency and accountability often go hand in hand. Where the public is aware of right
information then only can it hold the authority concerned responsible for its acts of commission or
omission.
Transparency also has an important bearing on corruption. More corrupt societies tend to be
more secretive and opaque rather than transparent.
The RTI Act 2005 has brought greater transparency in the functioning of bureaucracy by enabling

holders of public posts and at times prodding them to act/do what they were supposed to do.
(11) Emotional Intelligence (EI): "
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which enables the individual to perceive, understand, use, and manage the emotions of oneself and
others with whom interacting. Thus, unlike faculties such as thinking, remembering, or reasoning,
etc., which an individual is fully conscious of when making use of, EI is not a cognitive faculty.
This intelligence springs from the sub-conscious or without the active application of faculties such
as logic and reasoning.
The four attributes of EI can broadly be clubbed as input and output attributes. Perceiving and
understating emotions of one self and others can be said to be the input attributes of EI. They
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faculties a person would be impervious to emotions of others and his or her reaction would be
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his or her boss, then his or her behavior may be such to aggravate it further.
Using and managing the emotions are the two output attributes. These abilities help to harness the
input emotions so as to facilitate various cognitive activities (viz. thinking, speech, body language)
and also to regulate emotions in oneself as well as in others with whom we are interacting. In the
above example, EI would help a person to speak or to behave in a manner which lessens irritation
or cools the anger of the boss and does not aggravate or lead to a showdown between the two. This
could happen by accepting one’s mistake (if there is one) or politely conveying why one is not in
wrong, or not interjecting when the boss is speaking or reacting appropriately or even keeping quiet

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For civil servants, EI is an important trait to develop as often in public life they encounter
situations where negative emotions can mar the state of affairs. This can happen vis-à-vis agitated

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who do not want to hear of any explanations or recalcitrant subordinates who are prone to giving
aggressive replies. The poor management of EI can also be a two way process where stress and
pressure can lead to altercation, anger and outburst.
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Practical relevance: EI enables managing of stressful situations particularly vis-à-vis irritated

superiors, agitated members of public, etc.
(12) Empathy: Empathy refers to the % %%
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. In a way, it is akin to the ability to put oneself
in the shoes of another person. Empathy is another trait essential in public life, particularly in
civil services as opposed to apathy or indifference. It is this ability which enables one to hear and
understand the problems and concerns of general public, and particularly of the weaker sections
of the society. Besides, it also includes the ability of a person to understand the above even when
they are not made explicit. Thus, in the context of civil services, empathy entails listening to others
being understanding and sensitive to the problems of the members of public.
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has been waiting to meet him for last two hours. He seeks help over the issue of illegal occupation
of his agricultural land. Mr. A asks the peon to tell the person to come after a week as he is too busy

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(13) Voice of conscience: Conscience or its voice is said to be ,

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cognitive intelligence is sensitive to it and how much we consciously heed it (despite our awareness
of what the voice tells us), varies from individual to individual. Some philosophies may also term
it as the light of the soul or the voice of God within us.
The voice of conscience is an eternal guide to the civil servants. In situations where laws and
rules tend to become hazy and moral dilemmas too overpowering, it is the voice of conscience
which guides, as the beacon of light. And in doing so it encompasses ethics, probity, objectivity,
integrity, impartiality and other attributes inherent in the civil servant.
As a young civil servant we all begin careers with sensitive and active voice of conscience.
While some continue to be sensitive to it, some tend to neglect it and some even suppress it. This is
when lack of integrity and corruption permeate in one’s character.
(14) Crisis of Conscience: Crisis of conscience refers to a situation where a person believes
that he or she has done something morally or ethically wrong. It can also refer to situations where
a person could not do what his/her voice of conscience required him/her to do, or where the ethical
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Practical example
A situation where a superior has directed to do a thing which his or her voice of conscience does
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course of action due to pressure from higher ups or helplessness in the given situation.
(15) Courage of conviction: Courage of conviction is an extremely important attribute of a
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face of adversity and pressure. :

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In modern day bureaucracy, this is one quality which is essential if the civil servant is to remain
impartial, neutral and ethical. The civil servant is most likely to face political and other forms of

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ethics, fairness and objectivity which enable the bureaucrat to withstand the pressure and do what
is right.
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otherwise would not be eligible for bid.
Mr. A politely refuses to do so as he believes that it would be incorrect to change the tender
norms once announced in public domain. Further, it is unethical to do so only to accommodate
somebody. Besides, the norms were same as in other districts. Mr. A displays courage of conviction
and stands by his decision.
(16) Sensitivity and responsiveness
Sensitivity and responsiveness are qualities important for the modern day civil servants. ( ,%
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Sensitivity in the human context is analogous to empathy;
however, its ambit is wider. It also includes the sensitivity to organisational needs, concern towards
meeting organisational goals and challenges and making due effort to resolve the problems being
faced by it.
Thus as a team leader, whether a civil servant is able to perceive the issues plaguing the
organisation, the challenges and concerns of the human resource and the problems of public at large
and whether he/she strives to redress the problems or not, would fall within the ambit of sensitivity.
Responsiveness is the administrative corollary of sensitivity. It is not only important to understand
the issue and appreciate somebody’s concern, but also to act promptly. Thus, responsiveness has
two parts; acting appropriately and acting timely. While an inadequate or inappropriate response is
self-defeating and even detrimental, a delayed response would be futile.
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whether in carrying out the valid commands of the political executive or addressing the problems of

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or whether to do those acts which the civil servant is expected to do in the course of discharge of
his/her duties.
(17) Anonymity: As a norm of civil services, anonymity requires the civil servants to work
from behind the curtain without praise or blame. In the parliamentary system of democracy, as a
matter of convention, it is the political executive which is responsible to the parliament, while the
382 "%&"%&'%& ( )
civil servant is answerable to the political executive. Thus, the bureaucrat functions anonymously,
unexposed to the din and fury of the politics.
The norm of anonymity is therefore a counterpart of the ministerial responsibility, which shields
the bureaucrats from being directly answerable to the people’s representatives. However, this shield

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not in the case of illegal or improper acts. This % 3%

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. However, the civil servant will solely be responsible for any illegal acts committed by it.
Need for anonymity: The civil services forms the permanent executive and anonymity helps
them to work from behind the scenes without the fear of adverse political reaction (or even public
reaction) caused due to the policies of the government. This enables it to work without the aforesaid
pressure and render their advice freely and fearlessly.
As a corollary of anonymity it can also be said that the civil servant should not be credit seeking
for self, particularly in public domain.
(18) Equity: The need for equity as a value in modern civil services has often been highlighted
in recent times. Equity in civil servants would mean, treating all citizens alike, ensuring justice for
all, particularly the weaker section. Thus, applying the rule of law to all and showing empathy for
the week and under privileged is the corner stone of equity in civil services.
Mr X, Superintendent of Police (SP), is approached by a poor person who states that the local
police station is not registering an FIR regarding his 15 year old son who is missing for three days.
On enquiry the SHO says that the particular police station is largely involved in protection of VIPs
and is hard pressed for manpower. Therefore, they avoid registering all such complaints wherever
they are able to dissuade the complainant. Despite practical constraints the approach of the SHO is
clearly against the principle of equity. What should the SP do in such a situation?
(19) Code of conduct for civil services
Code of conduct for any organisation refers to the set of written and unwritten rules and guidelines
which identify and highlight expected professional standard of conduct by the members of the
organisation.

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set of rules govern conduct of the civil servants on issues ranging from maintenance of absolute
integrity and devotion to duty to permission and intimation to the government about various movable
and immovable property transactions. These rules are enforceable vis-à-vis the civil servants that

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without leaving the conduct to be dependent on individual ethics and morality.

Civil services is often described to be akin to public trust. This implies that public and society
reposes faith in the civil services to take care of its interests and the conduct of the civil servants
should be such so as to uphold this trust reposed and not to belie it.
, ,

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the people not for the personal enjoyment of the civil servant who should never consider himself/

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which are the key ethical principles which reinforce this public trust inter-alia other qualities.
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does not consider the bureaucracy to be above board or to be the custodian/protector of its interests
or to be carrying out its duties following the tenets of ethics, integrity impartiality, objectivity and
commitment, etc.
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domain as well as falling standards of work ethics of civil services. Further, there is also a lack of
faith in the many institutions and organisation which were required to redress the above problems
particularly vis-à-vis their ability to it do so effectively and impartially which also adds to the trust

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16.8 Tackling Case Studies

Section B of the question paper comprises solely of case studies (nearly 5–6 questions of total
120–125 marks). Each case study deals with a real life like situation, which describes who you are
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an MNC dealing with the launch of a product, a common man being demanded a bribe, etc. The
questions entail a situation of ethical, moral or practical dilemma, and requires you to explain as to
what course of conduct you would adopt in such a situation and why. In some questions a few courses
of action (4–5 options) may be given, requiring you to analyse the relative merits and demerits of all
of them and select the one most appropriate in the given situation. In other question the candidate is
required to come up with various alternatives and specify which one is the most appropriate.
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, which capture a wide ambit of situations.
The answers cover not only the appropriate course of action but highlight the relative merits/
demerits of various options. Besides, it also indicates the key value or principle which is being
tested in the question.
Salient tips for tackling case studies
∑ 2
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situation, what is your role, what are the constraints, what action is required to be taken, etc.
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course of actions to be considered in such a situation.
∑ :
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. To identify
this listen to your own voice of conscience and do not be swayed by the constraints at this
juncture.
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∑ Once you have determined the ideal course of action then
. Evaluate,
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principle/ethics/rules, defeat the very purpose of the action? If that is not so, then follow the
path of ethics and choose the correct option, accordingly.
Let us consider the following examples.
Example A
You are a District Collector. A poor man approaches you and recounts that he was a domestic help
of the local MLA who beat him up and threw him out of the house, he was not paid his due salary.
He was afraid to go to the police station to register his complaint as the SHO is on very good terms
with the MLA and has met the MLA at his house a few times. He trusts you to give justice. The
local MLA is of the ruling party and also close to the higher ups. What course of action amongst
the following would you adopt?
(a) Direct the local police station to immediately register a complaint/FIR and report progress to
you.
(b) Speak to your boss and seek his or her advice.
(c) Speak to the Local MLA and ask him to bear his medical cost and pay his wages otherwise
you will register an FIR.
(d) Ask the person to come to you after a few days as you are in a hurry for a meeting and then
leaving station for leave of a few days.
) Option (a) is the legally and ethically correct thing to do. The question is such so as to give
an impression of there being many constraints (viz., the MLA being connected/known to your

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action is neither impossible nor practically self-defeating, rather legally the most appropriate and
therefore must be adopted. Such situations are often faced in real life where one has to withstand
pressure and discharge one’s duty without looking for easy escape routes.
(b) Where the course of action is very clear and decision is in your own administrative domain

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if the boss verbally directs for an unethical action /illegal action (viz., shoo away the complainant)
then would the subordinate be complying with it?
(c) Speaking to the local MLA to secure money shows initiative and concern, but that cannot be

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(d) Asking the fellow to come later is procrastination and failure to discharge one’s duty.
Example B
There was an earthquake in the district in which you are a District Collector. There was destruction
of houses and buildings because of which many people have been rendered homeless. Rescue
operation have now been completed and temporary relief camps have been organised. The

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medicinetarpaulin/plastic sheets, etc. To procure them quickly they want to purchase them from
the market. You also observe that the price quoted by the regular government suppliers is quite
high and price negotiations with the government suppliers has failed. Ideally such large quantities
should be procured through a tender. For market purchase, approval of the Secretary should be
taken. In such a situation you have the following options. Which one would you adopt?
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the capital city where the secretariat is located is far and fax/internet, etc., is not working in
your district.
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government else you would take action against them.
(c) Purchase some material from market for the next two-three days and also simultaneously
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(d) Send letter to the Commissioner (your boss) seeking directions as what to do.
) Option (c) is the best course of action. If you wait for approval of the Secretary for the whole
of purchase, then life of people would be affected and the purpose of purchase may be defeated.
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options would only delay the procurement.
Case Studies
(1) As a District Magistrate you receive an order of the Pollution Control Board for removal
of tanneries which are discharging pollutants in a river in gross violation of the pollution
control norms. You also receive a representation from the tannery owners requesting you
not to execute the order as more than 200 workers are employed in the tanneries who will
lose their job and livelihood. Besides, these tanneries have been operational for at least two
decades. Which of the following course of action would you adopt?
(a) Write back to the Pollution Control Board that tanneries cannot be removed as a number
of persons will lose their livelihood.
(b) Report the matter to the government secretariat in the state capital and seek their
directions. This is going to take at least 10 days. By pursuing this course of action
neither the Pollution Control Board nor the local people will blame you for taking a
wrong decision.
(c) Pass an order for removal of tanneries after giving a notice of 10–15 days (as per law)
to the owners/occupiers for vacation of the premise.
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there is no ‘public dealing’ in it. Given below are some possible options before you. What
would be your response?
(a) Try to counsel him to change his behaviour.
(b) Write a strong note recommending his transfer to another division on grounds of being

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(c) Report his misdoings to your superior and seek his direction in writing.
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initiate disciplinary proceedings and take action against him as per rules.
(3) You are a Superintendent of Police (SP) of a district. You are approached by a woman who
claims to have been subject to domestic violence and harassment by her in-laws. She had
approached the local police station but she claims that her complaint was not registered
there. You telephonically enquire from the police station who reveal that on account of
pressure from a prominent politician her complaint was not registered, as the politician had
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also aware that the politician is known to your higher ups. In such circumstances which of
the following options would you exercise? Discuss the appropriateness of each course of
action.
(a) Ask the woman to approach the National Commission of Women to get justice, as

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(b) Ask her to bring a report of a government hospital about her suffering physical injuries
so that you can have a complaint registered on the basis of the report.
(c) Call the in-laws, counsel and sternly direct them not to resort to physical violence. But
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medical examination in a government hospital.
(4) You have gone to the railway reservation counter to book a berth for New Delhi where you
have to appear for a job interview. You see that the person on the counter has been booking
several tickets for the past half an hour. He appears to be a tout/ ticketing agent. When you
raise objection, the tout/agent offers to help you book your ticket ahead of other persons
in line, in lieu of your silence (as he knows the railway reservation supervisor). In such a
situation, what will you do? Discuss the various options and its merits/demerits.
(5) You are a government servant living in a government house. You have made several complaints
to the government civic agency (CPWD; which is entrusted with the maintenance of the
house) for carrying certain urgent civil repairs. The agency has failed to do so. Meanwhile
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available with you and what is the best course of action for you.
(6) As an Executive Director (R & D) of a cosmetic multinational company you are besieged with
the following dilemma. Your company is about to make a public launch of a sunscreen cum
anti-ageing cream. You are aware that another rival company is about to launch a similar
cream shortly. As a marketing strategy, it is important for you to launch your company’s
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show that nearly 10% of the human samples showed signs of allergy to the cream. Products in
which allergies/ adverse reaction is observed in more than 2% of sample are not permitted to
be launched. But not launching the product timely will imply economic loss to the company and
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have the following four course of action. What action would you take? Justify with reasons.
(a) Ask your R & D team to conduct a fresh trial on those persons who did not have allergy

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way the trial report will be successful.
(b) Launch the cream irrespective of the R & D report by suppressing it. By the time
complaints of allergies are received from the consumers, the R & D division will be
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identify the cause of allergy and rectify it.
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in another 10 days and await their decision.
(7) You are a police authority in a district where you receive information about a proposed
procession by a students’ union in the university. The students are protesting against certain
policies of the government which affect the students. Personally you are sympathetic and
even supportive of the demands of the students. But you have been approached by the local
MLA. who wants the proposed procession to be prohibited. This is so, as he suspects that
the opposition parties are instigating the students to bring out the procession. He wants the
students’ union leaders to be taken in preventive custody. The university authorities have also
requested you not to permit the procession as it will embarrass them. However, the union
leaders assure you that the procession will be peaceful. Which amongst the following course
of actions would you consider appropriate? Discuss the pros and cons of each of them.
(a) Pass orders banning the procession and take the union leaders in preventive custody.
(b) Permit the procession after taking a written assurance from the union leaders that
procession is going to be peaceful. This will be in consonance with your own views as

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(c) Persuade the union leaders to drop the procession and instead make a written
representation to the authorities concerned.
(d) Permit the procession but deploy suitable number of police personnel to prevent any law
and order breach from taking place.
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(8) Your are a project head in a public sector undertaking. You are approached by an important
team member of the project who is seeking 10 days leave for availing leave travel concession
(LTC) [The organisation reimburses the employee to and fro expenses for travel of the
employee and his family to a holiday destination once in four years]. He is to proceed on
leave after a week.
He states that his LTC option is going to expire in a month’s time, if he does not avail of
it. Besides, he has already got the reservation of train and hotel bookings done (as they have
to be done well in advance). As such he will suffer monetary loss if leave is denied.
You know that the project is to be completed in another 3–4 month’s time and his absence of
10 days is likely to affect a part of the project, unless you or somebody else put in additional
effort in his place. In such a situation discuss the various options you have and what would
be your approach.
(9) You are driving on a highway and going on an urgent business trip. You are late for the
appointment scheduled with your prospective customers from whom you are expecting a big
order. You notice the wreckage of a car and also see that a person is trapped in it. Which of

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choice while analyzing the merits/demerits of all of them.
(a) Continue to drive as you are late for the appointment but inform about the accident to

(b) Inform telephonically about the accident to a hospital/police station and then move
ahead.
(c) Inform telephonically about the accident but wait for police/ambulance to arrive. But
then you are likely to miss your business deal.
(d) Inform the police/ambulance and seek local help to try and extricate the victim from
wreckage. This option is also likely to rob you of your business opportunity.
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among the following would you adopt and why? Discuss with merits/demerits of each of
them.
(a) Intimate the policeman that you are a senior government servant and are in a hurry to go

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(c) You would try to argue that the light was yellow when you crossed it and save yourself
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a meeting with the Secretary next day. The issue and meeting is very important but as per
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somehow manages to escape from shouldering such challenging jobs. What would be your
reaction in front of your boss? Discuss possible options before you.
(12) Mr. A who is a civil contractor is a close relative of yours who has helped you on numerous
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for the contract are to be examined by a committee in which you are also a member. You
were not aware that Mr. A has applied for the contract till the day the name of the applicants
was put before the committee, nor has he informed you. The tender is to be evaluated after
a week. Given below are some possible options. Evaluate them and specify what would you
do? You would;
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Mr. A. This way you would repay Mr. A for his favours.
(b) Inform the chairman of the committee about your close relationship with Mr. A and
ask him to appoint some other person in your place in the committee. In this way there
would be no charges of favouritism in case Mr. A eventually gets the contract.
(c) Ask Mr. A to withdraw his tender lest somebody accuses you of favouritism.
(d) Take no action and do not inform the chairman or anybody about your relationship with
Mr. A. Let the contract be awarded on merits.
(13) You are a new employee at a manufacturing unit of a MNC. You have got this job with great

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environmental norms and cause severe ground water depletion affecting the local agriculture
and the livelihood of the several villages in the region. If the company does not adopt such
manufacturing processes then its manufacturing cost would go up and the unit might have to
be shut down. Evaluate the following options before you and discuss the respective merits.
Which option you consider proper? Are there any other option apart from those given below?
(a) Quit your job in protest against the violation of environmental laws.
(b) Request the management to change the manufacturing process to environmental law
compliant one.
(c) Collect evidence and write to Pollution Control Board despite knowing that this may
possibly lead to closure of the unit and you yourself loosing job.
(d) Let things continue as they are, as checking pollution is the job of Pollution Control
Board.
(14) You go to a movie theatre with your family to watch a movie which you had been waiting for
weeks. The person selling the tickets asks for double the printed price of tickets as only a few
tickets are left. Given below are some possible options. Discuss their merits and also state
the action you consider proper.
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(a) Threaten to report the matter to the theatre administration unless he gives ticket to you
at the regular price.
(b) Go back without watching the movie.
(c) Take the tickets at double the price and enjoy the move. In any case going back and
coming another day would cost you more besides being a waste of time.
(d) Not purchase the ticket and report the matter to theatre manager/administration.
(15) You are a senior government servant who is known for his uprightness and integrity. You are
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of corruption. They want you to support the movement and actively participate in it as you
are also known to be against corruption. But you know that the government ‘Conduct Rules’
prohibit any government servant form criticising government policies, or, from participating
in demonstration, etc., which are against the government. A few possible options are given
below. In such a situation what would be the most appropriate course of action for you?
(a) Lend support and participate in the procession as the issue of corruption is very
important.
(b) Refrain from participating in the procession but convey moral support on the issue of

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wrong means to attain a noble end.
(16) You are a Superintendent of Police (SP) in a district. You are approached by a boy and a girl
who are seeking police protection. They claim that they are adults and are of marriageable
age and are ready to furnish documentary evidence to this effect. They want to marry each
other, but they belong to different castes and their families and communities are opposed to
the marriage. Further, the girl’s family and community have threatened the boy with dire
consequences.
You are personally not in favour of marriages which involve elopement and believe family
blessings are important for a strong foundation of marriage. Besides, your work force is
hard pressed for man power on account of some political agitation which is going on. In
such a situation which amongst the following course of action you would adopt. Explain with
reasons.
(a) Convince the boy and the girl to return to their families and seek their blessings before
marriage.
(b) Take the telephone numbers of their parents, speak personally to their parents and try to
convince them to allow the boy and the girl to marry.
(c) Seek a report/complaint in writing from the boy and girl and then allow police protection.
(d) Ask them to come after a week as you are busy and lack man power to give police
protection.
(17) As a District Collector you receive a complaint regarding embezzlement and other
malpractices in the “Food for Work” programme running in your district. It is alleged that a
cartel of contractors who are close to the ruling party are in control of the entire programme.
They are either not distributing the food grains or distributing lesser quantities of food grain
while taking receipts from workers and raising the bill for the full amount.
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due in the state in the next six months and the people in question enjoy immense political
patronage.
They suggest that to buy time the complaint be forwarded to the Commissioner and his
directions be sought. Some possible options are given below. What would you consider the
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(c) Scrutinise the accounts of the scheme yourself but do not order an inquiry as you would
have to face political pressure.
(d) Order an inquiry despite possibility of political pressure.
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plants which are under governmental control are grossly violating the pollution norms. Your

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go public.
(d) Submit a copy of your report to the Ministry of Environment/ Department concerned of
the government. After awaiting their response for a reasonable period of time and then
go public.
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(19) You are appearing for an examination of a competition, based on which you will be admitted
for certain post graduate courses. The ratio of the number of seats available to applicants is
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of students were using unfair means. A student complained to the invigilator about these
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the commotion does not seem to be settling down. In such circumstances which amongst the
following course of action would you consider appropriate. Justify with reason.
(a) Join ranks with the student who has complained about the group which was cheating
and ask the invigilator to expel them, as students using unfair means stand better chance
in this stiff competition.
(b) March out of the examination hall in protest against the noise and cheating and threaten
to have the examination cancelled by complaining to the governing body.
(c) Ask the invigilator politely to take the quarrelling candidates out of the examination hall
and take disciplinary action against the guilty.
(d) Do nothing but wait for the noise to settle down.
(20) You are the head of a committee which selects and presents cash award and citation to young
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The committee deciding the award (headed by you) evaluates these nominations and then
decides whom to award.
You receive a complaint, that the claim of social work, by the winner of the last award,
was false. The work was actually done by somebody else which the awardee claimed as his
own. Some photographs and old media reports have been furnished from which prima facie,
the allegation appears to be correct. What are the possible courses of action and which one
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Some of the possible options in the given situation could be as below:
(a) Ask the awardee to return the award and tender an apology.
(b) Seek an explanation from the awardee.
(c) Ask the screening committee to examine the allegation, if need be seek comments of the
awardee and then furnish its report.
(d) Take no action as the matter is old and no purpose would be served by digging up such
matters. Besides it would compromise the prestige of the award.
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headquarters have issued directions to expedite the commissioning. They have not agreed to
your earlier suggestion of sanctioning of additional funds and have redrawn the time line for
completion of the work.
A report received from your subordinate regarding progress, shows that the completion
of pending work is likely to take more time than the redrawn time line. You are of a different
view from your subordinate. You feel that if additional funds are allotted then the unit can
still be completed as per the new time line set.
You would have liked your subordinate to include this point in his report but his report
is silent on this issue and he has expressed unwillingness to modify his report. In such a
situation. Which amongst the following course of action would you adopt?
(a) Direct the subordinate to modify his report and seek more funds.
(b) Forward the report to the company as it is, intimating of more possible delay and seeking
more time for commissioning of the unit.
(c) Forward the report of the subordinate, expressing your disagreement and stating that the
unit can be started in time without additional funds.
(d) Forward the report with a recommendation for allocating additional funds, to enable you
to complete the commissioning as per the revised times lines.
(22) You are an appellate authority in one of the government departments. Inter-alia the many
functions it performs, the department examines the accounts of those superspecialty hospitals,
which were granted land free of cost by the government in lieu of treating poor patients free.
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treated only 18% free. As per rules an amount equivalent to the average treatment cost of the
7% patient was to be deposited in a fund. This fund was to be used in the next year to treat
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number of poor patients had approached it. The non-deposition of money (7% of treatment
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for this failure.
The hospital administration has approached you in appeal. The rules permit you to reduce/
waive/ enhance the penalty. You happen to know them personally and they have helped you
in getting timely treatment of your relatives on a couple of occasions.
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as which one would you choose.
(23) You are a manager of a production unit which manufactures baby milk powder. Strict
manufacturing standards are required to be maintained during the entire manufacturing
process. Further frequent testing of samples are required to be done. It has come to your
knowledge that a few batches of milk products are showing higher than permissible levels of
insecticides in them. The report has not been formally submitted to you but the supervisor of
the quality control laboratory has verbally informed you.
This is a matter of concern for you as all these batches should be rejected and the cause

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then it could cause health problems to babies and if detected by media or government then it
could also lead to erosion of the company’s brand value beside penalty as per law.
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accept that there could be contamination. Further, he is not ready to allow you to stop the
manufacturing as there is huge demand in the market and the supply is quite short. If they do
not meet the demand then they will fall below the budgetary sales target. He also emphasizes
that the insecticide percent is only marginally high and it is not likely to be detected by
government laboratories which do not have the wherewithal to measure it so accurately. He
also directs you to immediately push the entire existing inventory in the market even before
the report is physically received from the laboratory.
What are the various options before you? Discuss the relative merits and demerits of each
one of them and the action you would take.
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in terms of the circular of expenditure approval and put up a note recommending/not
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the Secretary for approval.
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been circulated around two months back. You should also have been careful and checked the
latest norms on the Department’s website. This could mean that some expenditure which you
had not recommended for approval would get approved as per the new norms.
It is likely that higher ups also may not note this and concur with you recommendation. But
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and face a possible reprimand from the higher ups who are likely to form a poor opinion of
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and what would you do in such a situation.
(25) Your company, an MNC, has made you the general manager of a production unit which is in
a remote area of the country. Its production is least and cost of per unit production is highest
amongst all the units of the company. Considering your past career record, the company
expects you to improve the performance of the unit especially as it is located in an area rich
in iron ore and coal, the two key inputs of its manufacturing process.
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of a cartel of suppliers the raw materials are supplied at a very high cost. The tenders for
supply is advertised only in the local newspapers as such many bigger suppliers do not even
come to know of it. You advertise the tenders in several national newspapers as well as on
the company’s website. This has elicited good response from other suppliers.
These two, along with some other measures have made you very unpopular with the union

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with the headquarters against you alleging that you are demanding money in promotion of

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inquiry and your immediate recall as the general manager. They have also approached you
with an offer that they would withdraw the complaints if you at least withdraw the biometric
attendance system.
Under such a situation evaluate which amongst the following course of action is most
appropriate for you and why?
(a) Accept the demand of union and roll back BAS. This way at least the tender issue can
be taken care of.
(b) Do not withdraw the attendance and ask the headquarters not to conduct inquiry as this
would be humiliating to you as the complaint is motivated.
(c) Accept and face enquiry but do not roll back any of the measures you have taken.
(d) Seek transfer from the unit as the situation has became adverse to you.
(26) You have received the job of an Assistant in a government department. You had applied for
a government house three months ago but have not received the letter of house allotment as
yet, although the allotment usually takes place in two to two and half months.
You have enquired about it from the dealing clerk of the Housing Section who says that the
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only when somebody offers him some money does he issue the allotment order.
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Your friends suggest that if you pay this amount he will give you the order promptly. You also
can’t make any formal complaint as the clerk himself has not demanded any money.
In such a situation explain with reasons as to which amongst the following course of
action would you adopt.
(a) Pay the money as delay of more than two days would mean more money to be paid in
the youth hostel.
(b) Lodge a written complaint against the dealing clerk alleging harassment and demand of
money.
(c) Approach the boss of the dealing clerk and request him to look into the matter and also
request for early issue of allotment letter as you do not have a house at present.
(d) Do nothing but wait for the dealing clerk to issue the allotment letter in due course of
time, lest doing anything would annoy him.
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cadre. You were given a headquarter posting for the last two years and in the third year’s
transfer posting orders you continue to be in the headquarters. Your other batch mates who
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Although you are handling important work in the headquarters you would like to do a stint
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You want to speak to Inspector General (IG) headquarter police, who handles the transfer
and posting and whom you occasionally meet in the course of work. But you are not sure
whether it is proper to do so as he is very senior to you. You seek advice of a senior who feels
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Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) (which deals with the service matters). In his matter
of promotion he got relief from CAT.
An MLA whom you had helped earlier, has also approached you. He expressed dismay on
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situation?
(28) You are about to enter a mall (a large shopping complex) when you hear gun shots being
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drive off from the mall. You are able to note the vehicle number.
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is wounded, he is not critically injured. In such a situation which of the following course of
action would you consider appropriate. Justify with reasons.
(a) Carry on with your work as there are other people who are attending to him and the
incident might have been captured in CCTV.
(b) Offer to help him/take him to a hospital.
(c) Call the police, inform them about the incident and provide them the number of the
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(d) Inform the management/security personnel of the mall about the incident and ask them
to take immediate action.
(29) A riot has broken out in the district in which you are a District Collector. The media has
launched a scathing attack on the administration for its failure, although several steps were
taken by the administration to prevent a possible riot. The Home Minister of the state has
immediately sought a report and has threatened to transfer you. Your subordinates inform

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(a) To visit the riot affected areas to try and bring the situation under control.
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administration.
(c) To prepare a comprehensive report defending the administration. This is to be sent to the
Home Minister lest you are transferred.
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be taken) lest you are later faulted by him.
(30) You are heading a cyber-forensic team in a government department. In an order passed by

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for foreign training of two weeks, but your name has not been considered, although you had
mooted the proposal for this training programme. You suspect that it is deliberate on part of

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action you would;
(a) write a formal complaint against your boss alleging favouritism and vendetta.
(b) seek audience from your boss’s superiors and bring this injustice to their knowledge.
(c) speak to your boss requesting him to reconsider his decision because being the head of

(d) speak to some of your political contacts to put pressure on your boss to include your name.
Answers to Case Studies

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∑ As an executive authority you must implement valid orders of statutory bodies. Though
the order of closure of tanneries is apparently harsh on the workers, it is of greater good
for a larger population who otherwise would be affected by the pollution. Besides, as a
government authority your duty is to uphold the law and in no way assist or be a mute
spectator to its breach. As such option (c) is the best course. This way you are also giving

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appellate authority/court. Further measures can be taken by administration to rehabilitate the
displaced labour and ameliorate the hardship suffered.
∑ Option (b) shows lack of desire to shoulder responsibility and take action on one’s own.
∑ Option (a) and (d) would be violative of a valid legal order.
Principle/value tested
∑ Desire to implement and uphold law and not buckling under pressure
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is guilty of insubordination.
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intentional. Besides being a waste time you may later be faulted as a supervisory authority
for not taking timely action on paper.
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course of action which is to take action as per the rules. Superior authority is not likely to
give any different direction than initiating proceedings as per rules. On the contrary he may
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own when what is to be done is obvious.
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wants to be transferred out. This may solve the problem of the section but not of the
organisation. Besides such a step would only encourage him to adopt such tactics in the
future also.
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∑ Desire and ability to take seemingly tough but appropriate administrative decisions
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∑ Option (d) is the best course of action as it redresses the grievance of the women regarding
non-registration of her complaint and also helps her to seek justice against domestic violence.
Possible pressure from a local politician cannot be a ground for not doing one’s duty or
denying justice to anybody.
∑ Option (b) is akin to shrugging off one’s responsibility. Although the intention is to get the

for the women and onus is being shifted back to her.
∑ Asking the women to approach the National Commission of Women may otherwise be a good
advice, but is clearly shirking of duty and denial of justice. This option may be exercised by
the women on her own also, after the police complaint has been registered. But this cannot
be a ground for not registering a complaint.
∑ Counselling or even reprimanding may or may not work. Further, it does not help the women
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of legal and a fundamental right.
Principles/values tested
∑ Upholding law and justice despite pressures
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(a) To accept the agent’s offer and save your time which you can better utilise for preparing for
the interview.
(b) To ask him to leave the window without accepting his offer and wait for your turn at the
window.
(c) To warn the agent and railway booking personnel not to do such a thing in future as it is
against the rules.
(d) To make a formal complaint with the Chief Reservation Supervisor and his superiors. But
this will encroach on your valuable time.
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knowledge of the authorities concerned. Although it may take a few minutes of additional
time, a formal written complaint cannot be wished away by the administrative authorities,
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illegal act and social malice which you come across.
∑ Option (c) and option (b) are also good course of actions as they oppose a corrupt system. But

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higher authorities.
∑ Option (a) is akin to joining a corrupt system, hence it is completely unacceptable.
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(a) Get the repairs done by the private contractor. This way at least the work would be done.
Even if CPWD does the work eventually the cost would be borne by the Government itself,
which would be the case if the private contractor does it.
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request, lest a written complaint annoys them.
(d) Continue without taking any action and wait for CPWD to carry out the repairs in due course.
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may not be appearing to yield immediate result. By adopting other means viz., allowing the
private contractor to do the repair job, the system does not improve.
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(c)] otherwise. But where the authorities concerned have not been responding at all, another
verbal request may only prove to be facile. However, it is better than not doing anything at
all (option (d)).
∑ By exercising option (a), one may be able to get the work done quickly but it does nothing to

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∑ Respecting/adopting the correct path to seek remedy in public domain vis-à-vis adopting
effective but illegal short cuts
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∑ Withholding the launch and rectifying the problem is the best course of action. Although it
may entail short term economic loss, it is ethically and legally the right thing to do. Besides,
it may prevent the erosion of companies brand value if the product’s allergy gets noted and
disclosed in the media.
∑ Option (d) is the next best course to adopt. However, there is a loss of 10 days time which
otherwise can be used for rectifying the product. Besides, this option also implies, leaving
the decision to the Board which otherwise is primarily in the R & D domain.
∑ Options (a) and (b) are legally as well as ethically incorrect as such are inappropriate choices.
∑ Upholding ethics in public life despite the fear of short term setbacks
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∑ “Peaceful assembly without arms”, is a fundamental right enshrined in the Constitution. As
such a peaceful procession should be permitted unless it is likely to jeopardise the law and
order situation. To prevent any law and order breach from taking place suitable number of
police personnel need to be deployed. As such option (d) would be the best course of action.
∑ Trying to convince the protestors to give up procession and adopt the path of written
representation is ideologically sound. But it has practical limitations. The protestors may
have already exhausted the option of written representation or might be considering it to be
futile. As such option (c) may or may not work. The time and effort lost in persuasion may
only end up squeezing the time left with you for making suitable deployment of police force.
∑ Permitting the procession with written assurance may be risky. The situation may get out
of control of the student union leaders even if the assurance is well meaning. Accordingly,
deployment of police force is essential. Besides, even the righteousness of cause, or your

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such option (b)

to option (d).
∑ Prohibiting the procession or taking union leaders in preventive custody without a substantive
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aggressive approach.
∑ Balance of judgment
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! > %

)A Under the given circumstances, the following course of action could be considered.
(a) Reject his leave application as organisational need is supreme and leave is not a matter of
right. Besides, he had not taken your permission before getting his train reservations and
hotel booking done for the LTC.
(b) Ask him to reduce his leave to 5 to 7 days and also ask him to recommend the name of a
colleague who can be given additional charge of his work.
(c) Ask him to put in additional effort in the next 7 days (before he proceeds on leave) so that
the work required to be done by him in the subsequent week is substantially completed
before he proceeds on leave. Assign additional responsibility to someone who can handle the
remaining work in his absence.
5
?
# !
any grudge against you and if they grant leave, they cannot hold you responsible for the
delay in the project caused by his absence.
(e) Permit him to go on leave without placing any conditions such as additional effort, etc.
> , # 0 ?
∑ Asking the employee to put in additional effort, so as to cover up for the work to be done in his
period of absence is the best course of action. It strikes a balance between the organisational
need and employee’s aspiration/request. As a project head a balance between both has to be
maintained.
∑ Asking the employee to reduce his leave, though may be well within the administrative
authority but, may not be feasible for the employee. This is so as he would have to change
his travel plans and reservation which may not be possible at the last moment. This may lead
to disgruntlement. But besides this short coming, this option also helps in striking a balance
between organisational requirement and personal aspirations of the employee. As such it is a
second best course of action.
∑ Though leave is not a matter of right in most organisations, denying it ruthlessly leads to
disgruntlement and dissatisfaction amongst employees. The employees holding important
posts should themselves consult their superiors before proceeding on long leave. However,
where replacement or alternative arrangement is possible and the situation is not, a critical
one, a more humane approach is expected from a group leader. As such option (a) is not the

objectives.
∑ Option (d) is indicative that not only you are evading your responsibility but also not

!

`

& !
?

leader.
∑ Allowing him to go on leave without asking him to put in additional effort in the coming
week may be a humane course of action but may not be the best considering the immediate
402 "%&"%&'%& ( )
organisational needs. If the employee at this juncture himself does not put in extra effort,
then the project would be delayed. Thus, this option would be humane but a risky one.
∑ Balance of judgement
∑

∑ Empathy for subordinates
)B > # 0 ?
∑ Human life is most precious and saving it is more important than a possible business deal.
While the prospective customers can possibly wait, a seriously injured person may have little
time to wait. Calling the police and ambulance is important but trying to render immediate
help, extricating from wreckage is equally important (unless that would deteriorate the
medical condition or is not possible). Hence option (d) is the best course followed by options
(c) and (b). Option (a) may be futile as you may not come across a hospital or police station
on a highway and by the time you do it may be too late.
Principal/value tested
∑ Regard for human life empathy for others vis-à-vis personal gains
) > # 0 ?
∑ Y

!
that you indeed have committed a mistake). It indicates that you respect law and accept
the consequences of its breach even if it is by you and do not try to assert your authority or
position as a government servant.
∑ Seeking excuse on grounds of urgency is the next best course of action. The police man may
relent and let you go off or may engage you in conversation and delay you further.
∑ Trying to put pressure or blatantly lying are most inappropriate. This would amount to
unethical use of you position.
∑ Respect for law and readiness to accept one’s mistake
) The following are some of the possible options.

! !

Y

&

!
is being unfair.

colleague’s work.
> # 0

∑

#
the best course of action. Besides in course of our duty we often have to walk extra mile or
take additional responsibility in certain emergencies.
∑ Refusal to shoulder a colleague’s work may stem from a perceived sense of injustice. But
this may not be true. If your boss assigns you important and urgent work then it shows the
trust he reposes in your abilities. As such option (c) and (d) are not the most appropriate.
∑ 5!!
!
_
tarnish your personal reputation vis-à-vis your boss.
∑ Readiness to shoulder additional responsibility
) > , 0 ?
∑ Informing the Chairman of the committee and seeking to be replaced is the best course of
action. The committee should function in a transparent and unbiased manner. Besides it
should not convey any impression of favouritism. [option b)]
∑ Asking the contractor to withdraw the bid would be unfair to the contractor as he has not
sought any favours from you and withdrawal would mean loss of opportunity of business.
[option c)]
∑ Not informing about your close relationship with the bidder would be unethical.
∑ " %
!!
!
exercise.
∑ Desire to uphold transparency and probity in public life
)$ > , # 0 ?
∑ The situation in the question aims to evaluate whether as an individual you object to violation
of laws which you witness happening around you, or whether you would yourself become
! $
?
#
Although there is a possibility that it may lead to the closure of unit there is also some
possibility that subsequent to the complaint, the company may change the manufacturing
process and thus the unit as well as local environment may both be saved. Fear of closure of

#

Y _#&
it yourself.
∑ Option (b) is also a daring and conscientious. But it is fraught with the possibility of not
being heeded by the management and even the worker being thrown out of job without any
positive result. As such it is not the best option.
404 "%&"%&'%& ( )
∑ By quitting one’s job in protest, one may be able to show that he is not going to be a party
to an illegal activity. But this in itself is not going to deter the wrong doer or bring it to the
knowledge of the law enforcement agency (option a).
∑ $ %
#
_

an illegal act.
∑ Belief in reporting violation of laws to the agencies concerned vis-à-vis acceptance of
violation of law as a norm, to suit personal interest.
)& > , 0 ?
∑ Option (a) is a good course of action but option (d) is the best course of action as it would
help to check a wrong practice. Watching a movie is not such an urgency for which you
subscribe/support anything illegal/unethical.
∑ By choosing option (a), one would be able to secure justice for oneself. But it would not
bring the wrong in the knowledge of authorities concerned who could possibly check it.
∑ Option (b) does not rectify the wrong although one does not become a party to the wrong.
∑ Option (c) is akin to accepting as well as encouraging a wrong for the sake of one’s
convenience.
∑ #
!##

#

) > # 0 ?
∑ The issue of raising one’s voice against corruption is a very important one. But it is equally

##

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5&
##
participating in demonstration etc. where government/ policies are criticised, it is prudent to
express support or solidarity with the issue in a manner which does not violate conduct rules.
As such option (b) is the best course to adopt.
∑ Resigning from the service for the sake of participating in a procession against corruption
shows how strongly you feel about the issue. But as mentioned earlier, presence of honest

!
[option (c)].
∑ Participating in the procession may be seen as violation of conduct rules. Besides, as an

! #
and norms, both in letter and spirit. As such option (a) would not be the right course of
action.
∑ Discouraging the NGO from taking out the procession would be improper. Fight against
corruption is an important issue in the present day society. Besides, the Constitution does
permit peaceful assembly and demonstration.
∑ Balance of judgment. Ability to strike a balance between seemingly contradictory course of
actions.
)@ > # 0 ?
∑ The best course of action is to allow police protection as per the established procedure. This
is important as the boy and girl have expressed threat to life and as a police authority it is
your duty to protect it [option (c)].
∑ Trying to convince the parents shows your concern and readiness to go out of your way to
help others. This is a positive virtue as a human being. But here the help is being sought from
the police authority/the State to protect the life of human beings. In the present situation this
is your foremost duty. As such option (b) is not the best course of action.
∑ Trying to counsel others based on your own personal conviction is not what is being expected
from a police authority. The boy and girl have come to seek protection and not counseling or
sermon. As such option (a) is inappropriate.
∑ Option (d) displays a negative trait, which is to ward of complainants and shrug of
responsibility. This would be denial of justice and may endanger the life of the complainants.
∑ 5
&
# ##
*
∑ !
#

)! > , 0 ?
∑ In the case of a serious allegation of scam, it is best to order an enquiry. This is essential to
detect and book the culprits, if any and save government’s exchequer from being drained any
further. Not doing so may also be interpreted as a sign of complicity of the authorities who
over looked to do so. As such option (d) is appropriate.
∑ Option (b) is not the best course of action. But it is a better course of action than the other
two options. By reporting the matter to Commissioner and seeking his directions at least you
are keeping your own slate clear.
∑

Z

!

not help in bringing the wrong doers to the folds of law or in recovering the looted money.
The best course of action is to order an enquiry.
∑ Conviction to take seemingly tough decisions in the call of duty
)A > # 0 ?
∑ Option (d) is the best course of action. It is important to bring the matter in public domain. But
it is also proper and fair that before doing so the government department concerned is given
an opportunity to examine the report and take corrective actions immediately. Eventually,
the purpose of making the report public would be to put pressure on government to rectify
406 "%&"%&'%& ( )
things. Besides, by not giving the government an opportunity to examine the report, the NGO
may be accused of bias and sensationalism. Giving opportunity would also be in consonance
with principles of natural justice.
∑ `
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But the lacunae as highlighted above would still remain. [option (c)]
∑
!
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stated above. [option (b)]
∑ Diluting the report would be succumbing to pressure and would be most inappropriate.
[option (a)]
∑ Discharging one’s social duties without fear
∑ Belief in fair play and natural justice
)B > ,
0 ?
The problem essentially tests the balance of judgement and ability to make the right choices in
life. It also seeks to assess whether one is able to strike a balance between interests as an individual
as well as societal obligation/duty.
∑ Asking the invigilator to take quarrelling candidate out is the best course of action (option
c) as other candidates have a right to silence while taking exam. Further, it is the invigilator
who has to ascertain whether anybody is guilty of cheating and take appropriate action.
∑ Waiting for things to settle is not the best course of action. This may prolong the disturbance,
thus affecting your own performance, resulting in loss of valuable time. Although such a
disturbance affects everybody and most watch silently, somebody has to take initiative.
Option (c) indicates your readiness to take initiative while option (d) indicates a lack of it.
∑ Joining the commotion [option (a)] is not going to help in settling the problem. Although
it shows that you object to social wrong (cheating in this case), the right course is not to
create more commotion but to ask the invigilator to take quarrelling students out and take
disciplinary action against guilty.
∑ Option (b) offers no solution to the problem. It compromises your own interest (taking the
> %
∑ Desire to take initiative
) > # 0 ?
∑ Option (c) is the best course of action. The screening committee which had ascertained the

the evidence concocted. In such a case seeking explanation directly from the awardee would
be embarrassing to the committee as well as the awardee. In case the complaint has merit,
then the screening committee can seek explanation of the awardee and then recommend
rejection of the complaint or withdrawal of the award.
∑ Option (b) is a premature act as highlighted above. However, it is better than taking no action
at all (option d) or summarily demanding the surrender of award (option a).
∑ Appreciation of probity and transparency in public life
) > # 0 ?
∑ Option (d) is the best course of action. If the unit cannot be completed as per revised timelines
without additional funds then the same must be stated. This is in the overall interest of the
company. But as it is your recommendation, you must own it up even if your subordinate has
missed it or does not agree with it.
∑ $
! %
#

own up one’s decision and a dictatorial approach to work.
∑ Option (c) is misleading the headquarters that project can be completed on time as such incorrect.
∑ Option (b) shows your helplessness and lack of managerial acumen as you do not recommend

∑ Ability to own up one’s own decisions
∑ Courage to communicate to higher authorities seemingly unpopular decisions which are in
the larger organisational interest
) Following options could be considered in the given situation.
# > #
(b) Reduce the penalty to 50% or to a nominal amount as their failure is only technical in nature
but issue a reprimand to them.
(c) Waive the penalty as the hospital is providing treatment to atleast 18% poor patients free of cost.
(d) Enhance the penalty and personally admonish the administration for taking the obligation of
treating the poor free, so lightly.
> , # 0 ?
In the circumstances given in the question, no option can be said to be absolutely wrong, as the

!#

wants to asses is your administrative approach to a given problem.
408 "%&"%&'%& ( )
∑ $
!

personal conduct. Levy of penalty is appropriate as per rules. Besides, a big super specialty
hospital cannot not take the plea of oversight in discharge of its legal or rule based obligations.
∑ Reducing penalty shows that you are considerate and ready to give the hospital a second
chance. However, bigger institutions and strong entities need to be more observant of rules
as they are more capable of complying with them and have a far greater responsibility to do
it. As such reducing penalty would not be appropriate.
∑ Giving a complete waiver [option (c)] would be incorrect for reasons mentioned above.
∑ Option (d) would be too harsh a punishment. Besides, admonishing would be an incorrect
thing to do conduct wise.
Principles/value tested
∑

#
∑ Taking appropriate/right administrative decisions
)$ The course of action available to you could be:
(a) To comply with the directions of the Regional Manager and push the entire existing inventory
in the market before receipt of the report.
(b) To wait for the report to come out, ask for recheck of the report and meanwhile allow the
inventory to be cleared at regular rate as was being done earlier.
(c) To halt the inventory in the manufacturing unit. Ask the laboratory to send you the report
at the earliest. Meanwhile keep ready a team to identify the batches which are likely to be
affected. However this will result in sudden fall in production.
(d) To report the matter in writing to the Regional Manager seeking his directions in writing.
This way you can absolve yourself of all responsibilities if anything goes wrong.
> ,
0 ?
∑ By choosing option (a) you are simply following bosses direction, setting aside your ethics as
well as the long term interest of the company. If later children fall sick or the non-compliance
to regulations is detected by the appropriate authorities, then the image of the company
would be dented as well as your role would be questioned. Clearly it is an inappropriate
course of action.
∑ Option (b) is better than option (a) but not the most ethical and appropriate one; though the
complete stock is not being cleared but some of it is being done. Waiting for the physical
!
#

!
#

situation may be lost.
∑ Option (c) is the best course of action. Health of children is sacrosanct as well as the image
of the company is very important. As a unit-head it is your duty to ensure meeting of quality
standards. As such you have to take appropriate measures for meeting the standards and
prevent substandard products from reaching the market even if it means temporary fall in
supply and sales.
∑ Option (d) does not ensure the quality and product safety. It only helps you to hive of any
allegation on yourself if cast upon you later. This indicates that you only want to play safe
without sticking to the expected standard of ethics and duty.
∑ Observing due standard of ethics
∑ Appreciating and valuing long term interests vis-à-vis the short term goals
)& > ,
0 ?
∑

you do not do so then certain expenditures may get disapproved which should have been
otherwise approved, only because of your oversight/mistake. This would be technically
and ethically incorrect. There is a possibility that you may get an admonishment from your
seniors but if you yourself accept your mistake and explain the situation under which it
occurred then perhaps the degree of reprimand would be less severe.
∑ The advice of colleague is not the most appropriate one. It is a must to apply proper norms

!#
"
seniors can on their own also detect, that you are applying the old expenditure norms. After
all it is already on the Department’s website. In such a situation the reprimand can be more
#^#!!

#!

∑

#=

!
! !
with his knowledge. This will correct the mistake and reduce the chance of a reprimand.
∑ Courage to accept one’s mistake especially before senior authorities
∑ Adopting the technically and ethically correct course of action despite putting oneself in a
tight spot
) > ,
0 ?
∑ Accepting the offer of the union would be inappropriate as this would again lead to

!

_
!
the union on an incorrect/unethical demand would always make you vulnerable to their
pressure whenever you take any tough administrative measure.
∑ Opposing the demand for enquiry would imply that you have something to hide. This would
make the demand of union appear to be genuine and would give them a ground to agitate
further.
410 "%&"%&'%& ( )
∑

!
#

!

should be opposed.
∑ Taking transfer is an escapist approach. It offers no solution to the company nor helps in
establishing your career as a manager who can take challenges.
∑ Respect for transparency and scrutiny of self
∑ Ability to withstand pressure.
)@ > , # 0 ?
∑ Paying money would be illegal and unethical. This is not expected of a government servant
either, as such it is not the correct course of action.
∑ Lodging a formal complaint would be appropriate only if you had any evidence of demand
of money or the clerk concerned had directly demanded money from you. Even if you lodge
a complaint the clerk concerned would simply deny the allegation and your complaint would
?
∑
Z
Z>
!

=

# #

!?

! #
approached his senior and are not going to comply with his wishes and he would issue the

! !
in that scenario also he would try to trace its whereabouts and you would not have to face the
embarrassment of leveling false allegation against him.
∑ Waiting for things to happen on their own may not be in your best interest. Even if your
efforts expedite the issue of order by a few days, you save money in staying out.
∑

#

)! D # 0 ?

∑

two years but it is not a written rule. As such the issue cannot be and should not be agitated
before CAT. The government has the right to retain you for administrative reasons in the
headquarter for the third year.
∑ Putting political pressure on your superiors for postings is against the conduct rules for

∑ There is no harm in meeting the IG (HQ) and making a polite verbal request for being

# >

!
slipped his attention or your two year headquarter posting has not been noted on record. It
might also be that it may be a conscious decision to retain you in the headquarters owing to
administrative need/good work done by you in the last two years. This will clarify the issue
and set to rest any feeling of personal grudge.
Another appropriate option could be not to do anything and continue with headquarter
posting for another year particularly if you do not mind headquarter work.
∑ Emotional quotient and ability to react or take appropriate action in situations adversely
affecting oneself
)A > , 0 ?
∑ The immediate requirement of an injured/wounded person is medical attention. As such
offering to take him to a hospital would be appropriate. Choice of this option is indicative of
desire to go out of one’s way to help others/discharge ones’ duty as a citizen.
∑ Calling the police, informing it about the incidence and requesting for an ambulance is also an
appropriate thing to do. This option is a good one provided the person is not critically injured
or the inquiry can be managed till the ambulance arrives. However in this option though you
are discharging duty as a citizen this choice does not require you to go out of way to help
another person. Hence it is an easier option to exercise as compared to the previous one.
∑ Informing the management/security of the mall and waiting for them to take action is only
partial discharge of duty. Nevertheless it is better than taking no action oneself and expecting
others/system to take care of things.
∑ Readiness/desire to discharge duties/obligations as a citizen even though it may require
additional effort or time.
)B > , # 0 ?
∑ "
# %

"
is essential for public peace and is the primary duty as a District Collector. Reporting to the
higher ups or explaining to media is secondary.
∑ As explained earlier clarifying to the media or submitting a report to minister should follow
the primary task. Managing ones public image or impression before superiors is important
but not more than one’s public duty.
∑ $

_ %

a lack of understanding of primary duty.
412 "%&"%&'%& ( )
∑ Balance of judgement even in extremely adverse situations and ability to understand and
priortise the tasks at hand
)$ > # 0 ?

∑ `

"

#!
"
there may not be a vendetta behind it.
∑ Speaking to your bosses superiors is a course of action only to be adopted when you have
>

!
is not just.
∑ Formal complaint is a remedy to be sought when there is clear case of injustice against your
and you have cogent evidence to establish this.
∑ Putting political pressure is against government norms and most inappropriate.
∑ Emotional intelligence and ability to identify the appropriate remedy while seeking justice
without harbouring any personal grudge
Chapter 17
Optional: Key to Success in CSE
“Hard work never brings fatigue. It brings satisfaction.”

—Narendra Modi
17.1 Significance of Optional

Toppers often emphasise on the need for scoring well in the Optional papers. And this is not without
very good reasons. Although the Optional papers are worth 500 marks (only) out of the overall
2,025 marks of CSE, and appear to be having less than 25% weightage, practically a successful
candidate scores nearly 30% to 35% marks in the Optional papers. Most of the successful
candidates in the top 100 rank, score 250–260 (or more) marks out of 500 in the Optional. This is
around 30% of the overall 800 odd marks scored by them. While in the four GS papers the toppers
score in the range of 30–35%, their Optional score invariably exceeds 50% (250+ out of 500). Thus,
a good score in the Optional is crucial for being successful in the CSE.
Optional is the only area of CSE evaluation where the aspirant has any choice to exercise. Further,

core competency. Understandably, this option must be exercised very carefully and an aspirant
must put his/her best foot forward.
17.2 Choice of an Optional

The CSE permits a candidate to choose from 48 Optional subjects. These include 25 subjects as

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papers, a candidate must have graduated in that subject.
As discussed in the chapter ‘Preparing for the Optional’, interest and aptitude in the subject

Previous study/knowledge
of subject is another important consideration, albeit a secondary one. Factors like overlap of the
Optional syllabus with General Studies, perception of the Optional being scoring one/or not,
availability of coaching, compactness of the syllabus, etc. should at best be tertiary considerations.
17.3 Guidance for Preparation of an Optional

Proper guidance for preparation of an Optional is not only important, but crucial for good
performance. This is more so, if the candidate has preferred an Optional not studied earlier. The
syllabus of all optionals in CSE are vast and for almost all the subjects, it is at par or more exhaustive
than the entire graduation syllabus. As such

. The objective of this chapter is to guide the candidate with this aspect of
preparation of the Optional. The following pages include key features of various optionals, salient
tips for preparation and books recommended for reading by the toppers. Some important do’s to be
borne in mind by all the aspirants and common to all Optionals are highlighted below.
17.3.1 Know the Syllabus Well

. If you have read the
subject before and have graduated in it, then identify which are the new topics to be covered for
CSE, or those topics which were not adequately covered in the graduation course and require in-
depth study.
Keep a print out of the Optional syllabus and mark against each entry in the syllabus, the book
and its chapters from which you propose to cover it. If the book you have been using for a topic
does not cover the topic/topics adequately, then check out the topic in the books recommended in
this chapter. Some topics may be such that they are not covered by any of the books. This is quite
possible as the good books are prepared by authors as per university graduation syllabus or include
standard topics which may not be in sync with the UPSC syllabus. Search for material on such
topics from the internet.
17.3.2 Cover All Topics

Aim to cover all topics at least once *
7
questions in the past do not seem to be arising, even then study such portions once. Aspirants leave
some topics ‘untouched’ not only because of lack of time but many a time in-advertently, because
of lack of availability of material to study the topic and at times due to complexity of the topic.
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compulsory questions, then you can be in trouble. As such a complete coverage of the syllabus is
essential. This additional effort is an insurance against not knowing what to write in a compulsory
question. Particularly in a theory question, it would be possible to give a brief answer (fetching
some marks), if one has read the topic even once.

17.3.3 Prepare Notes

!. Notes should capture the essence of
a topic and should aid in subsequent revisions. As such, they should not be a mere copy of the text
Optional: Key to Success in CSE 415
in the books. Notes on the topic should be prepared only when a topic has been read, understood
well and nature of questions emanating from it analysed. Notes should be such to just capture all

These can be organised topic-wise, or
:&& ';candidates should also

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!. Remember, the gap just before the Optional
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=
Although preparing notes appears to be arduous and a time consuming exercise, it does pay a lot
in the long run.
17.3.4 Practice your Answers

Written preparation of answers is as important as reading and remembering. Once you have gone
through a few topics, identify the questions which have emanated from them in the past years
and answer them. Try to answer the questions in a time frame which is in proportion to the marks
allotted to them (viz. 7 minutes for a 10 marks question). Remember,

$
&
to

time.

$
. Also, have
your answers checked by a professor (at college), teachers (at the coaching institute) or evaluated
by your peers (in a study circle or with whom you are in touch with and comfortable with). Make
& presentation, legibility, etc as suggested by them.
17.3.5 Remember What you Read: Memory Aids

Preparation of the entire CSE and particularly of the Optional papers requires a lot of

The matter to be understood and content to be remembered is
simply mind-boggling. In the initial phase of preparation when the Main examination is still far,
?

understand well the principles, important concepts and theories, derivations and formulae (for
science and engineering students).

recollection more accurate. In the subsequent revisions and when the Main examination is only a
couple of months away the emphasis should shift on remembering what you have learnt.
An aspirant’s memory, i.e., ability to memorise speedily, remember for a long duration and
recollect quickly, all play a very important role in this examination. Tools such as, charts, tables,
card-notes stick-on-notes, side-margin notes all are very helpful memory aids. Further, mnemonics

particularly those points which cannot be conceptually understood and remembered. Picking
out key words (or headings) of each point and making a sentence of these words is one way of
remembering the contents. Once the key words are memorised, the entire theory associated with
@&' '
B&D'& &H
letters to form a word or an acronym. If you remember the word/acronym you would recollect the
initials of all the key words, hence the keywords and thus, all the important points. The acronym
JL;QVHX9&

(seen in a rainbow). These are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. Another good
example is the mnemonic to remember the order of planets in solar system from the Sun. ‘My very
eager mother just served us nothing’. (Mercury Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune). Mnemonics can be a very important technique for remembering and recollecting long
&['\ &
carry (remember) over a long period of time. Thus, they help in transferring our memory content
from short term memory to long term one. Once you frame a mnemonic you just need to remember

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preparing good mnemonics is an art which comes from creativity and practice. As such aspirants
must practice and make use of this tool.
17.3.6 Guidance from Successful Candidates

Seek guidance from successful candidates (pertaining to your Optional), if you happen to know
them. There is nothing like meeting such a candidate in person (if you can) else contact them via-
email, facebook, phone, but do seek guidance. Also visit the blogs of successful candidates. Some

V

for it. [e.g., blog of Prince Dhawan (AIR-3 CSE 2011), Prakash Raj Purohit (AIR-2 CSE 2010)
Shubra Saxena (AIR-1 CSE 2009)]. Guidance can also be taken from your lecturers of college/
erstwhile college. Do not feel shy in approaching them (there is nothing to lose). If you are enrolled
&
'
about individual doubts. If you are a part of a study circle of aspirants (even an informal one) then
discuss preparation strategies with your peers and competitors, particularly which are the important
topics and what is to be covered from where.
17.3.7 Revision is Absolutely Essential

@ B&

appeared for the Preliminary examination), one revise the complete syllabus at least twice. The last
month (before the Mains) should exclusively be reserved for revision (of Optional and GS) and
taking practice tests. Revision should also be inbuilt in your study schedule. One must revise daily

. Similarly, every week some time should be kept for revising
what one has learnt. As one reads and learns new things, one tends to forget what one had studied
even a few days and /or a week ago. This is very frustrating but only natural. Revision makes the
image of the matter (which we have learnt) deeper in the brain, enabling us to remember what we
learnt over a longer period of time and its recollection quicker. Even if we go through the notes,
stick on notes /note summaries, tables charts, maps that we have prepared and or even peruse the
pages of the book we have read, the brain cells where the memory is stored gets triggered and the
content is partly recollected. As such, visual aids such as tables, charts, maps, etc are very helpful
in learning and revision.

! essential. Organise this revision
in two stages – revision of the subjects around 10–14 days before the Optional paper and another
revision a day before the day of the paper. Remember what has not been revised in these two stages
=

&'
Q B&H
papers) would be devoted exclusively for the revision of GS, the last comprehensive revision of the
Optional can only be done around 1215 days before the Optional paper. In this revision one should

&
B:D
one can only refer to note summaries or at best the detailed notes. Referring or revising from books
;

during the year.
17.4 Different Optionals: Salient Tips and Recommended Reading
(i) Agriculture
Agriculture is a good choice as an Optional for people from this background. In the recent years,
a number of candidates have been successful from this subject. Unlike the popular Optionals like
public administration, it does not have thousands of takers which would make the competition
stiffer and marking comparative. At the same time, there are enough number of candidates taking
this Optional so that subsequent batches can learn from their experience. Invariably in almost all
prestigious agriculture colleges, there are a few serious aspirants of CSE who inspire and guide the
subsequent batches. As such, it makes good sense to approach successful seniors/candidates from
this Optional and seek their guidance, notes etc.
Paper I of the Agriculture deals with farm practices, environment ecology-climate change,
its impact on agriculture, farming systems, agro social forestry, soils plant-nutrients irrigation,
agricultural marketing, and government policies and programmes. Paper II deals with areas
overlapping with botany, genetics, cell biology, biochemistry, etc.
Salient Tips
∑ Make notes on the subject. This is essential to be successful. Notes should be prepared so
as to help you in subsequent revisions as well as to help you recapitulate the important

!.
∑ Go through the syllabus and identify the topics which are not covered well in the graduation
&7
!
∑ Analyse past years’ questions (at least of the last 5–8 years) and identify those topics which
are more relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them while
preparing.
∑ Keep an eye on the latest developments and trends. This is very important for this Optional
&{
' '
agriculture.
∑ Apart from the books listed below, also go through magazines related to agriculture, viz.,
Kurukshetra, Yojana, Economic Survey of India (chapter on Agriculture), The Hindu
supplement on agriculture, website of Government of India on agriculture—www.agricoop.nic.in.
∑ While preparing and writing the answers, candidates must keep in mind issues such as
sustainable agricultural practices, agricultural economics, marketing, commercial viability
and problems as well as their solutions with examples in the Indian perspective.
Recommended Reading
S. Author Recommended Books
No.
1. A. K. Vyas Introduction to Agriculture
2. V. T. Raju D. V. S. Rao Economics of Farm Production & Management
3. (a) D. K. Das Introductory Soil Science; or
BD|; Elements of Nature & Properties of Soils
4. Dr. N. Kumar Introduction to Horticulture
5. ;? Plant Breeding Principles & Method
6. }VXQ$X Principles of Agronomy
7. ;? Fundamentals of Genetics
8. P. D. Sharma Plant Pathology
9. (a) V. K. Jain Plant Physiology
BD|;~ Plant Physiology
10. (a) Srivastava Text book of Applied Entomology
BD?;LX!?
General and Applied Entomology
11. ICAR Handbook of Agriculture
12. The Hindu Survey of Indian Agriculture
13. Website of Department of www.agricoop.nic.in
Agriculture, Govt. of India
(ii) Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science

This subject is expected to be taken only by those students who have a background of this discipline
and have had its formal training. The number of candidates opting for it is less as compared to the
number of candidates opting for other popular Optional for arts. This has its own pros and cons.
While fewer students would mean that commercial guidance in the form of coaching and notes may

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marking of the examination papers. If a candidate has done well in his graduation studies of this
!{H
Most of the good institutes/colleges of veterinary science would have a few senior students
who have been successful/have appeared for the CSE. Aspirants must seek guidance from such
candidates also and look up on the blogs of successful candidates from this background. A list of

& $&

those books from which they had studied during their graduation. The books referred to below
can be used to supplement their existing study material as and when needed. Also, keep a tab on
articles in magazines like Yojana, Kurukshetra, programmes of Government of India on the website
@$; Economic Survey of India pertaining to
@$
Salient Tips
∑ '
and identify the topics which are not covered well in the graduation
& 7

subject.
∑

($
)*+ (atleast of last 5–8 years) and identify those topics
which are more relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them while
preparing.
∑ Also go through and solve past years’ questions of Indian Forest Service examination. The
7 *V & =
papers from the website www.upsc.gov.in.
∑ Make notes on the subject. This is essential to be successful. Notes should be made so as
to help you in subsequent revisions as well as to help you recapitulate the important

!. Notes should ideally be prepared after you have
covered/studied the topic well.
∑ *

! In case of paucity of time, summarise the salient
points in bullet form. This, being a technical subject, would also fetch reasonable marks.
Recommended Reading
S. Topic Recommended Books
No.
Paper I
1. Animal Nutrition ∑ D. V. Reddy: Advanced Animal Nutrition; or
∑ D. V. Reddy: Principles of Animal Nutrition & Feed Technology
∑ Ashok Kumar Sharma: Animal Nutrition
2. Animal Physiology ∑ Knut, Schmidt & Nielsen: Animal Physiology, Adaptation &
Environment
∑ Kavita Juneja: Animal Physiology, or
∑ K. A. Goyal & K. V. Sastry: Animal Physiology; or
∑ S. C. Rastogi: Essentials of Animal Physiology
3. Animal Reproduction ∑ Q;!A text book of Animal Husbandry
4. Livestock Production ∑ Q;!A Textbook of Animal Husbandry; or
Management ∑ Gyan Deep Singh: Animal Husbandry
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
5. Genetics - Animal ∑ $~@' Principles of Genetics & Animal Breeding
;
6. Extension ∑ & @$
Department of Ministry of Agriculture
∑ Internet Articles, Articles in Yojana & Kurukshetra
Paper II
1. Anatomy, ∑ Q;!A Textbook of Animal Husbandry (for anatomy)
Pharmacology, ∑ Internet articles (for other topics)
$
2. Animal Diseases ∑ Ashok Kumar: Textbook of Animal Diseases
3. Veterinary Public ∑ L|;?[ Textbook of Elements of
$ Veterinary Public Health
4. Milk & Milk ∑ ;&;Milk & Milk Products
Products Technology Technology
5. $ ∑ ;?Meat and Meat Products Technology
Technology
(iii) Anthropology
This subject is often opted by candidates who have not formally studied it in their graduation,
particularly students from science and engineering background. The subject is interesting and
the discipline incorporates elements of sciences (in physical Anthropology) and attributes of art
disciplines (social Anthropology). The syllabus is more compact than that of quite a few other
Optionals. The books recommended have been broadly divided amongst four categories—
(a) Physical anthropology, (b) Social Anthropology, (c) Indian Anthropology, and (d) Tribal issues.
Salient Tips
∑ ,
&

are very important. Lay special emphasis on them.
∑

(physical anthropology) and add diagrams to elucidate your
answer.
∑ Note the case studies wherever you come across. Quote them in your answers wherever
appropriate.
∑ &&
∑ Keep an eye on the latest developments (through internet and magazines).
∑ Prepare notes which will help in revising the entire topic in a day and a half. This is
absolutely essential.
∑

Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Physical Anthropology ∑ ;?Physical Anthropology; or
∑ P. Nath: Physical Anthropology
2. Social Anthropology ∑ Majumdar and Madan: Introduction to Social Anthropology;
∑ Makhan Jha: An Introduction to Anthropological Thought
Paper II
1. Indian Anthropology ∑ |$Indian Anthropology; or
∑ R. N. Sharma: Indian Anthropology; or
∑ ?~;An Outline of Indian Prehistory
2. Tribal Issues ∑ |$Tribal India
∑ Website of Ministry of Tribal Affairs: www.tribal.nic.in
∑ IGNOU notes: www.ignou.ac.in (for all topics)
(iv) Botany
; H *$&

aspirants from this background should switchover to another subject. If you have interest in this
subject, continue with it in the Mains, particularly if you are preparing/have prepared for the Indian
Forest Service examination also. Less number of aspirants taking this Optional in the CSE, has its
own advantage that there is a lesser degree of comparative evaluation of the answer sheets.
@'
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have studied from a different book in graduation then continue with it, as familiarity with the book
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*
are adequately covered in the book. If it is not so, then pick a book from the recommended list for
further reference.
Salient Tips
∑ '
& 7

subject.
∑

($
)*+ (at least of last 5–8 years) and identify those topics
which are more relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them
while preparing. Also go through and solve past years’ questions of Indian Forest Service
examination.
∑ Make notes on the subject. This is essential to be successful. Notes should be made so as
to help you in subsequent revisions as well as to help you recapitulate the important

!. Notes should ideally be prepared after you have
covered/studied the topic well.
∑ ,
particularly in topics of cell biology, microbiology etc. Practise
them well and make diagrams in answers wherever appropriate. This fetches extra marks.
∑ Evolutionary aspects of study should be heeded and also emphasise on Indian species.
∑ Pay special attention to topics like plant breeding, bio technology and other emerging areas/
topics in news.
Recommended Reading
No.
Paper-I
1. Microbiology and ∑ Singh Pandey & Jain: A Text Book of Botany; or
Plant Pathology ∑ P. D. Sharma: Microbiology & Plant Pathology; or
∑ [~ V
Introduction to Microbiology; or
∑ R. S. Singh: Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology; or
∑ $?A Text book of Fungi, Bacteria & Viruses
2. Cryptogams, ∑ O. P. Sharma: Plant Taxonomy; or
Phanerogams ∑ ;XLBotany for Degree Students; or
∑ P. C. Vashista, Sinha, Kumar: Botany for Degree Students,
Gymnosperms
3. Plant Resources and ∑ S. L. Kochhar: Economic Botany; or
Development ∑ ;Economic Botany; or
∑ V. Verma: A Textbook of Economic Botany
Paper II
1. ; ∑ P. K. Verma, V. K. Aggarwal: Cell Biology Genetics, Evolution
Ecology; or
∑ ;&Cell Biology
2. Genetics, Molecular ∑ P. K. Gupta: Genetics; or
; *
∑ ;? Genetics; or
∑ Strickberger: Genetics
3. ; ; ∑ ;? Plant Breeding Principles & Method
;: ∑ ;? Biotechnology
statistics
4. Physiology and ∑ |;~Plant Physiology; or
; ∑ Salisbury & Ross: Plant Physiology
∑ V. K. Jain: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology
5. Ecology and Plant ∑ P. D. Singh
Geography
Chemistry
Chemistry as an Optional has a fair number of takers in the CSE Main examination. Apart from
the people who have graduated in chemistry, many a time engineers who want to switch over from
their engineering discipline (or where the engineering subject is not in the list of the Optionals) also
choose this subject. Any thought of it not being a scoring Optional should be eschewed particularly
if you are fond of this subject.
From the perspective of CSE, study of chemistry requires conceptual understanding as well as
ability to remember. The topics included in the syllabus are Physical and Inorganic Chemistry in
&H
Salient Tips
∑ '
the syllabus with what you have already studied earlier. Identify topics which have not been

7=
subject.
∑ Analyse the past years’ questions. This is a must. Identify the topics from which questions
B& 'D

topics is essential. As the syllabus is vast one cannot devote equal time to all topics.
∑ )

particularly of inorganic chemistry is important. This helps in
! 7';
later revisions take much less time if concepts are understood well.
∑ Citing the appropriate
$ giving the
, the assumptions
in derivations, $

!
, in answers help in fetching good
marks. While preparing for examination the above aspects must be borne in mind.
∑ Prepare notes especially concise notes which can help in revising the salient portion on the
day of the examination.
∑ *

for Paper I.

!
in the
books as at times questions are similar to the solved examples.
∑
and molecular structural of polymer and various compounds for Paper
II.
∑

"

$

&
etc
∑ Solve at least past 8–10 years’ questions.
Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Inorganic Chemistry G. S. Manku: Theoretical Principles of Inorganic Chemistry; or
Madan, Malik &Tuli: Advance Inorganic Chemistry
J. D. Lee: Inorganic Chemistry (any two books)
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
2. Physical Chemistry Puri Sharma and Pathania: Principles of Physical Chemistry; or
K. L. Kapoor: Physical Chemistry Vol. I to Vol. IV; or
Atkins: Physical Chemistry
Paper II
1. Organic Chemistry $Organic Chemistry
O. P. Aggarwal: Reactions & Reagents in Organic Chemistry; or
;;Text Book of Organic Chemistry (any two books)
2. Spectroscopy W. Kemp: Organic Spectroscopy; or
P. S. Kalsi: Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds; or
Robert M. Silverstein:

(v) Civil Engineering

Many civil engineers, aspiring to compete in the CSE, face the dilemma as to whether they should
continue with civil engineering as an Optional. The vastness of syllabus and mental fatigue over
reading the same subject over many years is often a deterrent. It is seen that many such aspirants
&
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!$&

been thorough with one’s studies during engineering graduation, then one should not feel dissuaded
about this Optional. Further, if one is joining/joined a M Tech course in Civil Engineering or is
appearing in Indian Engineering Service examination with this subject, then there is all the more
reason to continue with this Optional. The false perception of this subject not being scoring should
be eschewed as many successful candidates have scored well in it.
@'
&$&

&'

syllabus.
Salient Tips
∑ ; compare the Mains syllabus with what you have
covered in the engineering course. Identify topics which have not been covered in the
engineering course or require extra emphasis.
∑ Analyse the past years’ question papers and identify the topics from which questions

@
syllabus is vast, one cannot devote equal time to all topics.
∑ Prepare notes, especially concise notes which can help you to revise the salient portions of
the subject on the day before the examination.
∑

"

&
.
∑ Practice numericals as much as possible especially during early period of preparation.

7

phase of preparation. Also go through the solved examples given in your books.
∑ Pay heed to the various IS codes.

∑ In the examination, $

!

and
use the correct unit.
∑
. Making neat diagrams helps in fetching more marks.
∑
7 *
7
Engineering Services (IES).
S. Topic Recommended books

No.
Paper I
1. Engineering Mechanics ∑
$Engineering Mechanics; Statics &
Dynamics
∑ ;}Vector Mechanics for Engineers; Statics &
Dynamics
2. Strength of Materials ∑ Gere & Timoshenko: Mechanics of Materials; or
∑ ;
3. Structural Analysis ∑ ;SMTS-II Theory of structures; or
∑ Vazirani & Ratwani: Analysis of Structures
4. Fluid Mechanics ∑
$Mechanics of Fluids; or
∑ Modi & Seth: Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
5. Design of Structures ∑ Shyal & Goyal: Reinforced Concrete Structures (for WSM)
∑ Ashok K. Jain: Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design; or
∑ Ram Chandra: Limit State Design of Concrete Structure
∑ L. S. Negi: Design of Steel Structures
∑ N. Krishna Raju: Pre-stressed Concrete
6. Geotechnical Engineering ∑ K. R. Arora: Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering; or
∑ ;Soil Mechanics & Foundations
Paper II
1. Construction Technology ∑ M. S. Shetty: Concrete Technology Theory & Practice
2. Surveying and ∑ ;Surveying
Transportation Engineering ∑ Saxena & Arora: Railway Engineering
∑ Khanna & Justo: Highway Engineering; or
∑ Kadiyali: Highway Engineering
3. $ < ∑ K. Subramanya: Engineering Hydrology
Resource Engineering ∑ S. K. Garg: Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures
4. Environment Engineering ∑ ;
∑ S. K. Garg; or
∑ Metcalf & Eddy: Strength of Materials
(vi) Commerce and Accounting

Commerce and Accountancy is a natural choice as an Optional for those candidates who have this
; !7 7
obviously it is not a choice for those who are not from this background. Paper I of this Optional
& =
'[ &

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\

management, and industrial relations, may not be covered in entirety in all graduation courses. As
such, individual topics of Paper II must be covered carefully.
Recommended books are given below. Aspirants may consider reading the books of their

;B
\
The Economic Times, The Financial Express, The Business Standard). They should also read from
related publications of ICAI.
Salient Tips
∑ Analyse past years’ questions papers and assess the relative importance of topics.
Further identify those topics which need to be covered in greater depth from the CSE
perspective.
∑ Prepare notes, particularly concise notes, for revision on the day before the examination.
∑

∑ For Paper I, practice numericals well. +!

Numericals can help in achieving a good score.
∑ In the answers of Paper II,

!

wherever feasible to
substantiate your point of view. This fetches more marks.

No.
Paper I
1. Finance and Accounting ∑ Naseem Ahmed: Corporate Accounting; or
∑ J. R. Monga: Fundamentals of Corporate Accounting; or
∑ D. S. Rawat: Accounting Standards
2. Cost Accountancy ∑ Maheshwari & Mittal: Cost Accounting, Theory & Problems
3. Taxation ∑ V. K. Singhania: Students Guide to Income Tax; or
∑ Girish Ahuja: Systematic Approach to Income Tax
4. Auditing ∑ Dinkar Pagare: Principle and Practice of Auditing; or
∑ Aruna Jha: Students Guide to Auditing
5. Financial Management ∑ Khan & Jain: Financial Management Text, Problem & Cases;
6. Financial Markets and ∑ ;'or
Institutions ∑ V~
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
Paper II
1. Organisation Theory and ∑ L. M. Prasad: Organisational Behaviour
;

2. $X ∑ ;Q Human Resource Management
Management
3. Industrial Relations ∑ Mamoria & Mamoria: Dynamics of Industrial Relations
∑ Chabra & Suri: Industrial Relations
(vii) Economics
Economics is a subject which entails a lot of conceptual understanding and comprehension of
technical terms, models, graphs etc. It is quite akin to a technical subject (viz. a science/engineering
!D*
&: H & ;
now such a stigma is not attached with this subject and usually people who are from economics
' ' H $&
& '
& &!
Salient Tips
While preparing for this subject candidates must keep in mind the following points:
∑ Understand the concepts very well & !
time. The emphasis initially should be more on conceptual understanding than on mere rote
learning.
∑ Lay special emphasis on
" Always incorporate graphs in
your answers wherever relevant. Explain them fully. Graphs must be prepared well.
∑ *

in the models and theorems.
∑ Wherever feasible, supplement your answer with relevant statistics.
∑ Use correct technical terms.
∑ In Paper II, you can express your opinion which should be based on facts. Keep your views
balanced.
∑

∑ Prepare notes, especially concise notes, which can help you in the revision a day before the
examination.
∑ Read an economic/business daily, viz. The Economic Times, The Business Standard, or
The Financial Express. Also, go through the relevant chapters pertaining to government
policies and programmes from the Economic Survey of India.
S. Topics Recommended books

No.
Paper I
1. Advanced Microeconomics ∑ $@!Advanced Microeconomics
∑ 'X
(for topics pertaining to market structure, monopolistic
competition duo poly, oligopoly etc)
2. Advanced Macroeconomics ∑ $@!Advanced Macroeconomics; or
∑ Froyen: Macroeconomics; or
∑ ;&$&XLModern Macronomics
3. ;' ∑ $@!Adavanced Macroeconomics; or
∑ Snowdon: Modern Macroeconomics
∑ Froyen: (for banking)
∑
B D
4. International Economics ∑ Dominick Salvotore
5. Growth and Development ∑ A.P Thirwall
∑ Salvatore (for international trade and investment role of
MNCs, etc)
Paper II
1. Indian Economy in ∑ Uma Kapila
Pre-independence Era
2. India Economy in ∑ ?
Post-independence Era ∑ *
@; Yojana, Economic and
Political Weekly (can read its article on internet.
(viii) Electrical Engineering

Among the three engineering subjects included in the list of Main’s Optional, electrical engineering
is the most often opted one. In the past few years, it has had a fair share of toppers and high rankers.
Although it has a vast syllabus, the topics are those which are covered in the engineering course.
Further, the syllabus and nature of questions have substantial similarity with Indian Engineering
Services (IES) examination syllabus and questions. As such, if a candidate is preparing for IES/has
appeared in it, then electrical engineering would be a natural choice. Once the concept is understood
well and the syllabus is covered, scoring approximately 50% in this Optional would not be very
&'&

familiarity helps in easy and quick grasp of the topics. This is especially true for the initial study.
$&
'@
prepare from these recommended books as they are tried and tested. To begin with, these books
&{ 7
&
recommended books and the books from which they have studied earlier then they should switch
over to the recommended books (at least for the topics covered better). Some salient preparation
tips are given as follows.
Salient Tips
∑

Also, prepare notes on derivations and

from each topic. This would be very handy for last minute preparations.
∑ Prepare concise notes on theory topics. Do not neglect them thinking to be less scoring
(although true). They can be ‘life savers’, if one is unable to attempt a numerical or is hard
pressed for time. Such theory questions usually take less time than numericals.
∑ *

, wherever appropriate.
∑
97**7

∑ +!

and where the question has substantial
marks, one can consider giving its derivations also. Pay attention to using the correct unit.
∑ @&'&
&

∑ Analyse the past years’ questions and also keep a tab on the syllabus, lest your preparations
drift or you study topics really not needed for this examination. This may happen as the
topics and treatment in these standard electrical engineering books may not be exactly as per
the CSE syllabus and questions.
∑ *

as much as possible.
∑ Do not look for help from coaching institutes. There are hardly any offering guidance for
this subject and not worth the time and effort invested. Guidance can be obtained from your
seniors in college (who have experience of CSE) and blogs of successful candidates of this
@ {{
S. Topics Recommended Books
No.
Paper I
1. Circuit Theory ∑ A. Chakarbarti: Circuit Theory, Analysis & Synthesis
2. Signals and Systems ∑ Oppenheim &Willsky: Signals & Systems
3. Electromagnetic ∑ K. D. Prasad: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves; or
Theory ∑ };Electromagnetic waves
4. Analog Electronics ∑ Sedra & Smith: Microelectronic Circuits; or
∑ Millman & Grabel: Microelectronics; or
∑ };Q Analog Electronic Circuits
5. Digital Electronics ∑ R. P. Jain: Model Digital Electronics; or
∑ Morrison Mano: Digital Electronics
6. Energy Conversions ∑ @7$Electrical Machines
∑ Fitzgerald: The Dynamics & Statics of Electrochemical Energy
Conversion (for topics not covered in the books above)
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
S. Topics Recommended Books
No.
7. Power, Electronic and ∑ ;Power Electronics
Electric Devices
8. Analog Communication ∑ $'Introduction to Analog and Digital
Communications; or
∑ Singh & Sapre: Communications Systems Analog & Digital
∑ ;Modern Digital and Analog Communications Systems
Paper II
1. Control Systems ∑ Nagrath & Gopal: Control System Engineering
2. Microprocessors and ∑ R. Gaonkar: Micro-processor Architecture Programming
Microcomputers
3. Measurement and ∑ Sawhney: A Course in Electrical & Electronic Measurement &
Instrumentation Instrumentation
4. Power Systems ∑ @7$Electric Power System; or
∑ Wadhwa: Electrical Power Systems
5. Power System ∑ Wadhwa: Electrical Power Systems
Protection ∑ ;L&'Power System Protection & Switch Gear
6. Digital Communication ∑ $'Digital Communication
(ix) English Literature

@
* &

subjects in terms of number of candidates opting for it. Aspirants in their graduation or post-
graduation course often opt for it. Familiarity with the subject makes preparation for the CSE
comparatively easier with three to four months (as per the successful candidates) being the average
time needed for comprehensive coverage of the UPSC syllabus.
The syllabus is similar to what is the syllabus of English literature in Delhi University. In the
CSE, the questions test the understanding of history of English literature and texts (poems and prose)
written in the period 1600 AD onwards. The paper also contains questions on unseen passage and
;'J<
&9J|9
These can be supplemented with contents in ‘Spark notes’ (www.sparknotes.com)/‘Cliff notes’
(www.cliffnotes.com) and Wikipedia contents on the internet (all quite helpful).
Salient Tips
∑ '
&7
!
∑ Analyse past years’ questions (at least of last 5–8 years) and identify those topics which are
relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them while preparing.
∑ Make notes on various topics. Notes should be such to help you in subsequent revisions as
well as help you recapitulate the important topics on the eve of the examination.
∑ .
;&
an area of concern, then practice writing slowly but legibly in the initial phase of preparation.
Speed will develop gradually.
∑

, whether it is in preparing
notes, or practicing writing answers as in an examination.
∑ After one has studied a topic well one should attempt past years’ questions on it. One
should also evaluate whether he/she has been able to stick to the word limit as prescribed and
answered within the time limit (depending on marks allotted to the question).
∑ Get your answers checked/evaluated by a person competent to do so. For this, you can
take assistance of your teacher in your college or in coaching institute or can also join a test
series. Evaluation not only helps in assessing the quality of answers but also in identifying
aspirants common grammatical and spelling mistakes.
∑ Keep your

Do not try to use words, just to impress the reader,
which are verbose/or whose meaning/contextual use is doubtful.
∑ Avoid basing your answers on the run of the mile guide books which students often use in
their graduation examination. At best these books can help you to understand the plot of the
story/meaning of the prose (but not beyond it).
∑ Make sure that you have

∑

particularly from the last years’ question papers.
This area can be a challenge for some aspirants.
∑ Questions in the examination require understanding of the phrase/poem besides application
and analysis of the content. So prepare accordingly and do not merely memorise what is
given in the books. Do not expect straight forward questions where remembering the content
&
∑ During the examination, keep a tab on time. Ideally not more than 30–35 minutes should be
devoted to each question (worth 50 marks). The remaining 15–20 minutes should be used in
7
{' '
;
Recommended Reading
1. ∑ ‘World View’ edition books on various prose/poems covered by syllabus; or

∑ ‘Norton Critical’ edition of books on various prose and poems prescribed by syllabus
2. ∑ IGNOU material on English literature; or
∑ Delhi University Open school – correspondence course material
3. ∑ Spark notes (www.sparknotes.com) or
∑ Cliff notes (www.cliffsnotes.com) or
∑ Notes on Wikipedia
4. ∑ <$$Introduction to Study of English Literature

∑ Ronald Carter, John McRae: Routledge History of Literature in English
∑ ;Background to the Study of English Literature
(x) Literature of Hindi

[' ! H

{

& ;
&
$@
$
popular choice as an Optional in the CSE Main Exam.
From the perspective of Mains, this subject does not require a prior in-depth study or specialised
training, although prior familiarity with the subject, particularly of the text, is always helpful.
As such, it can be prepared on one’s own and does not need any coaching or specialised inputs.
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scratch. As such its preparation is not lengthier than an average Optional (although not any shorter
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salient concepts of works of famous poets and writers (Paper II) once understood well are easy
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checked, is essential for success in this examination.
Salient Tips
∑ '
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!
∑ Make notes on various topics. Notes should be able to help you in subsequent revisions as
well as help you recapitulate the important topics on the eve of the examination.
∑ .
;&
an area of concern, then practice writing slowly but legibly in the initial phase of preparation.
Speed will develop gradually.
∑

whether it is in preparing
notes, or practicing writing answers as in the examination.
∑ After one has studied a topic well one should attempt past years’ questions on it. One
should also evaluate whether he/she has been able to stick to the word limit as prescribed and
answered within the time limit (depending on the marks allotted to the question.
∑ Get your answers checked/evaluated by a person competent to do so. For this, you can
take assistance of your teacher in your college or in coaching institute or can also join a test
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with the text subject. Evaluation not only helps in assessing the quality of answers but also
in identifying aspirants common grammatical and spelling mistakes.
∑ ,

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. Ideally not more than 30–35 minutes should
be devoted to each question (worth 50 marks). The remaining 15–20 minutes should be used
7
{' '
;
Recommended Reading
S. No. Author Recommended Books
Paper I
1. Acharya Ram Chandra Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas; or
Kumar Sarvesh Hindi Sahitya Ka Itihas; or
2. ; Hindi Sahitya Ka Doosra Itihas; or
Ram Swaroop Chaturvedi Hindi Sahitya aur Samvedna Ka Vikas
3. Kumar Sarvesh Hindi Kavita, Kal Se Aaj Tak
Acharya Devendra Nath Sharma Kavya Ke Tatva
4. IGNOU notes/material on Literature of
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5. Ashok Tewari $ Q{|*[
Paper II
1. $\?&
Kabeer
2. Acharya Ramchandra Shukla Goswami Tulsidas
3. $\?&
Kalidas ki Lalitya Yojana
4. Ram Chandra Shukla Triveni
5. IGNOU notes/material
6. H' &'
writers as per syllabus
(xi) Geography
Geography as a subject is quite popular with the candidates. Not only are students having
background of geography or other art subjects seen to be opting for it but many aspirants from
science and engineering backgrounds too take this Optional, apparently so, as the subject is based
on conceptual understanding and not merely on rote. Further, the overlap of the subject with
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not be the sole or even the primary consideration for picking this Optional which should only
be chosen on considerations of aptitude and interest. Some salient points about its preparation is
given below.
Salient Tips
∑ Right through the preparation lay emphasis on

and not
merely on learning by heart (though the latter is also needed however not without proper
understanding).
∑

. This can be done by doing map work regularly.
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practice maps prepared by you.
∑ Look out for issues related to geography, in news magazines and also in the magazine:
Geography and You.

.
∑ 1
" &

in the answer. Practice them well.
∑ 2

in the examination. Stick to the word limit. Time is often seen to be
a constraint in this subject.
∑

regularly. Check whether you are able to stick to the word and
time limit.
∑ Prepare

This is very important.
No.
Paper I
1. Geomorphology ∑ Savindra Singh: Geomorphology
∑ Strahler & Strahler: Modern Physical Geography
2. Climatology ∑ D. S. Lal: Climatology
∑ Strahler & Strahler: Modern Physical Geography
3. Oceanography ∑ Vital and Sharma: Oceanography for Geographers; or
∑ Savindra Singh: Physical Geography
4. ; ∑ Savindra Singh: Physical Geography; or
∑ Rupa: Physical Geography Made Simple
5. Environmental ∑ IGNOU material
Geography
6. $Q ∑ G. C. Leong:

; or
∑ !$Human Geography; or
∑ Rupa: Economic and Social Geography Made Simple
Paper II
Geography of India ∑ Khullar: India: A Comprehensive Geography; or
∑ !$Indian Geography
∑ Atlas: Oxford
∑ Magazine: Geography and You
(xii) Geology
Geology is yet another Optional which is taken by only a select few in the CSE Mains. The reason
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nature, it requires a formal training/study of the subject. As such, unlike the hugely popular subject
geography (which can be managed by self-study), not many aspirant select geology as an Optional.
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subject contents can be remembered for a longer duration of time and are easier to recapitulate.
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preparation by going through books you have studied in your graduation course. Later on you
can refer to books recommended below, especially for those topics which are not covered in the
graduation books or which are inadequately covered.
Salient Tips
∑ '
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!
∑

($
)*+ (at least of last 5–8 years) and identify those topics
which are more relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them while
preparing. Also go through and solve past years’ questions of combined geoscientists and
Geologists examination and the Indian Forest Service examination.
∑ Make notes on the subject. This is essential to be successful. Notes should be made so as to
help you in subsequent revisions as well as help you recapitulate the important concepts

!. Notes should ideally be prepared after you have covered/
studied the topic well.
∑ Understand the concepts well, particularly in the initial phase of examination. Understanding,
followed by remembering, is the key to doing well in this examination.
∑ Try to cover all topics of the syllabus. Even if there is paucity of time in preparation, even
then endeavour to go through all the topics once.
∑ In the examination, answer to the point and as per the word limit. Keep a tab on time.
Recommended Reading
S. Topic Books
No.
Paper I
1. General Geology ∑ P. K. Mukherjee: A Textbook of Geology
∑ X;'&A Introduction to Geology
2. Geomorphology ∑ W. D. Thornbury: Principles of Geomorphology; or
∑ Morgan, Woolridge: Outline of Geomorphology
3. Structural Geology ∑ J. I. Platt, J. Challinor: Simple Geological Structures
∑ Q; A Text Book of Physical Geology
4. Paleontology ∑ $\;?
Introduction to Stratigraphy & Paleontology
5. Indian Stratigraphy ∑ $\;?
Introduction to Stratigraphy & Paleontology
∑ ~;Elements of Indian Stratigraphy
6. $ ∑ David K. Todd, L. W. Ways: Groundwater Hydrology
Engineering Geology
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
S. Topic Books
No.
Paper II
1. Mineralogy ∑ Andrew McLeish: Geological Science
∑ Cornelis Klein: Manual of Mineral Science
2. Igneous Metamorphic ∑ Francis. J. Turner, John Verhoogen: Igneous & Metamorphic
Petrology Petrology;
∑ G. W. Tyrrell: Principles of Petrology
3. Sedimentary Petrology ∑ Francis J. Petti John: Sedimentary Rocks
∑ G. W. Tyrrell: Principles of Petrology
4. Economic Geology ∑ Q
L;A Manual of Geology of India,
Economic Geology; or
∑ Walter Pohl: Economic Geology: Principles & Practice
5. Mining Geology ∑ W. C. Peters: Exploration and Mining Geology
∑ X !;'Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration &
Mining
6. Geochemistry and ∑ K. C. Misra: Introduction to Geochemistry
Environmental ∑ Internal Articles
Geology
(xiii) History
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medieval and modern) and a sizeable portion of world history. As such candidates should opt for
this subject, if they have a background of history (preferably) and interest in the subject, implying
thereby that history should not be a casual choice as an optional. On the positive side, this subject
does have a fair share of successful candidates and its overlap with General Studies (paper) makes
the preparation of latter relatively easier. Further, if a candidate has really put in effort, then the
$ '!
Salient Tips
∑ $ ! &
plan and
prioritise, what and how much they prepare from each topic.
∑ Candidates ought to go through last 6–8 years’ (or more) of question papers and analyse

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worth how many marks).
∑ Once a topic or a few of them have been covered, then the candidate should not only know
the bare facts but should also

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can

\
∑ Do not neglect map work during your preparation.
∑ #
2

is very important during the examination. Try to stick to the word limit
and cover the most important points within it. Do not keep writing just for the heck of it. If
you have exceeded the word limit, and some point is still left then cover it in brief and move
on to the next question.
∑ ,

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∑ Along with detailed notes also prepare note summaries or the points on which your answers
are based. These should be such to help you to quickly revise the entire syllabus just a day
before the examination.
∑ ; ' &
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www.websites ingnou.ac.in) to supplement these books.
Recommended Reading
S. Topics Recommended books
No.
1. Ancient India ∑ R.S Sharma: India’s Ancient Past
∑ @;The Wonder that was India
∑ Romila Thapar: Ashoka and the Decline of Mauryas; or
∑ Mazumdar; Roychaudhari, Dutta: Advanced History of India
2. Medieval India ∑ Satish Chandra : Sultans to Mughals: 2 volumes; or
∑ Majumdar; Roychaudhari, Dutta: Advanced History of India
3. Modern India ∑ ; Modern India
∑ ; India’s Struggle for Independence; or
∑ Mazumdar; Roy Chaudhari, Dutta: Advanced History of India
4. <$ ∑ Normal Lowe: Mastering Modern World History ; or
∑ K. Krishna Reddy: Modern World
(xiv) Law
Law has emerged as a popular Optional in the past few years. Many candidates who did not have
law in their graduation have taken this Optional and have been successful. Although these are
exceptions, yet it speaks volumes about the popularity of the subject.
Law has a vast syllabus which requires conceptual understanding, ability to remember as wall as
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to opt for it. The study of constitutional law helps immensely in tackling ‘polity’ portion of GS
Paper II (although this should not be the main consideration for taking this Optional). Some salient
preparation tips are given below.
Sailent Tips
∑ As the syllabus of law is vast and requires lot of studying candidates must start preparing for
it at the earliest possible.
∑ Always
,

)

)

This is very important. Prepare
sheets highlighting the above and stick them on walls/almirahs where you can view them
regularly. This helps in revision.
∑

This is extremely important for subsequent revision. Note summaries or
concise notes which can help revision on the last day must also be prepared.
∑ Answers should be to the point and as per word limit.
∑ Always supplement your answers with case laws and quote the relevant sections. Case
laws are very important, particularly for topics like Law of Torts, Constitutional Law, etc.
∑ Keep a tab on latest developments as law is a dynamic subject.
Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Constitutional and Administrative V. N. Shukla: Constitution of India; or
Law M. P. Jan: Outlines of Indian Legal and Constitutional History
2. International Law S. K. Kapoor: International & Constitutional & Human Rights
Starke: International Law (only for issues pertaining to
treaties customs)
Paper II
3. Law of Crimes K. D. Gaur: Criminal Law; or
P. S. A. Pillai: Criminal Law
4. Law of Torts X~; Law of Torts; or
P. S. A. Pillai: Law of Torts
5. Law of Contracts and Mercantile Avtar Singh: Law of Contracts; or
Law X~;
!

6. Contemporary Legal Development A. K. Jain:
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(xv) Management
Management as an Optional does not have many takers in the UPSC. Perhaps so, because as compared
to other streams, lesser percentage of management graduates want to join the civil services. Amongst
those who tread this path, quite a few opt for one or the other of the arts subject. The reason for switch

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not deter those who have a liking for this subject and have done fairly well in their management
&

their management studies and are fresh with the management theories should go for this Optional. If
a candidate has taken a job and wants to prepare along with his job, then management as an Optional
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As a subject Management is more logical as compared to most arts subject and answers have
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not, then one should go through the syllabus and the past years’ questions and assess ones’ comfort
level vis-à-vis the subject. If most of the questions appear familiar, that is answering them would
require only a revision of the subject, then one must opt for it.
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(besides other topics). These must be prepared well. Other topics of Paper I include, management

Paper II deals with quantitative techniques in management, productions, operations management
MIS, Government business interface, strategic management. This paper has numerical questions,
application oriented questions, etc. Case studies also play an important role in its answers. Although
numericals may appear simple and are quite scoring, one must practice them thoroughly to be sure
to not get them wrong in the examination.
Salient Tips
∑ ; &
2 .
∑ Identify the topics which you have not covered in your management training or need to
cover well. It is important to go through all the topics at least once so that you have a basic
=
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∑ Analyse past years’ questions &
(or questions worth greater marks are arising). Lay more emphasis on these topics. As the
syllabus is vast it may not be possible to devote equal time and effort to all topics.
∑

. Notes should be concise to enable you
to revise the entire topic in the preceding month before examination and also to help you to
recapitulate all what is important in a day just before the examination.
∑ Co-relate case studies with the theory.

. Quote
relevant case studies in the answers. This fetches marks.
∑

. Check whether you are sticking to the word limits.
∑ It is very important to

in the examination. If you are hard
pressed for time, then give the salient portions of reply (even in bullet form).
∑ 4

"$
$
(as in operations management,
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Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Managerial Function ∑ Koontz: Essentials of Management or
and Process ∑ Koontz & Weihrich: Management
∑ IGNOU material
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
2. Organisational ∑ Stephen P. Robbins: Organisational Behaviour ; or
;
? ∑ Robbins, Judge, Campbell: Organisational Behaviour; or
∑ Thomas Cumming & Worley: Organisational Development &
Change; or
∑ Madhukar Shukla: Understanding Organisations
∑ IGNOU material
3. $X ∑ Aswathappa: Human Resource Management ; or
Management ∑ L. M. Prasad: Human Resource Management ; or
∑ Mamoria: Personnel Management
∑ IGNOU material
4. Accounting for ∑ IGNOU material or any regular book on accounts
Managers
5. Financial Management ∑ X<}Corporate Finance
∑ ;@Principles of Corporate Finance;
or
∑ I. M. Pandey: Financial Management
6. Marketing Management ∑ Kotler, Armstrong: Principles of Marketing; or
∑ Rajan Saxena: Marketing Management
Paper II
1. Quantitative Techniques ∑ Aczed & Sounder Pandian: Complete Business Statistics
in Decision-making
2. Production and ∑ David A. Collier: Operation Management
Operations Management ∑ $@[Operations Research
3. Management ∑ R. C. Laudon & J. P. Laudon: Management Information Systems
Information System
4. Government Information ∑ IGNOU material and internet articles
System
5. Strategic Management ∑ Michael Porter: Competitive Strategy
∑ IGNOU material
6. ; ∑ IGNOU material and internet articles
(xvi) Mathematics
Mathematics is a natural choice of Optional for students from this background as well as many
engineers who want to switch over to another subject. Many candidates want to opt for it, perceiving
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should not be the reason for taking this Optional as owing to the vast syllabus, of late, the marks
scored in this subject is only at par with other Optionals. Nevertheless, unlike other subjects, it has
one distinct advantage. It does not call for too much of last minute revision as it is essentially a
! @& !&
the last minute revision on the eve of the examination, in mathematics, the performance is not so
much dependent on last minute practice but what one has done in the weeks (and months) before.
Notwithstanding the vast syllabus, aspirants should opt for it, if they love this subject and have a
knack for solving mathematical problems.
Salient Tips
∑ While preparing for mathematics,

!

in the books. At times, the questions in the paper emanate from the solved examples or
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tackled.
∑ Practice as many problems as possible within the available time.

∑ Solve at least 10 years’ past questions.
∑ Keep a tab on time while solving the past years’ questions and check whether you can solve
them within time or you need to speed up.
∑ Heed the steps. Show steps as in the solved examples. Marks are awarded not only for the
correct answers but for the appropriate steps and formulae also.
∑ '
7

concentrate more on these problems.
∑ Prepare a few sheets of notes for each topic. Include formulae, theorems, typical problems/
salient examples etc. in it. It is a must for revising before the examination.
Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Linear Algebra Krishna Series: Linear Algebra by Vashishth & Sharma
Krishna Series: Matrices by Vashishth & Sharma; or
Schaum Series
2. Calculus Shanti Narayan: Differential Calculus
Shanti Narayan: Integral Calculus
3. Analytical Geometry Shanti Narayan: Analytical Solid Geometry
4. Ordinary Different Equations M. D. Raisinghania: Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations
5. Statics Krishna Series : Statics
6. Dynamics Krishna Series : Dynamics
7. Vector Analysis Schaum series; or
Krishna series
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
Paper II
1. Algebra ~;Abstract Algebra; or
|$Topics in Algebra
2. Real Analysis Shanti Narayan & M.D. Raisinghania: Elements of Real Analysis
3. Complex Analysis Krishna Series: Functions of Complex Variable by Sharma
4. Linear programming Krishna Series: R. K. Gupta: Linear Programming
5. Linear Differential Equations M. D. Rai Singhania, Erwin Kreyozy: Advanced Engineering
Mathematics (for boundary value problems)
6. Numerical Analysis and Jain & Iyengar: Numerical Methods
Computer Programming
7. Mechanics Krishna Series: Rigid Dynamics Vol. I & II
M. D. Rai Singhania: Fluid Dynamics
(xvii) Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering is not among the popular Optionals of CSE. Many people from this
' !' !$&

well in his engineering graduation and has a liking for it, then he/she must give a serious thought
to this Optional. Further, if one has appeared for/is preparing for GATE or IES examination or is
already enrolled in a post-graduation course of Mechanical Engineering, then this is the appropriate
Optional for CSE. If an engineer from this background is already in a job and is hard pressed for
time to prepare for a new subject, then also he/she should go with this Optional.
A list of books is recommended below, but one should prefer the engineering graduation books
$&

7
covered in that book, then the recommended books would be handy. One should also prepare notes
from internet for those topics which are not duly covered in the books in hand. Making concise
notes from internet and also from various chapters of books, is a good way of preparation.
Salient Tips
∑ ; compare the Mains syllabus with what you have covered
in the engineering course. Identify topics which are not covered in the engineering course or
require extra emphasis.
∑ Analyse the past years’ question papers and identify the topics from which questions are

@
∑

"

&
.
∑ Practice numericals as much as possible, especially during the early phase of preparation.

7


!

and
use the correct unit.
∑
. Making neat diagrams helps in fetching more marks.
∑
97 *
97*
examination.
∑ ,

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. Prepare them well. They can help you, particularly if you
are hard pressed for time. In such a situation writing the answer in brief/point-wise can also
fetch you good marks as compared to a numerical where you may get little or nothing if you
get it wrong in haste.
Recommended Reading
No.
Paper I
1. Mechanics ∑ ;Mechanics of Materials; or
∑ Sadhu Singh: Engineering Mechanics Statics & Dynamics; or
∑ E. Popov: Engineering Mechanics of Solids; and
∑ ['V Strength of Materials
2. Engineering Material ∑ E. Paul De Garmo: Materials & Processes in Manufacturing ; or
∑ James S. Campbell: Principles of Manufacturing Materials and
Processes
3. Theory of Machine ∑ S. S. Rattan: Theory of Machines; or
∑ Jagdish Lal: Theory of Mechanism & Mechanics; or
∑ Sharma Agarwal: Machine Design (only for some topics)
4. Manufacturing Science ∑ R. K. Jain: Production Technology; or
∑ E. Paul De Garmo: Materials & Processes in Manufacturing; or
∑ $\Elements of Workshop Technology; or
∑ P. N. Rao: Manufacturing Technology
Paper II
1. Thermodynamics, Gas ∑ Van Wylen: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Dynamics and Turbine ∑ P. K. Nag: Engineering Thermodynamics
∑ Rogers & Mayhew: Engineering Thermo-dynamics
2. $[ ∑ }$Heat Transfer; or
∑ Gupta Prakesh: Engineering Heat Transfer; or
∑ XV
Heat & Mass Transfer
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
No.
3. IC Engines ∑ M. I. Mathur, R. P. Sharma: Internal Combustion Engines; or
∑ V. Ganesan: Internal Combustion Engines
4. Steam Engineering ∑ P. K. Nag: Power Plant Engineering
5. Refrigeration and ∑ C. P. Arora: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Air-conditioning
(xviii) Medical Science

Students from medical science background are apprehensive about taking this subject for Mains.
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AIR 18, CSE 2013). As such, while taking a call for keeping this subject as Optional, apprehension

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choice for all those medical science students who aspire to join the civil services. Some salient tips
for preparation are given below.
Salient Tips
∑ 6

. As the syllabus is vast, make concise
notes and their summaries, which would be helpful in subsequent revision and also just a day
before the examination.
∑ Successful candidates often recommend preparing notes from post-graduation (PG)
preparatory books.
∑ Go through the blogs of successful candidates (who took this Optional) for tips on preparation

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∑ Also heed your ability of expression and writing, especially for GS and essay. Writing
and expression gets affected due to the technical nature of study done by medical science
graduates.
Recommended Reading
S. No. Topic Recommended Books
Paper I
1. $@ ∑ ;?Human Anatomy ( 3 volumes)
2. $ ∑ Across series of books; or
∑ Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology;or
∑ Guyton: Textbook of Medical Physiology
(Contd.)
(Contd.)

3. ;: ∑ Across series of books; or
∑ Satyanarayan & Chakrapani: Biochemistry
4. Pathology ∑ Across series of books; or
∑ Robbins & Cutral: Pathological Basis of Diseases
5. Microbiology ∑ D. R. Arora & Arora: Text book of Micro-biology
6. Pharmacology ∑ K. D. Tripathi: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology; or
∑ Lippincott’s: Pharmacology
7. Forensic Medicine and ∑ K. S. Narayan: Essential of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology;
Toxicology or Across series of books
Paper II
1. General Medicine ∑ $Principles of Internal Medicine; or
∑ Davidson: Principle & Practice of Medicine
2. Pediatrics Ghai: Essential Pediatrics
3. Dermatology Neena Khanna: Illustrated Synopsis of Dermatology
4. Obstetrics and D. C. Dutta: Textbook of Obstetrics
Gynaecology D. C. Dutta: Textbook of Gynecology
5. Community Medicine K. Park: Text book of Preventive & Social Medicine
(xix) Philosophy
Philosophy as an Optional has a relatively concise syllabus (as compared to other optionals). This
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7
&' &;
a fair degree of ability to express these concepts in words. Once a candidate is able to grasp the
concepts well, then the subsequent revisions are less time-consuming.
Sailent Tips
∑ For beginners/who do not have a background of philosophy, one can start with NCERT
books and IGNOU notes. Once the aspirant has a basic grasp of the subject, then one can
move to books recommended below.
∑

. Command over language and expression,
&

∑

$

!
∑ Keep your answers within the word limit.
∑ Coaching for philosophy is not essential, especially if a candidate is able to understand the
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&

∑

couple of essays emerge from philosophical topics.
∑ &
∑ While reading philosophy, compare the basic concepts of different philosophies and
philosophers. This helps in better understanding and remembering.
The syllabus of philosophy can broadly be divided into 5 parts. Paper 1 deals with (a) Western
Philosophy (b) Indian Philosophy (c) Logic & Ethics. While Paper II is divided into (a) Socio-
political Philosophy and (b) Religious Philosophy
Also, refer to guidance on philosophy by Sheetla Patle, AIR 22, CSE 2013 (Chapter: Tips from
Toppers).

Paper I
1. $ V'Critical History of Western Philosophy;
Western Philosophy or
Fredrick Copleston: History of Philosophy Vol. I, II, &
III
2. @=; ;~Contemporary Indian Philosophy and
World and Temporality: Indian S. Chatterjee & D. Dutta:
Philosophy Introduction to Indian Philosophy
3. Mind body Dualism, Determination Logic: Irving Copie: Introduction to Logic;or
& Freedom: Logic and Ethics Ashok Verma: Symbolic Logic
Ethics: Dr. Divakar Pathak; or
Ethics: Frank Thilly: Introduction to Ethics
Paper II
1. Socio-political Philosophy IGNOU material; or
O. P. Gauba: Social & Political Philosophy
2. Religious Philosophy V'Introduction to Religious Philosophy; or
}$$'Philosophy of Religion
(xx) Physics
Physics has a vast syllabus, but has also thrown up quite a few toppers during the past years. It
is a popular Optional in the CSE Mains, especially with engineers who want to switch over from
!& *
Optionals. Some salient points to remember regarding physics is:
∑ V
understand as well remember, the theory, formulae and derivations.
∑ 7

&

∑ Prepare concise notes which are helpful in the last month before the examination and
very short notes or topic summaries to revise the entire subject on the last day before the
examination. Particularly prepare a list of formulae and derivations.
∑ Supplement your answers in the examination with

&. Always
= V
give their derivation if time permits.
∑ Pay attention to the use of correct units.
∑ Also prepare some theory/note type questions. This can be done by preparing brief notes on
all the note type questions which have come in the last 10 years. Such questions although not
very scoring, can be ‘life savers’ if you are not sure of numericals or hard pressed for time
(these questions can be solved in lesser time).
∑ Identify from past years’ questions as to from which topics numericals are coming. Practice
as many numericals as possible. Do not miss the solved examples.
∑ Solve at least last 10 years’ questions. This also helps in analysing relative importance of the
various topics.
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successful candidates also refer to DIAS (coaching) notes. Also, refer to guidance offered for
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chapter ‘Tips from the Toppers’.
Recommended Reading
Paper I
1. Mechanics (a) D. S. Mathur: Mechanics; or
(b) Kleppener Kolekow: An Introduction to Mechanics; or
(c) J. C. Upadhyay: Mechanics
2. Waves and Optics (a) Ajoy Ghatak: Optics; or
BD ;@ &Optics
3. Electricity and Magnetism BD ?
}QIntroduction to Electrodynamics;or
(b) D. C. Tayal: Electricity and Magnetism; or
(c) Satya Prakash: Electromagnetic Theory and Electrodynamics
4. Thermal and Statistical BD Q ;QThermal Physics; or
physics (b) Satya Prakash: Thermal Physics
(c) Sears & Salinger: Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory
Paper 2
1. Quantum Mechanics BD $LQuantum Physics: or
(b) Resnick Eisenberg: Quantum Physics
2. Atomic and Molecular (a) Raj Kumar: Atomic Physics
Physics BD @;Modern Physics
(for the portion atomic & modern physics); or
BD ;&Molecular Physics
3. Solid State Physics, ;Solid State Physics and Electronics
Devices and Electronics
(xxi) Political Science

Political Science is a subject which has been popular with the CSE aspirants since long. The subject
is often opted by people even from science and engineering background who plan to switch over to
another subject. Not being a technical subject or requiring any specialised training, it is an easy choice
in case a switchover is to be made. Although for a beginner understanding certain theories and view
of thinkers may be a challenge to start with, however, it is not an insurmountable one. Further, the
substantial overlap of this subject with GS Paper II (Polity) and some portions of GS Paper I (Freedom
Struggle), does make things a bit easier for the aspirant. Some successful candidates also suggest that
views of thinkers, political theories, study of constitution and other aspects of the subject are helpful
=
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should not be the primary motive for choosing this Optional although it may be an incentive to do so.
Salient Tips
∑ ; & |*X[ ' J <'9 B D
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are new to this subject. Take up the core books recommended below later.
∑ Plan to give at least two revisions (apart from the 1st study) to the subject as the syllabus is
vast and you may forget things as you proceed in your preparation.
∑ Prepare notes. Notes have to be comprehensive so as to be of help in your subsequent
revisions. Also, prepare note summaries (in bullet points) to help you recapitulate and revise
on the eve of the examination.
∑ Write answers to essay type questions in introduction (brief), body, conclusion (brief) format.
If the answer is to be short, then straight away come to the body (main points). Dispense with
introduction/conclusion.
∑ While answering questions soliciting views/opinions, keep the views balanced and cover
various perspectives

(it is a must).
∑ *
and time limit.
∑ A lot of study of Political Science needs to be done though newspapers (The Hindu);
magazines (World Focus, Civil Services Chronicle, Frontline); websites, viz. www.idsa.in,
(Institute of Defence Studies & Analysis), www.mea.gov.in (Ministry of External Affairs),
particularly for international affairs. Successful candidates often recommend reading from
the notes of Ms. Shubra Ranjan.
Recommended Reading
Paper I
1. Western Political Thought ∑ Subrata Mukherjee and Sushila Ramaswamy: History of
Political Thought; or
∑ ;|Western Political Thought
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
2. Political Theory ∑ O. P. Gauba: An Introduction to Political Theory; or
∑ X!
;
Political Theory, An Introduction
3. Indian National Movement ∑ ; India’s Struggle for Independence
4. Indian Constitution and ∑ ??;Introduction to Constitution; or
Politics ∑ Laxmikanth: Indian Polity
∑ Subhash Kashyap: Our Constitution
Paper-II
1. Comparative Politics ∑ IGNOU notes (www.ignou.ac.in)
2. Theory of International ∑ @&$&Global Policies
Politics and World Politics ∑ Magazine: World Focus
3. International Relations and ∑ Internet articles and articles in Economic & Political Weekly
World Politics (EPW) (can look up on internet for EPW)
∑ Magazine: World Focus
∑ www.mrunal.org. (diplomacy section)
∑ Websites of Ministry of External Affair (MEA) and IDSA website
(xxii) Psychology
Psychology has emerged as a popular as well as interesting Optional in the recent years. Quite a few
top rankers in recent years had psychology as an Optional. It is often considered by the candidates
as a relatively safer optional as large variations in scores on year to year basis do not take place. As
such, many aspirants from science and engineering background also prefer this subject.
The subject is interesting, specially applied psychology which has application and correlation
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even in the CSE preparation. The overall interest in the subject helps the candidates during the long
preparation schedule.
Toppers often recommend beginning one’s preparation by going through NCERT books of
thth. They cover most of the topics as contained in CSE syllabus. This should be
'; ~ '
|*X[' &''&
the aforesaid with notes of Sri Mukul Pathak and internet articles. Refer guidance by Prabhav Joshi
(AIR-22, CSE 2013) in the chapter ‘Tips from Toppers’.
Recommended Books
S. No. Paper I
1. X@;Psychology; or
2. Saundra Ciccarelli and White: Psychology; or
3. Morgan & King: Introduction to Psychology
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
4. |*X['Introduction to Psychology
Psychology
5. (a) Aaron Coups: Statistics for Psychology; or
(b) A. K. Singh: Measurement and Research Methods in Behavioural Sciences
Paper II
6. (a) Smarak Swain: Applied Psychology
BD|*X['
(xxiii) Public Administration

Public Administration is a popular Optional with candidates. Many people from science background
switchover to this Optional in the CSE. The ostensible reason is an overlap with the GS Mains
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below for a week or 10 days and assess whether their interest in the subject can be sustained (before
they make a switchover to it).
A list of books recommended for reading as given below. This should be supplemented by ARC
reports, Yojana magazine. Some candidates also recommended referring to notes of Ms. Shubra
Saxena (Public Administration Super 50).
Salient Tips
∑ ,

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only through regular practice.
∑ Get your answers evaluated. This is essential to know one’s shortcomings.
∑ Read the same set of books (a limited number), over and over again.
∑

Notes should be such to enable you to revise a month prior to the examination.
Compact or short notes of important topics should also be prepared to help you revise a day
prior to the examination.
∑ During the examination, keep a tab on time. Stick to the word limit. If you do not have anything
'&& ' & !
Recommended Reading
S. No. Paper I
1. ;New Horizons in Public Administration
2. Prasad and Prasad: Administrative Thinkers
Paper II
1. Arora and Goyal: Indian Public Administration
2. LaxmiKant: Public Administration
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
3. Maheshwari: Public Administration
4. Administrative Reforms Committee (ARC) Reports
5 ;Restructuring of Public Administration (Optional to read)
6. Yojana Magazine, IGNOU notes
(xxiv) Sociology
In the recent times, sociology as a subject has seen increasing number of candidates opting for
it. Perhaps so, because it is non-technical in nature and deals with issues and concepts which we
encounter in the society and day-to-day life. Further, as a subject, it does not require specialised
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grasp the subject. Moreover, the concepts and thoughts of thinkers in this subject do help to some
extent in the essays and also in some questions in the General Studies.
The successful candidates recommend preparation of this subject from certain fundamental books,
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views of thinkers, the candidates may also look up other books and internet articles. Thus, the basic
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Salient Tips
∑ |*X['thth to understand the primary concepts
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∑ Pay attention to

well, specially the thinkers and their views
viz. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, R.K Merton, Mead, etc.
∑ Develop the
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oneself. This is very important as the papers involve
expression of views of thinkers, ideologies etc. which tests the power of expression.
∑

#

∑ In your answers, wherever appropriate, quote the views and theories of sociologists and
thinkers to further substantiate it. Also quote case studies particularly in Paper II.
∑ As a lot of reading and remembering has to be done, as such

which candidates can do last minute revision (i.e. in a day before the examination) is
absolutely essential.
Recommended Reading
Paper I S. No. Recommended Books
1. $$Sociology, Themes & Perspectives
2. |*X[;'
(a) Introducing Sociology
(b) Understanding Society
3. IGNOU material (www.ignou.ac.in)
Paper II S. No. Recommended Books

1. V BDModernisation of Indian Tradition
(b) Social Change in India
2. Ram Ahuja: (a) Social Problems in India
(b) Society in India : Concepts Theories and Recent Trends
3. M. N. Srinivas: Social Change in Modern IndiaBV 9'D
4. NCERT books
(xxv) Statistics
Statistics as an Optional does not have many takers in the Main examination. This should not be
construed that those who are graduates in statistics should avoid this subject in the Mains. In general
there are lesser number of graduates from the statistics discipline in the country. And among those
earning a degree in this subject, not many aspire to join civil services.
Purely from the perspective of an Optional for Mains, it is a good subject to consider, provided
one has graduated in it and has a knack for probability, statistics and numbers. If a candidate is
considering to appear for/has appeared for the Indian Statistical Service examination (and has fared
well) then this is the subject to opt for in the CSE Main Exam.
Salient Tips
∑ ; compare the Mains syllabus with what you have covered
in the graduation course. Identify topics which are not covered in the graduation course or
require extra emphasis.
∑ Analyse the past years’ question papers and identify the topics from which questions are

@
∑

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.
∑ Practice numericals as much as possible especially during early period of preparation.

7


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assumptions.
∑ The syllabus of Statistics for Indian Forest Service examination is almost identical and the
7 {*

9
questions of this examination also (past years’ papers are available at www.upsc.gov.in).
∑

9 7
= [
examination is also conducted by UPSC and has similar standard of questions although it
has four papers of this subject as compared to two of the CSE Main exam.
S. No. Recommended Books

1. Paul Meyer: Introduction to Probability Theory & Statistical Application; or
V. K. Rohatgi & A. K. E. Saleh: Introduction to Probability Theory and Mathematical
Statistics
2. V. K. Rohatgi: Statistical Inference
3. @Q~Q ;?Q An Outline of Statistical Theory; or
@Q~Q ;?Q Fundamental of Statistics
4. William G. Cochran: Sampling Techniques; or
L';'L'Sampling Theory of Surveys
5. S. C. Gupta, V. K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Applied Statistics
6. S. C. Gupta, V. K. Kapoor: Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Modern Approach
(xxvi) Urdu Literature

Prefer Urdu as an Optional, if you have interest in the subject. Even if you have not taken a formal
course in Urdu literature during graduation, you can still prepare for this subject for CSE, provided

& [
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as an Optional (most notable being Dr. Shah Faesal, topper CSE 2010). As such, if you have any
inhibition/concern in taking this Optional on this count then eschew it at the earliest.
As a snapshot, the Urdu syllabus covers: orgin and development of Urdu language, poetry, prose
novels, short stories, etc. Urdu schools, literary criticism and essay writing covered in Paper I. The
Paper II contains questions on various texts which are analytical and critical in nature.
Although the syllabus is not too exhaustive, it does require hardwork, particular by a lot of
written work. Like other literature papers, candidates should focus on doing written work during
preparation and also have their answers evaluated by their teachers, guides or peers.
Salient Tips
∑ '
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subject.
∑ Make notes on various topics. Notes should be made so as to help you in subsequent
revisions as well as help you recapitulate the important topics on the eve of the examination.
∑ .
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legibility is an area of concern, then practice writing slowly but legibly in the initial phase of
preparation. Speed will develop gradually.
∑ Aspirants must focus

whether it is in preparing
notes, or practicing writing answers as in an examination.
∑ After one has studied a topic well, one should attempt past years’ questions on it. One should
also evaluate whether he/she has been able to stick to the word limit as prescribed and time
limit as permitted by the examination.
∑ Get your answers checked/evaluated by a person competent to do so. For this you can take
V
'
peers/co-aspirants to check the answers if he/she is conversant with the subject. Evaluation
not only helps in assessing the quality, but also the aspirant’s common grammatical and
spelling mistakes.
∑ During the examination keep a tab on time. Ideally not more than 30–35 minutes should be
devoted to each question (worth 50 marks). The remaining 15–20 minutes should be used in
7
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Recommended Reading
Recommended Books
Paper I
1. ∑ !'@; B*;'$@ DUrdu Ki Lisani Tashkil
∑ &$~B*;'$@ DMokqadwa, Tarikhe
Zubani
∑ Shamian Ahmed: Ansaf-e-Sukhanaur Sher Haiyyaten
Paper II
∑ | B*;'$@ DUrdu Shairi Ki Tauqidi Mutal; or
∑ Sumebul Nigar: Urdu Nasr Ka Tauqidi Mutala
∑ |$|7B*;'$DUrdu Adab Ki Tarikh
∑ '[=
∑ IGNOU – Urdu literature books /study material
(xxviii) Zoology
; !\ &' B

studied it in their graduation course) and also by some students from medical science curriculum.
Although not many candidates take this Optional in Mains, there is nothing wrong with the subject
as such and the lesser number of zoology aspirants should not be a deterrent for giving it a serious
consideration in the Main examination. On the contrary, lesser number of competitors is a positive
factor for serious and good candidates from this background as there would be lesser degree of
comparative evaluation of their answers.
The syllabus of zoology, like many other Optionals is vast. As such, its important to go strictly by
the syllabus of Main examination. Further, analysis of past years’ questions is important to focus on
key areas. Seeking guidance from successful candidates from this subject and following their tips
on blogs can be helpful. It is also advisable to begin your preparation by going through books you
studied in graduation course. Later on you can refer to the books recommended below, especially
for those topics not covered in the books studied in graduation or where the coverage is inadequate.
Salient Tips
∑ '
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∑

($
)*+ (at least of last 5–8 years) and identify those
topics which are more relevant from the examination perspective. Pay extra attention to them
while preparing. Also go through and solve past years’ questions of Indian Forest Service
examination.
∑ Make notes on the subject. This is essential to be successful. Notes should be such to help
you in subsequent revisions as well help you recapitulate the important concepts on the

!. Notes should ideally be prepared after you have covered/studied the
topic well.
∑ ,
particularly in topics of cell biology, microbiology etc. Practice
them well and make diagrams in questions wherever appropriate. This fetches extra marks.
∑ *

!. In case of paucity of time, summarise the salient
points in bullet form. This would also fetch reasonable marks.
Recommended Reading
S. No. Topic Books
Paper I
1. (a) Non Chordata ∑ E. L. Jordan, P. S. Verma: Invertebrate Zoology; or
∑ R. L. Kotpal: Modern Text Book of Zoology; Invertebrates; or
∑ $| University Course of Invertebrate Zoology
1 (b) Chordata ∑ E. L Jordan, P. S. Verma: Chordata Zoology; or
∑ R. L. Kotpal: Modern Textbook of Zoology, Vertebrates; or
∑ $| Zoology of Chordates; or
∑ George Kent: Robert C. Karr: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
2. Ecology ∑ P. D. Sharma: Ecology & Environment
∑ S. K. Agrawal: Fundamentals of Ecology
3. Ethology ∑ ReenaMathur: Animal Behaviour; or
∑ V. K. Aggarwal: Animal Behaviour (Ethology)
∑ Internet Articles
4. Economic Zoology ∑ Q'L; Economic Zoology
∑ Internet Articles
5. ; ∑ L;X Fundamentals of Biostatistics
6. Instrumentation ∑ ';@!Introduction to Instrumentation
Methods in Life Sciences
∑ Internet articles
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
S. No. Topic Books

Paper II
1. ; ∑ E. D. P. De Robertis, E. M. F. D. C. Robertis Jr.: Cell & Molecular
Biology; or
∑ ;&Molecular Cell Biology
2. Genetics ∑ Gardner, Simmons, Snustad: Principles of Genetics; or
∑ P. K. Gupta: Genetics; or
∑ L;X Genetics
3. Evolution ∑ Any Standard book and internet articles
4. Systematics ∑ Internet articles
5. ; ∑ $
Lippincott’s Biochemistry
∑ David Nelson, M.Cox: Lehinger Principles of Bio Chemistry; or
∑ X&;;Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry; or
∑ AVSS, Rama Rao: Text Book of Biochemistry;
6. Physiology ∑ $X Animal Physiology and Related Biochemistry
7. Development ∑ @~;Introduction to Embroyology
; ∑ P. S. Verma, V. K. Agrawal: Chordate Embryology, Developmental
Biology
∑ L;X Chordate Embryology Development Biology
∑ Internet articles
Chapter Summary
Successful candidates score nearly one-third of their total written marks in the Optional
papers. The toppers (in top 100 ranks) are able to secure 250–260 (50%) marks in the Optional
(out of 500) while their score in GS is around 300–350 (30% to 35%). As such scoring well
in the Optional paper is the key to success in the CSE.
Choice of an Optional (from amidst 25 subjects of list I of UPSC or 23 subjects of list II) must
be made carefully and with due consideration. Interest and aptitude in the subject should be
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another important consideration, albeit a secondary one. Factors like overlap of syllabus with
General Studies, perception of the Optional being scoring one or not, availability of coaching
for the subject, compactness of syllabus, etc. should at best be tertiary considerations.
Proper guidance for the Optional is crucial for performing well in the subject. It is essential
to know what and from where to study.
Always go through the syllabus before embarking on your studies. If you have read the
subject earlier (say, in graduation studies) then identify the new topics to be covered for CSE,
or those topics which were not adequately covered in the graduation course and require in-
depth study.

X
emphasis on important topics does not mean not covering a particular topic at all.
Preparing notes is the key to success in this examination. Notes should be prepared so as to
just capture all what is important and all what needs to be revised later. Candidates should
also prepare note summaries/brief notes or even a synopsis of a particular topic. These will
be very helpful in revising a day before the examination.
Practice writing answers regularly. Get you answer checked by a professor (at college),
B D
B
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in your writing style, contents, presentation, legibility etc. as suggested.
It is also very important to remember what one has read, especially the important points.
Proper understanding of a topic/issues entailed makes remembering easier and recollection
more accurate. Use of mnemonics is particularly helpful in memorising those answers which

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to remember it in the examination. Revision should be done daily (of what one has learnt
during the day) and periodically too.
Take guidance from successful candidates, particularly if they have the same Optional as
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Section IV
The Personality Test
Chapter 18—The Personality Test: The Final Frontier

Chapter 18
The Personality Test: The Final Frontier
“A man is a product of his thoughts, what he thinks he becomes.”

—Mahatma Gandhi
18.1 Personality Test

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The Civil Services examination is one of the most arduous and a stiff competition of our

mar the hard work put in by the aspirants.

The tenor of the interview is that of a purposeful conversation; the objective is the assessment
of the personality on the whole.
The personality test examines a wide range of innate qualities of the aspirants. But the most
valuable attributes include—an honest approach in life, sincerity of purpose, ability to think
analytically logically, holistically and optimistically, along with a willingness to toil hard.
18.2 How to Prepare for the Interview

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out analytical perspective of relevant issues. It is advisable to start an interview diary and also
to keep handy pocket notebooks. Be in the habit of summarising the articles you have read
and jotting down the relevant points in the diary or the notebook.
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furnished therein forms a salient basis for the queries arising in the interview. A photocopy of

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the last Main examination and in full earnest after 6 to 8 weeks.

Read at least two national dailies, or a national and a regional newspaper. Besides, read at
least one good magazine.
Reading of newspapers and magazines has to be purposive and meticulous. Good articles

Concerted effort should be made to summarise the article, identify the salient points and
remember it.
Salient points/summary of important articles should be noted in a pocket notebook/diary.
Watch quality news channels, specially those showing panel discussions, news summary,
views and opinions of eminent people.
Internet can be an important tool for searching for information pertaining to your areas of
interest, hobbies, state, previous/current job or even for the latest news.
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expression and skills of communication. Identify and read books related to your; hobbies,
issues of regional national and international importance, state of domicile, organization you
are working/worked for etc.
Use time effectively. Make concerted effort to maintain good concentration level.
Pranayam/meditation techniques can help you to remain calm and stay in focus.
Chart out your preparation schedule. Review your progress periodically.
Take mock interviews. Form an interview preparation group of 5 to 6 candidates and organize
mock interviews amongst yourselves.
18.3 How to Answer
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to articulate your reply.
Answer to the point. There cannot be any beating about the bush.

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Views and opinions are not one and the same thing. While expressing one’s views, the pros
and cons/the complete perspective/all the issues entailed, must be brought out. In case of
opinion, specify your stand at the outset along with the reasons for it.
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reasoning, should also be moderate and balanced.
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Honesty and truthfulness are the best approach to follow, while smartness is only the second
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18.4 Personal Profile
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The objective of good verbal communication is to convey properly and effectively what the
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interview.
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18.7 Days, Hours and Moments Before the Interview
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Ascertain the date of interview if you have not received any communication from the U.P.S.C.
by the second week of March.

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days before the interview date.

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For men: A light coloured full sleeve shirt, dark coloured trousers, leather shoes and a sober
tie.
For women: A cotton saree (preferably) or a salwar suit.
Take good care of health – Have hygienic food, clean water (not from market place) and
proper sleep.
Keep important documents (along with originals and photocopies) ready in a separate folder
along with interview call letter.
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Read the morning newspaper (on the day of the interview).
18.8 My Interview
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symbolic meaning or interpretation, apart from the literal meaning apparent
to the reader. Prominent poets of this style were Nirala, Jai Shankar Prasad.
Maithali Sharan Gupt, Mahadevi Verma, and Bacchan.
Chairman : 9

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advantages of MRTS?
Me : MRTS refers to Mass Rapid Transit System, while LRTS is Light Rapid
Transit System. They are distinguished on the basis of their capacity to
carry passengers per hour in each direction. While the Metro in Calcutta
and suburban trains in Bombay are examples of MRTS, a mono rail system
can be LRTS.
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suited. MRTS, besides reducing congestion on the roads and pollution in

the city, also reduces the commuting time. In the longer run, it is a more
cost effective means of transportation, especially considering environmental

Chairman : What are Quarks?
Me : These are the smallest of the elementary particles and fundamental building
blocks of matter. There are said to be six different types of quarks which
combine to form other composite particles.
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ego of women. Though I support the former, merely giving a boost to the ego,

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as properly maintained as required and at some points cause jerks.
3rd Member : No, what I mean to say is, why there is feeling of tiredness in trains but not
in aeroplanes?
Me : It is because of the vibration we experience in the train but not in the planes.
Member : What is the frequency of vibration of the railway coaches?
Me : I am not aware of it, Sir.
Member : What is the resonant frequency of vibration of human body?
Me : I do not know sir.
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own independent opinion?
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and opportunity, which to some extent is entrenched in the form of castes, it
will be proper if reservation in Government jobs is provided to enable the
backward classes to come to the social foreground.
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also now get reservation? What social hardship has he suffered to deserve
it?
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of distributive justice. In such cases, reservation should be limited to one

generation so that the social opportunities fostered by reservation can be
more widely distributed, in keeping with the principle of distributive justice.
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genuine grievances of the staff and do his best to take care of it. This enabled

a dispensable lot, as the workers had a good and direct rapport with the

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Civil Services. I always aspired to join the Civil Services, and if for some
reason I am unable to do so, then I will be happy to work for the Indian
Railways.
5th Member : But your job in Indian Railways is a very good and prestigious one, then why
opt for the Civil Services?
Me : Indeed Sir, my current job is a very good and prestigious one. But the Civil
Services, I consider the best. And the best always move towards the best. If
I am amongst the best, then I have a right to join the Civil Services.
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that of a wily hunter ready to lay the next trap). But you have been trained

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may not have direct application. But besides an engineer, I am also trained
to think objectively and analytically, to have critical understanding of issues,
to look into cause and effect of a problem. These aptitudes and approaches

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Services?
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own personal aspirations. I wanted to join Civil Services, which I consider
a better service.
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Me : Thank you Sir. Thank you Madam. Thank you to all of you Sirs.
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not have any hobby as the pressure of studies does not allow me to pursue my hobby, although
I used to have hobbies in my school days/ college days. Should I indicate an activity as a hobby
although I do not have much interest in it? Will claiming ‘social service’, ‘medical aid to poor’
as a hobby, portray a good picture of myself?
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domicile. Do I need to know in detail about both the states/cities? During the course of my
graduation/professional education/employment I have also lived/worked in some other states/

cities. Do I need to prepare for them also? What all should be included in the amount of
preparation and how should I go about it?
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Remarks provided at the end of each interview, gives a brief analysis of the candidate’s

As would be seen from the specimen interviews, the objective of the Board Members is often to
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views and analysis. He has displayed good understanding about the problems
of the state and education system. However, he has faltered on factual questions
especially on ‘carbon intensity’. Besides, the Board expected a response of better
quality regarding carbon credit and carbon footprint. He also forgot to wish the
members when he entered the room.
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questions satisfactorily, especially those regarding his entry in the Civil
Services, tourism in Rajasthan, solar energy. However, he faltered on
certain important factual questions like the one on World Copenhagen
Summit.
Section V
CSE and Beyond
Chapter 19—Failure is not Final: Try Again
Chapter 20—Success is Sweet: An Epilogue

Chapter 19
Failure is not Final: Try Again
“The only real failure is not to be true to the best one knows.”
—Gautam Buddha
19.1 Failure is not Final

Abraham Lincoln, one of the most revered presidents of USA and one of the greatest statesmen
this world has ever seen, is often remembered for ushering the freedom of slaves in USA and
leading the armies of the Union to victory in the civil war. He was a great champion of democracy

a
government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Who would not hail Lincoln as a great
success in life, more so if he is remembered with great respect and admiration even after hundred

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his life, he lost his job, was defeated in legislature elections, failed in business, lost his beloved, had
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thing he did not lose was his hope and perseverance.
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several thousands of attempted inventions. However, the world remembers his successes and not
the numerous failures that he had encountered.
There are many other famous people who failed early, yet who went ahead to achieve great
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19.2 Handling Failure in the CSE

Failure is an integral and inseparable part of CSE, which is encountered perhaps by almost all the
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improvement.
Failure is not Final: Try Again 539
S. No. Paper/Subject Minimum Benchmark Score

(General Category)
1 Essay 100
2 GS Paper I ((NO)
G GS Paper II ((NO)
4 GS Paper III O)NO(
( GS Paper IV R)NR(
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7 Interview 'Z(N'()
∑ Although the above scores are only indicative, yet they highlight the
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preparation with a renewed vigour and determination. Tell yourself that you have understood
what went wrong and where to improve and you are not letting despondency or fear of failure
to pin you down. Chart your course ahead, prepare a schedule and immerse yourself in
studies. Remember that $!!
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19.4 Keep a Plan B Ready

In the course of preparation of CSE, the fear of failure often grips us. And it is this fear which is
more perilous than even the actual failure. We often ponder as to what would happen, if I do not
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necessary for preparation cannot be granted and you cannot manage to ride on two boats at
the same time then only consider the option of resigning.
∑ Do not shy away from other examinations
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just because it would be an additional burden on you. For instance, many candidates who are
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have such an option then consider it better than sitting at home and exclusively preparing
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more in return. Firstly, they ensure continuity of academic career which is a good buffer in
the event of failure in CSE. But more importantly, they offer academic environment, access
to libraries, teachers and institutions where the CSE preparation can be more effectively
pursued. Further, many such courses and institutions are happy hunting grounds of CSE
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materially support one another. Besides, some such courses also offer stipend which can be
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19.5 Looking Beyond CSE: Know When to Exit

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be your cherished dream, but

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then you could even go for the third attempt. Ordinarily, aspirants should eschew appearing for the
fourth or more number of attempts, unless some previous attempt got botched up because of some
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successful of candidates would have experienced it at one stage or the other. As such, do not
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for the third attempt.
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previous attempt got botched because of some extraneous circumstances. But where one is
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career option.
Chapter 20
Success is Sweet: An Epilogue
“Success is counted sweetest, by those who ne’er succeed.

To comprehend a nectar, requires sorest need.”
—Emily Dickinson

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About the Authors

Madhukar Kumar Bhagat

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MADHUKAR KUMAR BHAGAT

!'   #

Section I: Aiming for CSE 1–58

1. The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction 3–13

4. Preparing for the Optional Subject 38–53

Section II: The Preliminary Examination 59–224

6. Preliminary Examination: The First Hurdle 61–71

Section III: The Main Examination 225–458

9. Main Examination: The Big Battle 227–237

 0 BG36 275

15. General Studies Paper III 346–365

Section IV: The Personality Test 459–534

18. The Personality Test: The Final Frontier 461–534

Section V: CSE and Beyond 535–550

19. Failure is not Final: Try Again 537–543

Aiming for CSE

Chapter 1—The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction

Chapter 2—Target CSE: Preparation by the Undergraduates

Chapter 4—Preparing for the Optional Subject

Chapter 5—Preparing for General Studies of Main Examination and Essay

The Civil Services Examination: An Introduction

1.1 Civil Services: A Cherished Dream

1.2 What is Civil Services?

1.3 Why Civil Services

1.4 The Scheme of the Examination

1.4.1 The Preliminary Examination

1.4.2 The Main Examination

1.4.3 The Interview

     ;  

1.5 Who are Eligible to Appear for Civil Services Examinations?

1.6 Success in the Civil Services: Faculty and Attribute

1.6.1 What it Takes to be Successful

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Target CSE: Preparation by the Undergraduates

2.1 When to Start the Preparation

2.2 What to do at the Undergraduate Level

Issues on environment and ecology are particularly important as a number of questions

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S.No. Title of book Author Remarks

Taking the Plunge: Beginning the Preparation for the CSE

3.1 When to Begin Preparation

3.2 Balancing between Preparation of the Preliminary and the Main

3.3 The Objective of the First Phase

3.4 Reading Newspapers

3.4.1 Number of Newspapers to Read

3.4.2 Which Newspaper to Read

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3.4.3 What and How to Read

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3.4.4 Reading Purposively

3.4.5 Identify What is Important

3.4.6 Understand What You Have Read

Madhukar Kumar Bhagat

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