Republic of the Philippines

SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE UNIVERSITY – Main Campus

Sogod, Southern Leyte

Impact of Family Structure and Parental

Involvement in Low Socio Economic
Areas on Literacy/Educational
Achievement

Leader: Riche B. Capilitan

Members:

Renalyn B. Logue

Epifania M. Batobalani
Noeme B. Beloy
Cristina B. Parija
Ma. Jovy B. Capilitan
Arnel C. Macoy
Table of Contents

Title Page

Gap

Objectives

Variable with data

Conceptual Framework
Gaps

Sir Park and Susan D. Holloway August 19, 2016 said that Private-good
Parental Involvement was more strongly related to school-level achievement in low-
socio economic status schools. The results provide empirical evidence about
effectiveness of school-based PI, but also suggest a need for schools to explore more
effective way to leverage the social capital of low-SES.
Deputy Minister of Education and training Nguyen said the literacy rate
among people age 15 to 35 was 98.5% with 43.7% of laborers having basic
knowledge about computers and foreign languages. “Most illiterate people are old
from mountainous areas or ethnic groups, and don’t want to travel too to go to
classes. (DTI news: DANTRI INTERNATIONAL January 15, 2016)
If the increase previously seen from 2000 to 2010 is seen in the next decade,
nearly 1 out of every 3 children under the age of 5 will be living in poverty by 2020.
These statistics point to the vulnerability of low-income children and families and
highlight the notion that low-income parents and their children face a confluence of
environment of environment challenges that put them at a distinct advantage. These
alarming rates necessitate a need for research to examine and identify processes that
may help to buffer low-income families fro the negative effects of poverty on
children’s reading ability. (Early Child Care Research Network,2015)

It also adds to the number of out-of-school youth aged 16 to 24, which is still
3.6 million as of 2017, according to data from the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA). it’s a significant decrease from 3.8 million the year prior. The issue remains,
however, especially in children aged 6 to 11 and 12 to 15. The main reason cited for
not attending school in both age groups were the lack of personal interest, illness
and disability, and the high cost of education or financial concerns.
UNESCO 2013 The accumulated achievement of education is fundamental for
further intellectual growth & social and economic development. Literate women
implies that they can seek and use information for the betterment of the health,
nutrition, and education of their household members.
The gaps are especially apparent at the community level. Children from far-
flung areas often have to walk long distances to attend classes. This challenge in
physical accessibility as well as scarcity of schools always-result to students quitting
school altogether. (FLEMMS 2013)
Objective: To be able to differentiate the literacy rate between male and female ages 15-24.

Variables 1 & 2: Gender, Literacy rate

Table 1.

Literacy rate of male and female ages 15-24 in the Philippines.

Year Male Female

1980 83.89 82.76

1990 93.97 93.18

1994 93.3 94.54

2000 92.55 92.65

2003 91.63 93.56

2008 95.01 95.83

2013 96.01 96.76

Source: index.mudi.com

Source Deped
Objective: To determine the out of school youth in the Philippines ages 6-24 years old.

Variable 3: Age

Table 2:

Net enrollment ratio by age group, Philippines 2013

Region AGE

6-11 12-15 16-24

NCR 92.00 72.00 25.9

CAR 93.8 67.1 22.5

ILOCOS 96.9 73.3 20.7

CAGAYAN 96.1 72.3 23.7

VALLEY

CENTRAL 92.9 74.00 20.5

LUZON

CALABARZON 93.00 67.9 19.6

MIMAROPA 91.4 60.4 15.2

BICOL 95.1 64.3 19.4

WESTERN 94.2 58.1 19.5

VISAYAS

CENTRAL 92.7 63.2 22.8

VISAYAS

ZAMBOANGA 92.1 55.7 18.1

PENINSULA

NORTHERN 92.00 62.1 15.8

MINDANAO

DAVAO 92.1 54.1 15.2

SOCCSKSARGEN 89.6 52.2 19.5

CARAGA 92.4 61.8 14.3

ARMM 84.2 59.3 26.3

SOURCE: FLEMMS 2013

Objective: To identify how the means of transportation affect the enrollment rate.

Variable 4 : Mode of Travel

Table 3: Percent of Population 6-24 years old who are currently attending school by mode of

travel to school, Philippines 2013

Mode of travel Percent of Population

Walking Accessible( with transport system) 52.4

Tricycle/motorcycle/pedicab 37.4

PUJ/FX/VAN/bus 18.00

Walking 6.2

Private motor vehicle(Car) 2.6

School Service 1.3

Banca .6
LRT/MRT .4

Horse riding .1

Source: FLEMMS 2013

Variable 5 : Enrollment Rate

Table 4: Enrollment rate in 2013

Date Rate

1998 91.8

1999 88.9

2001 89.5

2002 89.6

2003 89.9

2004 89.3

2005 88.6

2006 86.9

2007 87.3

2008 88.7

2009 90.8

2013 96.00

Source: knoema.com

Objective: To determine the extent of parents control and monitoring towards students’
academic performance.

Variable 6: Social Media

Table 5: Percentage of population 10 to 64 years old who were exposed to specific forms
mass media by sex, Philippines 2013

Media Percentage

TV 81.05
Radio 65.07

Magazines 60.7

Newpaper 60.6

Posters 50.05

Make calculations 49.1

Attend meeting 47.65

Surf the internet (social media) 43.9

Movies 42.85

Surf the internet (research work) 42.2

Write a report 30.85

Source: UNESCO 2013

Objective: Identify the relationship of family structure and parent’s involvement towards
student’s achievement.

Variable 7: PI (Parental Involvement)

Table 6: Trends in the Percentage of Students Whose Parents Reported Involvement in the
Childs School Activities

Year Attended General Attended School or Attended Scheduled

Meeting Class Event Parent Teacher
Conference

1996 77 67 72

1999 78 65 73

2003 88 70 77

2007 89 74 78

2012 87 74 76

2016 89 79 78

Source: National Household Surveys Program of 2016

Variable 8 & 9: Family Structure and Children’s Academic Participation

Table 7: Percent of Children Participating in Academic Performance (Lessons)

Family Structure Lessons

Two married parents 32.6

Two unmarried parents 20.7

One parent 24.1

Guardian 19.9

Source: Survey of Income and Program participation 2008

Objective: To determine the relationship of Parental Occupation towards child nutritional

status.

Variable 10 & 11: Children Nutritional Status and Parents Occupation

Table 8: Prevalence of Malnourished children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months) by occupational
group: Philippines 2013

Occupational Underweight Stunting Waisting Overweight

Group

Special 17.9 28.1 3.5 5

Occupation

Officials, 13 20.2 6.4 7.1

corporate,
executives,
managers and
managing
Proprietors and
Supervisors

Professional 11.5 19.7 9.7 7.6

Technicians and 16.5 19.4 8.6 5.6

Associates
Professionals

Clerks 14.1 23.5 10.6 6.3

Service Workers 15.6 23.6 7.9 5.7

and Shop and
Market Sales
workers

Farmers. 24.4 37.2 8.9 3.7

Forestry,workers
and fishermen

Craft and related 20.9 31 9.4 4

Trades workers

Plant and 18.2 28.1 6.5 5.1

Machine
operators and
Assemblers

Laborers and 22 33.4 7.3 4.3

skilled workers

No Occupation 17.7 27.4 6.9 6.8

Objective: To distinguished the learners with learning disability.

Variable 12: Children Health Status

Table 9:

Table: 10

House Population and Persons with disability by Region: Philippines,2010

Philippines 92,098 1,443 1.57

National Capitak Region (NCR) 11,797 167 1.41

Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) 1,612 26 1.63

Region I – Ilocos 4,743 78 1.64

Region II - Cagayan Valley 3,276 56 1.72

Region III – Central Luzon 10,118 139 1.38

Region IV – A – CALABARZON 12,583 193 1.53

Region V – B – MIMAROPA 2,732 50 1.85

Region V – Bicol 5,412 100 1.85

Region VI – Western Visayas 7,090 138 1.95

Region VII – Central Visayas 6,785 109 1.6

Region VIII - Eastern Visayas 4,090 72 1.75

Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula 3,398 46 1.35

Region X – Northern Mindanao 4,285 67 1.56

Region XI – Davao 4,453 71 1.6

Region XII – SOCSARGEN 4,103 59 1.43

Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) 3,249 35 1.07

Region XIII – Caraga 2,245 38 1.58

Source: PSA 201

Variable 13: Poverty Family Incidence

First Semester 2015* First Semester 2018

Province Poverty 90% Confidence Interval Poverty 90% Confidence Interval
Cluster Cluster
Incidence Lower limit Upper limit Incidence Lower limit Upper limit
Basilan 3 28.8 22.7 34.8 1 65.3 61.6 68.9
Lanao del Sur 1 73.8 67.8 79.8 1 68.0 64.5 71.5
Sulu 1 71.8 61.7 81.8 1 65.8 62.1 69.6
Cotabato City 2 39.9 22.0 57.9 2 42.3 38.3 46.4
Davao Occidental 1 51.2 43.6 58.7 2 36.7 32.6 40.8
Dinagat Islands 2 45.4 31.3 59.4 2 36.7 32.6 40.8
Eastern Samar 2 42.9 31.5 54.2 2 43.0 39.4 46.5

Isabela City 4 20.7 10.4 30.9 2 52.6 47.3 58.0

Maguindanao 2 47.4 41.0 53.8 2 47.9 42.8 53.1
Saranggani 1 53.0 42.5 63.4 2 40.5 35.6 45.4
Zamboanga del Norte 1 51.7 45.6 57.9 2 41.2 37.2 45.2
Zamboanga Sibugay 2 39.4 31.2 47.6 2 36.0 31.8 40.2
Abra 2 36.8 31.3 42.3 3 29.5 26.5 32.5
Agusan del Norte 3 28.4 22.7 34.1 3 23.5 21.3 25.7
Agusan del Sur 2 45.0 39.4 50.6 3 32.4 28.8 36.0
Apayao 2 46.8 40.4 53.1 3 23.2 18.4 28.0
Bukidnon 1 54.1 49.1 59.1 3 32.1 28.7 35.4
Camarines Norte 2 40.1 29.1 51.0 3 24.6 21.8 27.5
Camiguin 2 40.0 36.0 44.0 3 23.2 19.8 26.5
Compostela Valley 3 29.2 25.0 33.4 3 25.8 23.0 28.7
Davao Oriental 3 28.0 20.6 35.3 3 32.6 29.1 36.2
Lanao del Norte 2 42.2 34.1 50.3 3 23.6 21.3 26.0
Leyte 2 38.4 33.3 43.5 3 29.4 26.2 32.6
Masbate 3 33.0 23.8 42.2 3 29.4 26.0 32.8
Misamis Occidental 2 36.9 29.7 44.2 3 32.4 29.1 35.8
Mt. Province 2 41.8 34.1 49.6 3 24.4 21.2 27.7
Negros Oriental 2 40.6 34.4 46.8 3 26.1 22.5 29.7
North Cotabato 2 42.3 36.7 48.0 3 25.6 22.1 29.1
Northern Samar 1 53.8 45.9 61.6 3 30.0 26.7 33.3
Occidental Mindoro 3 32.4 23.8 40.9 3 22.0 18.5 25.5
Romblon 3 26.8 17.1 36.5 3 24.3 21.3 27.2
Sorsogon 2 46.7 36.4 57.1 3 24.5 21.8 27.2
Southern Leyte 3 31.7 22.1 41.2 3 22.8 20.1 25.5
Sultan Kudarat 2 49.0 37.1 60.9 3 32.4 28.6 36.3
Surigao Del Norte 3 32.8 25.7 39.9 3 32.2 28.7 35.8
Surigao Del Sur 3 32.8 26.8 38.8 3 23.9 21.0 26.8
Western Samar 2 43.9 34.0 53.9 3 32.2 28.7 35.6
Zamboanga del Sur 3 23.2 16.6 29.7 3 25.2 22.8 27.6
Aklan 3 25.4 18.4 32.3 4 14.6 12.2 17.0
Albay 3 24.8 19.9 29.7 4 15.9 13.8 18.0
Antique 3 27.0 18.4 35.6 4 18.3 15.4 21.1
Aurora 3 24.6 24.6 24.6 4 16.7 13.9 19.4
Batanes 5 10.0 0.0 0.0 4 13.3 10.7 15.9
Batangas 4 21.8 18.0 25.6 4 12.7 10.6 14.8
Biliran 4 16.1 14.0 18.1 4 18.0 15.7 20.4
Bohol 3 25.9 20.7 31.1 4 21.1 18.2 24.0
Cagayan 4 18.4 15.0 21.8 4 15.1 12.9 17.3
Camarines Sur 3 31.3 26.9 35.7 4 19.2 16.5 22.0
Catanduanes 2 37.3 32.1 42.5 4 19.4 16.7 22.0
Cebu 3 24.1 21.5 26.7 4 16.5 14.9 18.1
Davao del Norte 3 27.2 19.3 35.1 4 14.5 12.1 17.0
Guimaras 4 19.4 7.4 31.3 4 12.4 10.1 14.8
Ifugao 2 43.9 28.3 59.6 4 15.5 12.6 18.5
Iloilo 4 22.0 16.9 27.2 4 15.8 13.8 17.7
Isabela 4 16.0 14.0 18.1 4 15.6 13.3 18.0
Kalinga 3 26.6 16.9 36.2 4 12.3 10.2 14.3
Marinduque 3 23.9 19.0 28.8 4 14.2 12.1 16.4
Misamis Oriental 4 18.4 13.6 23.2 4 18.5 16.9 20.1
Negros Occidental 3 29.5 25.5 33.5 4 18.5 15.9 21.1
Nueva Vizcaya 4 17.6 12.5 22.6 4 16.9 14.1 19.7
Oriental Mindoro 4 21.7 16.6 26.8 4 12.8 10.6 15.0
Quezon 3 23.5 17.1 29.8 4 12.2 9.6 14.8
South Cotabato 3 23.6 18.9 28.3 4 18.9 16.4 21.4
Tawi-tawi 5 10.9 5.0 16.8 4 17.2 14.7 19.8
Zambales 4 14.5 10.6 18.4 4 16.4 14.3 18.5
1st District 5 4.8 3.2 6.4 5 5.7 3.9 7.5

2nd District 5 3.9 3.0 4.9 5 3.5 2.7 4.2

3rd District 5 6.5 5.1 8.0 5 8.1 7.2 9.0
4th District 5 3.8 2.8 4.8 5 3.9 3.5 4.3
Bataan 5 5.5 2.8 8.3 5 11.3 9.5 13.1
Benguet 5 5.2 3.5 6.9 5 6.1 5.1 7.2
Bulacan 5 5.3 3.8 6.8 5 4.9 3.7 6.1
Capiz 4 18.3 10.1 26.6 5 5.9 4.6 7.2
Cavite 5 9.7 7.4 11.9 5 6.0 4.7 7.3
Davao del Sur 5 12.1 9.4 14.8 5 10.7 8.9 12.6
Ilocos Norte 4 16.9 11.3 22.5 5 5.5 4.0 7.0
Ilocos Sur 4 15.0 10.2 19.8 5 8.8 7.2 10.4
La Union 4 19.0 12.2 25.7 5 3.7 2.6 4.8
Laguna 5 5.6 3.4 7.8 5 5.0 3.6 6.4
Nueva Ecija 3 23.4 19.7 27.1 5 10.3 8.6 12.1
Palawan 4 17.9 12.6 23.2 5 11.2 9.4 13.1
Pampanga 5 4.8 3.5 6.1 5 3.5 2.4 4.6
Pangasinan 4 23.0 20.0 26.0 5 10.5 8.7 12.4
Quirino 4 21.8 16.6 27.0 5 9.5 7.7 11.3
Rizal 5 7.7 5.5 9.9 5 4.8 3.6 6.1
Siquijor 1 49.7 49.7 49.7 5 10.0 7.4 12.6
Tarlac 4 19.8 15.9 23.8 5 10.3 8.8 11.9

* Food Thresholds are estimated using actual prices collected by PSA for the estimation of
the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In consonance with the updating of the market basket for
the collection of prices for CPI,

First Semester 2015 Poverty Statistics were revised accordingly.

 Source: PSA 2010

Objective: Identify reasons of children for not attending school its relation to poverty.

Variable 14: Reason For not attending School

Table 2. Percent Distribution of OSCY by Reason for Not Attending School by Sex and Age Group: Philippines, 2016

Male Female Both Sexes

Reason for Not Attending School
Total 6 to 11 12 to 15 16 to 24 Total 6 to 11 12 to 15 16 to 24 Total 6 to 11 12 to 15 16 to 24
Number of OSCYs ('000) 1,184 116 177 891 2,623 75 116 2,431 3,807 191 294 3,322
Accessibility of school 1.4 3.7 4.7 0.4 0.6 5.0 6.2 0.2 0.9 4.2 5.3 0.3
Illness/disability 12.6 40.7 10.3 9.4 4.2 38.0 12.9 2.8 6.8 39.6 11.4 4.5
Marriage/family matters 4.5 1.4 - 5.9 59.3 - 11.0 63.5 42.3 0.8 4.4 48.0
High cost of education/financial concern 27.7 23.3 19.5 29.9 16.8 29.7 21.2 16.2 20.2 25.9 20.2 19.9
Employment/looking for work 12.4 - 2.8 15.9 4.6 - 7.4 4.6 7.0 - 4.6 7.6
Finished schooling or finished post secondary or college 1.2 - - 1.5 0.5 - - 0.6 0.7 - - 0.8
Lack of personal interest 36.5 18.5 61.0 34.0 12.0 16.4 39.2 10.6 19.7 17.7 52.4 16.9
Problem with school record/birth certificate 1.3 3.1 - 1.3 0.2 1.8 1.5 0.1 0.5 2.6 0.6 0.4
Too young to go to school 0.9 9.2 - - 0.2 7.9 - - 0.4 8.7 - -
Others 1.6 - 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.2 0.7 1.4 1.4 0.5 1.2 1.5
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Note:" - " denotes zero count or less than 0.05 percent
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, Annual Poverty Indicators Survey 2016

Variable 15: Teacher Ratio

.
Conceptual Framework
The relationship between the home literacy environment and children’s
language and literacy skills may also differ in families of children with and without
language impairment ( Skibbe, Justice Zucker and McGinky, 2008)
(Marina L. Puglisi and et al., 2017) Informal home literacy environment does
not directly influence children’s language and reading development. A
parsimonious explanation for our findings is that the effects of the informal home
literacy environment reflect genetic influences that is mother with good language
skills pass on genes that confer good language skills.
Children from socio-economic status backgrounds are more likely to have
infant health outcomes associated with cognitive impairments, such as preterm birth
and low birth weigh, and are less likely to attend preschool. The risk factors
cumulative and interactive.
Children from disadvantaged families are less likely to have experiences that
encourage the development of fundamental skills for reading acquisition,
specifically phonological awareness, vocabulary and oral language. ( Journal
Vlolume 66, 2014 Jennifer Buckingham, Robyn Beaman and Kevin Wheldall pages
428-446 May 14, 2013)
Bartkowski said there are many ways to pursue well-rounded development,
and religion is only one avenue. “If it takes a village to raise a child, religion
occupies an important place in that village. In fact, religion may be best paired with
other community resources such as academically oriented school clubs and
activities.