TECHNICAL ISO/TR REPORT 17671-2 @—Fsteutiion 2002-02-01 pe " Welding — Recommeny tions for welding of metallic mat Part 2 a Arc welding of ferritic. Steels “Snat Souaago — Rgfbmmandoton pour soudage des materia retusa Patio 2 << dies aciors fomiiquos Reference number §S01mR 17871-2:2002(6) © 180 2002ISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This POF fie may contain embedded tyofeoes. 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Handling of welding consumables Weld details... Welds in holes or slots. 10 Preparation of joint face. 12 Preheating wns 13 Tack welds. 14 Temporary attachments. 15 Heat input.... 16 Welding procedure specifi 47 Identification ... 48 _ Inspection and tostin, 419 Correction of non-conf 20 Correction of distortion. 21 Post.weld heafiffgatment.. Annex A Avoidanés of hydfijen cracking (also known as cold cracking). i design (when there is no application standard). not covered by other no toughness and hardness of solidification cracking ...1nm (©180 2002 ~ Alright reserved iiISOMTR 17674-2:2002(E) Foreword 4 ISO (the international Organization for Standardization) is @ worldwide federation of nation: odes (ISO member bodies). The work of prepering Intemational Standards is normally carried out thre technical ‘committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Intemational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work ISO collaborates closely with the ‘ternational Electrotechnical ‘Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization 3] Standards adopted A as an International by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voll Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies castinggate ted data Offa different kind from that yhich is 1ay decide'by a simple majority nical Regt is entirely informative in nature Ligsn6Fo longer valid or useful In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has col normally published as an Intemational Standard ("state of the art’, vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A ‘and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are consid nts of this part of ISO/TR 17871 may be the subject of ‘Atteniion is drawn to the possibilty that some of the el fy oF all such patent rights oi Welding and alliod protdsses, Subcommittee ‘SC 10, Unification of requirements in the field of lsc. ISO/TR 17671 consists of the following parté title Welding-- Recommeridations for welding of ‘metallic materials: = Part 1: General guidance for arc — Part 2: Arc welding of fertic, (© 180 2002 ~All rights reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Introduction ‘This part of ISO/TR 17671 supplements part 1 It is issued with several annexes in order, extended to. cover the different types of stee! which are produced to all the International steel standart steels (see clause 5) by which they can be avoided This part of ISO/TR 17671 is generally apbliéa appropriate regardless of the type of fabrication involved, although the applicatiOR requirements, (© 180 2002 ~All aghts reserved ior resaeseciecenare—tranaaueacesrascaiaien remain itaararieaicrerrasarnint inant naniaaeaaasnnesacsaemeonwnmasvinbaisimntcol| | i | | TECHNICAL REPORT ISOMTR 17671-2:2002(E) Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding of ferritic steels 4 Scope ‘This part of IS/TR 17671 gives guidance for marwal, semi-mechanized, ferric steeis (see clause 5), excluding ferrtc stainless steel, in all 2 References 1S0 9692-1, Welding and allied processes — Recommendations To waiting, gas shielded meta-are welding and gas welding of stots specification for arc welding 180 13916, Welding — Guidance on the preheat maintenance temperature ISOMTR 15608:2000, Welding — Guidel ISOITR 17671-1:—, Welding — Rec are welding 3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of thsat of ISOITR 17871, the terms and definitions given in ISOMTR 1787-1 and the folowing apply 34 coating time , for @ weld run and its heat affected zone to pass through the temperature range from length of a ed by the malting of a covered electrode 33 run out ratio R ‘ati of the run out length to the length of electrode consumed (©180-2002~ At ght eservesISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) 34 | shape factor LR influence of the form of a weld on the cooling time, fg [NOTE In the case of tyo-dimenslonal neat fow itis called and inthe case of three-dimensicnal heat fogs called F, } 535 an | three-dimensional heat flow — | haat introduced during welding, which fows parallel and perpendicular to the plate surface 36 7 S | transition thickness i4 | plate thickness at which the transition from thres-dimensional to two-dimensi [sz | two-dimensional heat flow heat introduced during welding, which flows only parallel to the plat jas : | preheat maintenance temperature Tr minimum temperature in the weld zone, which should be mip interrupted 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 44. Symbols ‘See Table 1 | symbor “Qe Unit é Specihdlpeat capacity “A Kg K z Thickness ee mm i “Transtlon thc mm D iia re Shaggy fr wo drvondonal beat ou 1 Fa fac (or vee merstonal heat flow 1 ‘Heat inad ‘men Rinoet ratio. 4 "ping tino fom 800°C 10 500°0) I 5 ‘ling tie ofan eloorode = Interpase temperature c Preheat maintenance temperature *c | T, “© | inital plate temperature “C % Preheat temperature “C | x Iipact Wanstion temperature * i ‘Thermal conductivity Wem 2 [Densiy ain? 2 (©150 2002 Alright osewedISO/TR 17674-2:2002(E) 4.2. Abbreviations CE Carbon equivalent (see A 21), exoressed as a percentage CET Carbon equivalent (see A’3 2), expressed as a percentage HAZ Heat affected zone HD Diffusable hydragen content in miliitres per 100 g of deposited weld metal UCS Unit of crack susceptibility i § Parent metal ‘This patt of ISO/TR applies to feritic steels excluding ferrtio stainless steels. TI referenced in groups 1 to 7 of ISO/TR 15808:2000. When ordering siee! it may be necessaryite, rents concerning Weldebilty, which can involve specifying additional requirements to those given i feel standard 6 Weldability factors “The properties and the quality of welds are particularly influen factors should be taken into consideration — joint design; — hydrogen-induced racking; — toughness and hardness of the heat affected — solidification cracking; — lamellar tearing: — corrosion es, in Gantifliar the hardness and toughness of the heat affected zone in d to a greater or lesser degree, compared with the properties of the fitions. Experience and tests indicate that, not only the properties of Bibetter flexibility, but also the load distribution effect of the tougher Fwhen assessing the ductlity and safety against fracture of welded ‘The mechanical and technological prop 2 narrowly delineated area, can be infue parent metal and depend on ti, welding cof the narrow affected zone of lo ‘trealment during storage or immediately prior to use is recommended by the 2 consumables should be treated in accordance with the conditions detailed by 1g, consumables should be removed from their original containers. After removal from the ‘should be protected from exposure to conditions conducive to moisture absorption. In the mmables that have been specially packaged, e g. using vacuum or other moisture-resistance mame, a ‘he consumables’ manufacturer should be sought as to further steps required for drying and ing If controlled hydrogen levels are required, it is recommended that welders be issued with electrodes in heated uivers or sealed containers, Diving ovens, ¢ 9. for welding consumables, should be provided with a means of measuring the oven temperature © 180 2002 ~ Al ets reserved8 Weld details 41 Butt welds [eat joints between parts of unequal cross-section should be made and subsequently shaped suéfh thal a severe 'sIress concentration at the junction is avoided \cone an tnt rine oe wh mae wld wh core oc elakarc welding are glven in ISO 8682-1 ‘Partial penetration but joints may be permited dependant on the design specification Consideration should be joven tothe choice of weld preparation and welding consumables In ordeo achieye thickness [dre conditens, pt petit es ert uo pane tg If ncosrae acking material may consist of another sleel part of the structure wh ate. When it is not ;ppropriate to use part of the structure as backing material, the material o be" bbe such that detrimental fects on the structure are avoided and should also be agreed in the jae should be taken when using copper as a backing material dy there is ask of copper pick-up in the weld etal &§ i fee femporary or permanent backing material is used, the joint sid iged in such a way as to ensure hal complete fusion of the parts to be joined is readily a attaghing permanent backing should be positioned for FISQR 17674-1-—) ferever the fabrication sequence allows, tack wel subsequent incorporation into the weld (see clause 1 2 Fillet welds slots should not be filed with weld metal unless required by the design fequired to be filled with weld metal shail only be filed after the first run has 84) ny large notchelsfany other errors in joint geometry which might occur should be cerrected by applying a weld Posit according {6 an approved welding procedure Subsequently, they should be ground smooth and fish with be agiacent surface to produce an acceptable finish [jelarication primers (shop primers) may be left on the joint faces provided that itis demonstrated that they do not idversely affect the welding [ (© 180 2002 ~ At ihts reservedISOFTR 17671-2:2002(E) { 10.2 Fusion faces | wmen shearing is used, the effect of work hardening should be taken ino account and precautions should be taken [Ete ensure that there sno cracking ofthe edges r | single- and double-U and single-) weld preparations usually hve to be machined In assossing,the methods of | preparation and type of ont, the requirements ofthe chosen welding process should be taken itd aecount aa 40.3 Unwelded faces Where a cu edge is nota fusion face, the effect of embrtlament from shesring,tiggmal cutting or gouging should |) not be such 2s to adversely affect the workpiece Local hartoing can be reduc hy sua fra! wean x rmoved by ®t tages The removal era! cane ea hardening can be lessened by a reduction in usual cutting speed or by cutting. necessary the ‘steel supplier should be consulted for recommendations on achieving a redilgtion in hardness U and J weld preparations as compared with V and bevel weld pss ty reduce distortion by virtue of the smaller amount of weld metal required Likewise, double prey S Better than single preparations in that the weld metal can be deposited in alternate runs on each side preparation and fit-up of parts are important considerations, as Well as a cargfily planned and controlled welding procedure. se 14 Alignment of butt welds before weld Unless specified otherwise (e.g. in e welding proc ‘00! faces of but joints should not be out of, | f a fack weld should be four times the thicker part. For materials of thickness greater than | igth over 500 Nimm? consideration should be given to increasing the length and size of tack. | ©1S0 2002--Atrights reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) 144 Temporary attachments If a thermal process is used to remove a temporary attachment or run onloff pieces after welding, sufficient [tttachment of run onloff pieces should be left fo allow subsequent removal of the heat-affected majerial by careful grinding 5 Heat input leat Input is calculated from the weld travel speed (see clause 19 of ISO/TR 17671-1:—) When weaving with jana! metalare welding, the weave wicth should be restcted to three times the di Rote This limtaton of weave wicth rfers only tothe calculation of the heat input @ individual current and voltage parameters Jé Welding procedure specification 3 & Ei 7 8 3 é g : & ) esting 6 cuss 15) hydrogen scale (see A2 3 and A.3 2); ) tack welds (see clause 13) 7 Identification tere the use of hard stamp fipy the contract, guidance on their location and size should be ven indentations used for marki is required faasiograghc examinaton require equal consideration ue to the risk of d pia period of at least 16 is generally required before the final inspection is jade of as-welded fabricat 6 minimum time may be reduced for thin materials below 500 Nimm? yield renath or incre GT thickness greater than 60 mm or of yield strength over 500 Nimm2 Whatever od is used it shh ‘in the inspection records (Sfeated to reduce the hydrogen content or which have been stress relieved, need no bllowing the heat treatment before final Inspection is made ing (TIG) and other remelting processes, if required for post-weld treatment, should be formed before hia inspection elds which are to be inspected and approved should net be painted or otherwise treated unti they have been cepted © 180 2002 Al ghts eserves{ ISOITR 17674-2:2002(E) 49 Correction of non-conforming welds ‘Allweids which do not conform tothe design specification should be corrected NOTE | Fracute machankes or otter assessment techniques may be used to determine whether a fhy-cono needs tobe coreced as > The temperature of heated areas, measured by appropriate methods, should. be in accordance with the recommendations of the material supplier or the design specification | 20 Correction of disto1 21 Post-weld heat treatment When postwold heat treatment of welds is required but no application stata exists, the heat treatment details should be stated in the design speciation taking account of the o and weld metal (©180 2002~ A gts reserved 71SO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Annex A Avoidance of hydrogen cracking (also known as cold cracking) | ris amex gives recommendations fr the avldance of hyérogen eseking | {in preparing this annex, ful account was taken of the fact that many methods hi |tes temperatures to avold hydrogen cracking in non-alloyed, fine grained ai fool weldments. Examples are ven in IIW documents IX-1802 00 and IX163'-91. Two melhods are inelijc this annex as A2 and A3. Method A given in A.2 is based on extensive experience and dat t not exclusively, for tatbon manganese type steels Method 8 given in A is basod on exporer6@)and data which ie mainly, BU not exclusively, for low alloy, high strength tects. The differences in orig e used to develop these two || methods can be used as a guide as to their application 5 iSEd, © 9. lower preheat temperatures, provided should include all the factors also considered jed and [> Molybdenum 0,75 max vanadium 0,20 max, (©150.2002~ A rights reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) | the determination of safe, but economic, preheating levels forthe prevention of hydrogen cracking is eiicaly | dependent on an accurate knowledge of parent metal compostion and carbon equivalent, CE, and on the weld metal composition (see A 2 9) | ce ves rpc eile cast singe oving oma 4 1 bin | ceattoey , Mece wor Mt, ieMoey , a [cere Me Sew 5 ME _ a eo ikefthe elements inthis formul, only carben and manganese ate stad on the get for cafpon an carbon manganese steels, then 0,03 should be added to the calculated value in of@es. to aw for fesidual clements anger eels of efferent CE or gade are boing joned, the higher CE value shoul This CE formula may not be suitable for boron-containing steels, 2.2 Factors affecting cracking ‘The occurrence of hyrogen cracking depends on a number fe procedure, welding consumables and the strass involved. if th excessive hardening can occur in the HAZ When the hydroge ‘zone can cack spontaneously under the influence of residual st ithe weld has cooled to near ambiant temperature Welding conditions may be selected to ayold cracking by ensuring that the HAZ cools sufficiently slowly, by control of weld run dimensions in relation tgmnetal thickness, and if necessary, by applying preheat and ‘controling interpass temperature Procedures for a wydrogen cracking, as well es selecting cooling times: ‘through the transformation temperature range Féened, and susceptible microstructures, may involve ‘controling cooling in the lower temperature par ele, typically from 300°C to 100°C, thereby beneficially influencing the evolution of hyct joint’ In particular, this can be achieved by the application of a post heat on completion of, ‘ey using hydrogen controlled welding processes and ‘The hydrogen content of the weld cai of post-heat as described above consumables, and also to some extent, by ties ‘Similar considerations apply to hydr reduced scale, actual hydrogen, and stress gen cracking will also avoid cracking in the weld metal. However, under some conditions such 2s: low CE steels, thick sections or alloyed weld metal, weld metal ‘The most effective a: 1 of avoiding hydrogen cracking is to reduce the hydrogen input to the weld metal from the welding consuffébles, 20 ‘hydrogen cracking in carbon manganese steels have been drawn up in graphical orm in Figura ‘normal range of compositions, expressed as CE, covered by this part of ISO/TR 17671, be followed forall types of joint whenever practicable en drawn up to take account of differences in behaviour between different steels of the alidwances for scatter in hardness) end of normal variations between ladle and product analysis. j@ avoidance of both HAZ and weld metal cracking n the majority of welding situations (see also {2180 2002 A ight reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Table A.1 — Examples of maximum combined thickness (see A.2.4) weldable without preheat | | HD") Maximum combined thickness CE 0F0,49 CE of, ri00 of epostes Heatinput Heat input ae 4,0 ksi 2,0 ksi 4.0 kite 18 25 50 a a ss | oo 10 35 —, > oo 5 50 00 ‘00 <3 60 100 EROOEEEEH * Messurd in aocordance with 180 3930 The manufacturer should be able to demonstrate t id the consumables in the manner recommended by the consumables’ manufacturer and that the ‘eps been stored and dried or baked to the appropriate temperature levels and times A232 Hydrogen scales ‘The hydrogen scale to be used for anyare Content, HD, and should be as giver Ip, ‘manufacturer in accordance with the relet conjunction with a specified condi depends principally or the weld! diflusable hydrogen ie value used should be stated by the consumables’ ard where it exists (or as independently determined) in ‘treatment, : N’2— Hydrogen scales Hydrogen scale A.23 Hydrogen content of welding consumables A231 General - i a0 10180 2002~ Al rights reservedee ISOITR 17671-2:2002(E) A233. Selection of hydrogen scales ‘The following gives general guidance on the selection of the appropriate hydragen scale for various welding processes the electrode Manual metalarc basic covered electrodes can be used with scales B to D depending ‘ould be used manufacturer's classification of the consumable Manual metal-arc rutile or cellulosic electrodes with scale A iuxcored or metalcored consumables can be used with scales & to D depending on the maflifacturars dassification of the wire. Submerged arc wire and flux consumable combinations can have hydrogen levels gssessing in the jassifed by the meats the same ase of each named product combination and condition. Submerged arckfuxes manufacturer but this does not necessarily confirm that a practical fludwire eofabinat assifcation specifically assessed Solid wites for gas-shielded arc welding and for TIG welding may be user 12 cored wires and some manual and shown to meet scale E Scale E may also be found to be approy metal-arc basic covered electrodes, but only after specific asses ‘consideration should be given to the contribution of hydrogen fraf humidity from welding For plasina are welding, specific assessment should be made A.24 Combined thickness Combined thickness should be determined as 75 mm from the weld line (see Figure A 1) Combined thickness is used to assess the pg If the thickness increases greatly just ‘combined thickness value For the same metal thickness, the preheating ture is higher in a filet weld than in a butt weld because the Sif, is greater {0 be used should be obtained from Figure A 2 a) to m) by reading the preheat line eft of the co-ordinated point for heat input and combined thickness, b ferpass temperature is frequently used as the preheat temperature for mult-run iistun. welds may have a Jower permitted interpass temperature than the preheat temperature of higher heat input than the root run In these cases the interpass temperature should ighfe A a) to m) for the farger run Recommendations relating to maximum intorpass sisting and low temperature steels are given in Table A § and Table A 6 Heat input values (in kum) fr use with Figure A2 shouldbe calculated in accordance with ISO/TR 17671-1 and use 15 " (150 2002 — Allg reservedDimensions in miimetres ‘Combined thickness Combined thickness = % (D; + D,); mak Figure At = A2.8 Hydrogen reduction by p . 0 wE_ 0 0 - Cy 60 _ | + wo by 49 +} fs | a0 0 0 = — ous saa tos Wr sa as a Heat pt am Heap Ken ‘Seale ale[c[o/e ‘Scale Alsi[cjojle Tobe vat eabon Taiestte a Sahara [oes os] 04s ane og] | ummm“ | ous] 049 | 048 | 050 | 052 exceeding | ding ¢) d) i Le ay AS 7 ba le ITY f° rape be gp ae hl | aes = 160 +—- 7 ? Fo dm [She | 0 HEEL EEE EE BOS — 10 Peg! Ht t vgs + 45 225 3 3s 4 aS 33S 6 eatin mn = TLELeT ETE Tae Teteueeereeeon Tous] oas [047] 0] oso 2 Figure A.2 — Conditions for welding stocls with defined carbon equivalents 130-2002 aight reserved 15% 3 Combined thickness, mm Combined thickness, mm. 200 20 -2002(E) 7 ws | a [es a; 5 [jo fe |< er o 05 1 18 2 25 3 3: 4, Bee . Heating klirm ‘Scale [3 Tob ved oration gute no oneetng GC m= 4 m [1s | so “Sh. BBP 100 % 50 be LEA 0 1 i 2 a5 9 38 4 45 5 55 6 eat np kom Sa aATefeleye “obs ied rcaon Tebeisesersaten [oar [ous | ast | ass | 000 9) Figure &.2— Conditions for welding steels with defined carbon equivalents {© 150 2002 - A ights ocervedISOMTR 17671-2:2002(6) T T 20 | ra Te w [9 ® : : : Mt oe Scere equivalent not exceeding 083 | 60 | 0,62 5 i bn i f ate 2 200 125 temperature, °C 3 - . 100] 40 - By : | LEE Fa" ‘Scale e[e¢]e le “Tobe used for carbon equivalent net exceeding 053 | u 062 | 064 Heat input, kJlmm Figure A.2 — Conditions for welding steels with defined carbon equivalents (180 2002~ Allright recerved 7|gOrTR 17671-2:2002(6) ao op 1 [ra parte femrome Cs g 0 i | as 7 20 5 160 3 Bo : 8m > we 80 f “ “ 2 ‘ 7 ‘ o os 4 WS 2 2s 3 am eM 5 ss Heat input kimm cae e To bo wee orcas equivalent not exces 0.96 D E ar ‘Minimum preheaii 7 g ss [ hee een £ 14 Hf pat Z| ms] 20) ee i 0 a = ie a uo |— % et Bal 2 : z CS 0 ‘00 80 EE A | : AO “0 gL ih = 0 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 AS 5 55 6 Heat input mm ni Seale aA,T® | C)]D]© Tobe wediorcabon garam oetrg | 08° [087 [ose [ose | ose ” Figure A.2— Conditions for welding steels with defined carbon equivalents (©150 2002 A rights reservesISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) g E em tee | 2 [ns [20 75 10 Eis af ms 6 ; Eu Z : 8 0 i au L 204 80 Te 0 e 5 60 E eral “ He 20 | + | o ! 2 Gece esieenih seeps tits te eie sas 6 Heat input, ine Sai matte : f To be used fo caton ee a oer Lee 070 E e20 é 5 | y 50 120 | Ce, 5 5 0 Pe i y bos 2 ! | | 1 45 25.2«3~«#8S «FAS SOS | Heat input, Kim i Sai TxTSTeToTe | Tobe weed forcarbon | i equivalont nat exceeding | — | — | 962] 272] — m) | Figure A.2— Conditions for welding steels with defined carbon equivalents. 8180 2002 — All rights reserved i|g0ITR 17671-2:2002(E) ‘Table A4 — Run out length for manual metal-are welding Table A.4.1 — Electrode efficiency 95 % approximately un out length om 101m of 2480 mm elecrods of mater Mlestiave 25 32 4 63 sam mm mm om Som tae i 7 cc re 156 240 nee ee 130 200 44 - +10 170 16 = 95 180 18 - 85 135 20 es 7 120 22 - - 25 7 7 30 7 7 38 - ~ 40 - - 46 7 - 50 - = 56 = = Table Heat input a 25 a2 in mmm “PB. mm 08 180 40 105, 170 12 148 226 360 500 585 20 480 300 430 476 108 165 260 376 a6 95 160 230 395 370 85 195 210 300 330 a 120 190 278 00 os 105 185 240 265 7 %0 +40 200 720 ae zt 120 170 190 . - 105 460 185 ~ - 96 185 180 - - 5 20 135 = = 7 to | 0 (©180.2002~ Alrights reservedTable A.4.3— 110% < efficiency < 130 % oe ‘Run out length from 410 mm of a 450 mm electrode of dlameter 28 32 4 5 8 83 kate mm mom om mm mm mm 08 780 250 385 605, 10 120 200 310 485 42 400 165 280 405 580 S 48 85 140 220 346 500 850 18 - 125 195 300 yr 480, 48 o 110 170 270 3 228 20 it 100 185 22 ia °0 40 0 26 2 - 125 280 x05 30 iS a 108 220 25 3s a i 0 200 2S 40 = = a 75 180 4s =z if 185 170 50 a i y 40 185 ss [= eS -@ | 2 1 40 jelency > 180% ‘mm of a 450 mm electrode of diameter 5 8 6s 2s _ = 20 a eo as f in 220 660 eo us s00 0 10 “0 5 225 410 450 250 a0 2s 210 seo eso 40 255 2 155 2 2s 0 200 m0 12s 40 20 tts +e 10 ‘180 2002— All sights reserved balsSO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) TOTES IO TAHA The values given in Table A4 relate fo electrodes having an orga length ef 459mm Fer oer electrode lengths the folowing expression ray be used (Bewpsodunesn)? Lae aroun)» (esose deat where Ete consumed lengtn of electrode, in miimetrs (romaly the engi less 40 mn fo he stub ise fortorin nm? having a value dependant on he electrode efcency, 2 follows! Le Efcencyaoprosimatety 35% #200368 = 95% < Eficiney < 110% F= 00808 = 1105 130 % A212 Examples of use of A.2 ‘Step Decide which carbon equivalent value is to be used ci maximum carbon equivalent in the steel standard A st exemple Step 2: Decide provisionally which welding process and consumable using the hydrogen scale A, B, C, Dor E accordigg to A 2 3 and ‘Assume that manual metal-are welding is tgie nd that the weld hydrogen level corresponds to scale B in Table A2 ‘Assume that but-welding is to be Sep 4: From Figure A2, select the a Wnydrogen scale B and a CE of 0.45 ie Figure A20) When a graph for the ‘and carbon equivalent is not available use the graph ent value ‘thickness of the butt joint, referring to Table A 2.4 Assume that the calculated 33 is 50 mm, Step 8: Re-examine Figure A 2 €) to determine the minimum heat input for no preheat (20°C line, normally) For the butt-weld example this is 1,4 kulmm. 2 180 2002 —ANrghis cosoned‘Step 9: If by reference to Table A 4 3 and consideration of the welding position this heat input is feasible, proceed using the electrode diameter and run length chosen from Table A 43 lf this is not feasible, proceed to step 10 (by the use of ‘Step 10: Using Figures A2 a) and A2d) examine the feasibilly of using lower hydrogen leva} 0885) 10 avoid higher electrode drying temperatures or change of consumables or change of welding ‘the need for preheat at the acceptable heat input levels, A.3 Method B for the avoidance of hydrogen cracking in non-all and low alloy steels ed, fine grained A341 General This method covers the arc welding of steels of the groups 1 té SWE ISOMTR 18608. The recommendations given in this annex should be considered in the relevant. 0 higiter temperatures to delay the ina shortefilime to a higher extent aftér welding fe of intern i Avery effective means of avoiding cold cracking is preheatin cooing ofthe weld region and thereby promote hydiogen effusil than without preheating Preheating furthermore reduces the 3 possible to start without preheating if a suffcienty high interpase _ stable welding sequence ations of cold cracking behaviour of steels in welding, ts Fillet welds have also been examined It has been than butt welds. The preheat temperatures filet welds Depending on his experience, itis ‘of determining the preheat temperatures for filet ayémperature shall be calculated on the basis of the similar stress conditions. Therefore, the same preheat racks Based on this recommendation are extensive e» performed on the weld itself or using special cold cyé found that singielayer filet welds have 2 lo ‘determined for butt welds therefore can be about up to the manufacturer to make use of this and butt welds with different plate thickna low which the weld region shail not fall during welding, in the interests of avoiding cold cracking, is the preheat temperature, 7, In case of multipass welding, the 2 to the second and all ensuing runs Is the minimum interpass aly identical For reasons of simplicity therefore, only the tem temperature, 7; These temps “preheat temperature" is used in A3.2 Factors influenging the cold cracking behaviour of welds A321 Gonoral Welded Joints Is influenced by the chemical composition of the parent metal and ‘thicktig#s; the hydrogen content of weld metal, the heat input during the welding and the cf alloy content, plate thickness and hydrogen content increases the risk of cold cracking contrast, reduces it j chemical composition on the cold cracking behaviour of steels is charactarized by means of carbon equivalehis, CET This formuia provides information on the effect of the individual alloying elements on these properties in relation to that of the carbon. MasMo , Creu, Ni coMinxMe Cr+Cu Ni ig 9 (a2) ele 40 20 40 aa (9180 2002 ~ al ngs reserved1SO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Itapplies to the following range of concentrations (percentage by weight} carbon = sificon = manganese = chromium — copper — molyodenum = niobium — nicket = titanium — venedium — boron ‘A linear relationship exists between the carbon equi temperature, 7)) as shown in Figure A 3. It can be increase of around 7,5 °C in the preheat temperature Tycer = 750% CET ~150 (°0) ° “ese t—~ w 0,08 to 0,32 max 08 05t01.9 max 15 max 0,7, max 0,75 max. 0,08 max 2.5 max 0,12 max 0,18 ‘max. 0,005 (a3) 200 180 100 03 035 Oh OSS OSS CET, % (2180 2002 alright reservedf a ISOITR 17674 | i A326 Internal stress ‘At present, the relationship between the intemal stress level and the preheat temperature is known only to a cet, ‘qualitative extent An increase ofthe internal stresses and of the tri-axialty of the stress state results In an increay, cf the preheat temperature In deriving equation A 8 for calculating the preheat temperature, it fas been assume, that the intemal stresses present in the wold ragion are equal to the yield strength of the parer ‘weld metal respectively A333 Calculation of the preheat temperature ‘The effects of chemical composition, characterized by CET, d, HD and @, can calculate the preheat temperature, 7, Tp = Tocer + 7pa + Typ + Tpa (°C) ‘This relatonship is valid fr structural steels witha yield strong CET = 02%t005% ¢ = 10mmto90mm HD = 1 miro gt0.20m1009 2 = OSkyimm 040 kum According to experience, the preheat ter that the folowing conditions are fulfilled: F'metal by at least 0,03 %, otherwise, the calculation of te preheat temperature has to be based" of the weld metal increased by 0,03 % A minimum length of 50 mm. ifthe plate thickness exceeds 25 mn, b)_Single-pass file, tack and’ yers using a mild ductile weld metal tack and root passes are dey ‘welding, which also includes multipass filet welds, no interpass cooling takes places 1ess has not yet altalned one third of the plate thickness. Otherwise, itis necessary by means of a postheating treatment, 9 Inthe case of filer on T, and di, for selected combinations of CET and Q, can be seen in Figure A7 based # ives’ displayed in the individual diagrams epply in each case to diferent hydto3# concentra ‘weld metal the preheat temperature is to be determined for a certain steel or a weld metal, characterized by its CET, then diagram with the nearest possible CET and heat input has to be selected The preheat temperatura is obtalnél from this diagram for the « and HD values in question. ‘© 150 2002 - Al ights reserved | iISOMTR 17671-2:2002(E) A324 Hydrogen content ‘The effect of hydrogen content, HD, of the weld metal in shown in Figure A.6 it can be seen that an increase of the femperature A change in the hydrogen content has @ greater effect on the preheat tempel ‘concentrations than high ones Typ = 62xHD°* ~100 (20) accordance with [SO 3690 on preheat temperature is hydrogen content requires an increase of the preheat 100 | so Bo i | M -50 ° 5 25 HD, mil400.9 Figure A.5 — Preheat temperature a A325 Heat input ‘The influence of the heat input, ©, on the di increased heat input during welding permit dependent on alloy content and is mor metal hydrogen content, HD re can be seen in Figure A6 It can be seen that an reheat temperature, Furthermore, the influence is carton equivalent than for @ high one As) ca "Nicer cer 4 5 Heat input, kdimm Figure A.6 — Proheat temperature as a function of heat input 26 (© 150 2002 Al rights reservedISOPTR 17671-2:2002(6) A323 Plate thickness ‘The relationship between plate thickness, and preheat temperature, 7, can be seen in Figure A4 It can be seen that for thinner material, a change in the plate thickness results in a'greater change in pr at temperature However, with increasing material thickness the effect is reduced and is ‘only very minor above =180xtana{ 4 }10 (°C) Tpa=160xtani{ )-110 (0) ay 100 Be Ft 00 \ dom } ©1380 2002 ~All rights reserved 2522(8) ISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Ifthe carbon equivalent and the heat input in the diagram do not agree with the actual values, the inferred preheat temperature shail be corrected. A correction of 7.5 °C has to be made for every 0,01 % difference in CET The correction regarding the heat input can be obtained from Figure A6 Wren there Is an Increased risk of cold cracking. &g when steels wth a ald strength of are ind 460 Nir abe ture A3.8 Reduction of the hydrogen content by means of post-heating (Aa) and in thicknesses greater than 30 mm are submerged-are welded, it is advisable to reduc n content bymeans of soaking, e 9 2h at 250°C, immediately after the welding A.3.6 Welding without preheating e 1F mutioass welding is performed, preheating may be avoided by maintainic Tigh interpass 1g thellise of preheat by ‘temperature, 7, through the use of a suitable welding sequence The possibilty of maintaining a righ interpass temperature depends not only on the restraint cond fication but also on the alive. It should also be depending on the alloy content Figure A 8 provides information about the plate thickness up to wt ing an interpass temperature of of the steel and hydrogen content of the wold metal, to avoid pre! ‘50°C or 100 °C by an appropriate weld sequence In cases where adequate preheating is impracticable, it impdvisable to Use austenitic or N-based consumables. It éFthe comparatively low intemal stress level of the welded A441 Parent metal The parent metals covered by this annace cara and 7 of ISO/TR 15808:2000. > “ 42. Preheating and inter The limits for preheating and interpass ts/ipfalures, which are applicable for plates, strips, pipes and forgings, are: given in Table AS for low-temperature steels and in Table A6 for creep resistant steels. Alterations might be jal requirements, experience or applications (e.g filet welds, partially filed welds, ‘Welding procedure approval tests should be carried out even if there is no iGinterpass temperature is dependent on: of parent metal and weld metal: —~ welding process and parameters; — weld hydrogen scale ‘The maximum interpass temperature should be as given in Tables A 5 or A 6 as appropriate 28 © 1SO 2002 - All rights reserved |ISOFTR 17671-2:2002(E) CET =020 band Q=1 in a0 Sm 4 Geta 028 send @ 23 am CET = 0,27 % and Q =4k/imm ss i wow ale ae 0 Pee io ; ‘ . ~~ ta oe i 0 ; 0 = 80 » ie CET.= 0,36 % and @ om a $0 100 dm 2 3250 HO 15 7 HD 10 200 a HD2 “h > (CET =0,40 % and Q = 1 kilmm CET = 0,44 % and Q = 4 ki/mm CET = 0,43 % and Q = 3 kJ/mm ! ee ee ee ee ee | = CET = 042 % and Q = 2 kJ/mm | a.m | Figure A.7 — Preheat temporaturo, 7;, as a function of plate thickness. 8180 2002 Alrights reserved 29 {|SO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) a, mm HDS Ho 2| HD 8. 60 ‘The preheating and tures of Tables AS and A 6 are valid for butt welds Fillet welds, due to their increased heat require additional 30 welds sometimes require higher minimum temperatures. Site welding can Jer to avoid hydrogen cracking, itis advisable: to hold to consider whether to perform the post-weld heat treatment immediately after welding (not in the case of the 12% Cr-stee), ©1580 2002- Al rights reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Table A.5— Low temperature steels Stool type | Matorial thicknoss ‘Minimum preheating and ‘Maximum Interpass temperature Interpass smporature ‘Seale-B ‘Soale-C Ho 10 1008) 60 Ni >10 400 250 55Ni >10 400° 250 80NI 210 100° 250 The values for minimum prehest evan are typi! of normal pructon vsing| © The 6% Nito9 % NM stoss are vauly wolded using nickel based wo upto pat thcknessee of 60 mm, ‘Table A.6 — Croop resistant steels - Minimum prof {i intorpass temperature Siecltype | Thickness | Minima pfeheating and inerpass temperature | Maximum Inerpoes saa ire Scale-A | teres r smjgro s5mrt009 | S ‘c *c 2 70 ose 8 400 250 199 Notoopicae oro wo ° 1 70 soo 1266108 wo 7 00 150 Not appteale . Sanh <5 mm 100 150 Not applicable SOS MoO 2 as 100 200 Not applicable bad i 7 rm 200 scrim “th &y 100 200 ‘Not applicable it al 180 20 Not appoable 20 6 <8 | tapers | netaptcave | s008 > Notepptcate | Notappeeabis | 4502 0° 7 Waters nied wie bw potest tspoaire © talon bo Nanaia it (Mf) enpemise a vesemeion © mre wears Sag wey © sont mad wire ret onpersuel shove th ant sha be loved cl own ese i ‘onset omntents oti ay posed eat Cena ole | (9180 2002 All ght reserved 3 |{SO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Annex B Guidance on joint detail design (when there is no application we B.A General This annex may be used where no guidance from an application standard exists Further Information is given in other documents, € g. EN 1708-1:1969, EN 1708-2. Parliculsr guidance on design to,ayoid lamellar tearing is given annex F fH é ff B.2 Butt joints ire planes of the two parts kluced by these effects are eater than 1 in 4 so as to reduce ja) and b) are the more common joined do not coincide, local bending will also be induced at the joi Unacceptable, then the parts should be shaped, before welding to alone of not the stresses. Examples of plain and shaped parts are shown in Fig types with c) being a special configuration to faciitate non-destructi ‘A partial penetration butt weld which is welded from one,side only should Hot be subjected to a bending moment SLL, ©) Special configuration to faciitate non-destructive testing * Slope approximately 1 in 4 Figure B.1 — Butt joints of unequal cross-section 32 (©180 2002 ~ Al ahs esenedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) B.3 Fillet welds “The effective length of an open ended filet weld should bo taken as the overall length less ¥ 2 the leg length In ‘any case, the effective length should be not less than 25 mm or x 4 the leg length whichever is the greater For filet welded joints carrying @ compressive load, it should not be assumed that the parts jog are in contact under the joint For cortical applications, the use of a partial or even a full penetration butt'Weld should be considered Where the specified 1eg length of a filet weld, atthe edge of a plate or section, is such thatthe parent Metal does not project beyond the weld, melting of tne outer comer or comers, whieh redueas the throat thickness, is not allowed (see Figure 8.2) necting parts, where the fusion faces form an angle length by the appropriate factor as given in Table 6 1 Table B.4 —Factors for deatiggeston at thickness of flat or convex filet welds based on leg angle ‘Angle betwee fusion faces degreas Factor e010 99 oF 91 t0 100 | 06s 401 10108 60 torte 113 08s 11410120 080 than 1,5 times the material thickness or 12 mm, whichever is the greater. The distance between the edge of the part and the edge of the hole or slot, or between the adjacent slots or holes, should be not less than fivice the thickness and not less than 25 mm for holes (se9 also clause 6) 33 (0180 2002 ~ Al sights eserves)gOITR 17674-2:2002(E) Annex C Possible detrimental phenomena resulting from welding of Sipels, not covered by other ann exes: 4 Possible detrimental “> surowtene oc “Bhenomena o ager measures wt 2 Grams relates!” | Gage erlide precision con ooo Boaby Seemawarete | Sates sro eta tourna ee eaten se ett Sonpostonaruaveura, Ts con reduce the ductility of the steel such that, by correct ‘wold ron ‘Svan of sere eds sete Fath ccmmaaen tse tsaee omenteamet Bence Caos Cifrneas chee compoation be ences nas wd 2) General attack b) Stress corrosion cracking grain size and stress levels between the ‘weld and the parent mater cifferent corrosion rates ‘Avoid stress concentrations Minimize weld stress levels Reduce hardness levels 1180 2002—Allnghis resorvedISO/TR 17674 Annex D Heat affected zone toughness and hardness D.1 General This annex describes the influence of welding conditions on the temperatureltim and on the mechanical properties in the HAZ 8 occurring during welding ? D.2 Fundamental behaviour of ferritic steels, ‘The change of the microstructure in the HAZ depends mainly con the temperaturefime cycles which occur during welding D.3 Influence of the steel type The relationship between the HAZ microstructur ‘ decreases with an increase of the grain size ease the fraction of hard martensitic and bainitic microstructure constituents lament that mits the austenite grain growth during -cessary to ensure adequate toughnass in the HAZ In the case of C and C-Mn steals, which, welding, usually only strict control of the bination of elements that are able to form carbide and ipSralures, makes it possible to limit the austenite grain growin during the transformation of the austenite. The control of the amount of carbide- and niltide-forming elements. Such steels are fess in the HAZ ritside precipitates, which are stable al and to promote intragranular ferrite nucl austenite grain growth depend§jgn the type therefore less sensitive to deter of tot Low-alloy feriie stee's, eg quenched -and tempered, creep resistant and low temperature steels, as well as Ni alloyed steels, will re ding to thelr chemical composition, but no common behaviour can be expected D4 Influence ofth conditions on the mechanical properties ‘The temperature ing welding have a significant effect on the mechanical propetties ofa welded joint These argitat luenced by the materiel thickness, the form of weld, the heat input during welding (see j preheating ternperature. Generaly, the cooling time fy, is chosen to characterize the tempet ‘of an individual weld run during welding and isthe time taken, during cooling, for a wld run ne to pass through the temperature range from 800 °C to 500 °C (see D5) ‘cooling time fej; generally lead to a reduction ofthe impact energy and a rise in the Impact ‘tension tempereture of the HAZ (see Figure D 1) The extent of deterioration of the toughness depends on the steel type and its chemical composition ‘The hardness in the HAZ decreases with an increasing cooling time fag (see Figure D 2) (©180.2002 Al igh reserved 36Impact energy [Impact transition temperature Cooling time, ta, 4} Onnotch toughness Admissiole minimum impact energy value © Upper limiting value of applicable cooling tne, pg © Admissible maximum impact transition temperature value Figure D.1 — Influence of the welding condition: ‘and on the transition teajperature, 7, in the HAZ Coating time, fe applicable cooling tim, fy Influence of the welding conditions on the maximum hardness in the HAZ 36 (©180 2002 At rights reserved }| | D.5 Cooling time concept If the impact enorgy in the HAZ for a particular steel is not to fall below a prescribed minimum value, then the welding conditions have to be selected in such a way that the cooling time, fay, IS not exceeded. If a prescribed minimum hardness in the HAZ for a pariculsr steel is not to be exceeded, then the welding cofgitions have to be selected in such a way that ays does not fall below a certaln value. For this approach, the curves fBr Impact energy, impact transition temperature and hardness as a function of rg, should be known for the relevant For high strength unalloyed and low alloy ferric steels, the appropriate cooling times of the passes generally lie within the range 10s to 25s There is nothing to prevent welds being made in with other values of fas; provided that for each individual case eppropriate checks pave been made on the basis of ‘a welding procedure test in accordance with ISO 9956-3 or preproduction tests provided that the structural requirements for the component are satisfied | n0 curves for the relationship of impact energy. impact transition temperatu ate available, welding procedure tests in accordance with ISO 9856-3 or JS@:3 D.6 Calculation of cooling time 9 time cai The relationship between the welding conditions end the co at flow ( differentiation shall be made between two- and three-dimension: ding the relationship between the transition thickness, cy BF of weld end any welding process. This diagram indicates pparigular combination of material thickness, heat input and Figure D4 is @ diagram which provides information re heat input, Q, and preheat temperature, 7, for any whether the heat flow is two- or three-diménsional preheat temperature fg Independent of the material thickness, it Is (04) Using the appropriate shape changes to approximately: (© 180 2002 ~All gts eserves 37ISO/TR 17674-2:2002(E) Inwhich Q= 5x B= ex Ux 11% 1 000 (kJfmm) where 85; MAG{35) = 0,85]; ~ AO;E (111) & € _Isthe thermal efficiency of the welding procedure [UP (121) U_ isthe potential difference in volts; aR 1 isthe currentin amperes; ¥ Is the welding speed in millimetres per second ‘Table D.1 — Influence of the form of weld on the coolir cad pu oe i 1 1 ae sore Single run filet weld ona Teint 04510067 og7 {ttt | ; relatively thick plates; _b) Two-dimensional heat flow; relatively thin plates: ‘not affect the cooling time. plate thickness has a decisive influence on the cooling time ure D.3— Types of heat flow during welding 38 (© 190 2002 - Al rights reservedISO/TR 17674-2:2002(E) E 7 30 <> T i 4 & ,, | Teeeinennaraiteaton Tw Zz 5 = = Be Ea coc |T,*20¢| Two-smers drat w | .s Heat input, kfm D7 Diagrams for determining the co , fa15 at input, Q¢6F the heat input for a prescribed cooling time can also be ‘The cooling time, tgs, for a prescrit first established the type of heat flow using Figure D.4 determined on the basis of Figures D. Bb between ty Q and 7, i given, in the case of runs on a ple, in js If his diagram is applied to olher types of welds, consideration factor, Fs, If the cooling time is to be determined for a particular ture then ihe heat input should first be mutipied by Ff however, Figure D § of which equation D should be given to the correspon combination of heat input and preheat the heat input is con ip between the cooling time and Qi at two-dimensional heat flow is given for Figure DS of which equation D2 forms the basis. If these diagrams are to be ‘consideration should be given to the corresponding shape factor F,: eq, Hf the mined for @ particular combination of heat input and preheat temperature, then tie heat testy Fg” Ic however, the heat Input Je convoy taken am te daar for 8 Sligo and preheat Yemperature, then it should be divided by JF imensional heat flow, the plate thickness in question does not corespond exactly with those the dagram closest tothe actual plate thickness is used. The cooling time is then corrected in accordance withie pate thickness rato. To do this, the cooling time taken from the diagram is multiplies by the "square of the plate thickness taken from the diagram and divided by the square of tho plate thickness in question (©180 2002 At rights reserved 39ISOITR 17671-2:2002(E) D8 Measurement of cooling time "To measure the cooling time of a weld, a thermacouple is normally immersed in the weld meta while i is stil molten and the temperatureltime-cycle is recorded From the Zit curve the cooiing time is derived bs Heat input, km | | 40 (© 180 2002 ~All ignts resonISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) 4S Heat input, kinm (© 180.2002 Al ight reseed atAnnex E Avoidance of solidification cracking 4 Ssoliification cracking of the weld metal is usually in the form of centreline cracking, It is runs and, although frequently open at the surface and visible after deslagging, can be just below the: covered by up to 0,5 mm of sound metal Solidification cracks can be deep and can seriously reduce the ‘of ajoint When welding C-Mn steels, this type of cracking is most commonly found iggsubmergad are welds, rarely with manual metal-are welding but it can sometimes be 2 problem with gas-shielded af Solidification cracking is associated with impurities, particularly sulfur and phosphor picked up from the parent metal at high dilution levels while manganese reduces the ri Ie g root runs of butt levels and relatively high ming cracking Imputity levels and crack susceptibilities ete usually greatest in weld runs welds To minimize the risk of eracking, consumables with low car sition and weld-run geometry {composition of the filer material ‘weld-run geometry, both depend The sokdification crack susceptbbilty of weld moial is affected (depthiwidth ratio) “The chemical composition of weld metal is det and the parent metal and the degree of dilution. The degree of dilut (on the joint geometry (angle of bevel, oot face and gap) and the weld For submerged arc weks, a formula has been devel susceptibilty in arbitrary units known as units of cr the weld metal, in % (mm). Although developed for: assessing the risk of solidification cracking for other we lity, UCS, has been related to the composition of jding, the use of the formula can be helpful in Alloying elements and impurities in the weld ‘on values of UCS. these approximate limits the risk of ora welding speeds or wheresitup is near the maximum permissible ification cracking ‘Content in aoe O28 oto fe 0050 oto to 004s O18 to 066 os 18 Nb 0 © 007 4 Gontens of ees than 0.08 % tobe taken as equal to 08. (© 180 2002 Al rights reserves 42| | ISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) ‘Table E:2 — Limits of alloying elements and impurities on validity of the UCS formula Eloment Ne or 8 No 04 v 007 ou 08 Wl 902, L 0,08) 8 0,002 Pb 60 Although up to 4 % nickel has no effect on UCS values, highs solidification cracking For filet weld runs having a depthiwidth ratio of about 1, UCS val ‘and above Indicate a risk of cracking ‘whilst for butt welds the values of about 25 UCS are crieal. Decreasing the depthiwiath ratio from 1,0 to 0,8 in filet welds can increase the permissible UCS by about 9fowever, very low depthiwidth ratios, such as are obtained When penetration into the root is not achieved, al (© 180 2002 ~All ights reserve.ISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) Annex F Avoidance of lamellar tearing ~ lass (transverse) direction of nly in plate int With very ‘More resistant F.1 General In certain types of Joint, where the welding contraction strains act in the through-thick 2 plate, lamellar tearing may occur. Lamellar tearing is @ parent metal phenomexon material. The risk of cracking Is influenced by two factors: plate euscaptibilty and Susceptible plate material, tearing can occur even if strains are low, ie in a joint a tmeterials might not tear unless used in situations which impose very high through thickm loads are the main reasons F.2 Plate susceptibility Since lamellar tearing occurs when the non-metallic inclusions in a Blitexini'up under the influence of welding strains, plate susceptibility is controlled by the quantly pd distribution of the inclusions. At present there is no reliable nondestructive technique for detecting these In@lusions The short transverse tensile test can be used to duction of area (STRA) has been correlated with ‘assess susceptibility (see EN 10164) and the short tg the incidence of lamellar tearing in different types aff igure F.‘) In the case of low oxygen steels {aluminium treated or vacuum degassed types), sui in found to be a useful guide to the inclusion content and thus to the STRA. Figure F 2 givesdhe Th Gand highest values of STRA to be expected in plates 12,6 mm to §0 mm thick, but It should’ be aluminium treated steel of a given sulfur cont noted thatthe relationship of STRA (i %) to 6} is to some extent thickness-dependent | | 1 vllar tear-resistant and materials with guaranteed STRA ‘Steel giving STRA values of over 20 %, juminium treated steels with low sulfurlcontert, although values are available (see EN 10164) The additions of rare earth or calcium compour favourably the inclusion shapes and through-thickness strains iff for a_given steel increases with through-thickness strain, which is usually high in joints eetl@ering can also occur if the bending restraint is low since angular distortion can DOL or toa areas (see Figure F 3), In some cases, design changes can be made which 2 Examples of the types of detall and joint configuration in wiich lamellar tearing typical locations of the cracks being ilustrated If the plate susceptibility (s IEEE is possible are _ plible joints and details should be modified or avoided 0 sera nts should be noted: 1 i i 09 fooagivon joints should be made such that the attachment area is enlarged (see FiguraiF 6) b). The shrinkagaléffesses should be minimized — byreducing the volume of weld metal; by welding with the minimum number of runs; — by using a buttering layer sequence (see Figure F 6); (© 180 2002 ~All rights reservedISOITR 17671-2:2002(E) — bya balanced layer sequence in symmetric welds ) The weliment should be made such tht as much ofthe though thickness of the rolled plate as possible isin contact withthe weld metal (see Figures F 7 to F 8) d) The weldment should be made such that restraint in the through thickness direction is mini ¢) The weldment can be made less sensitive to lamellar tearing by buttering with a [oW Figure F 9) jested STRA values appropriate to the risk of lamellar tearing in joints of differing restraint (© 180 2002 Al igs reservedISOITR 17671-2:2002(E) 7 £ 00 5 40 * Lower bound 2 Tensile © Bending gestrar 3 — Example of restraints in T-joints with fillet welds (©150 2002 ~Al ight reservedISO/TR 17671-2:2002(E) 4 Creumferentialsitfener 5 Cylindrical vessel 6 Rigid ends Nozzle though rigid pate ) Tint with tit wets )_Siifener or rigid end ina cylindrical fabrication ©). T joint with compound butt and filet welds ©) Righdbox-ection 4) Comer jint with but weld Figure F.4 — Details and joint configurations in which lamellar tearing is possible when fabricating large structures with a high degree of restraint (© 180 2002 Al igh reserved aTISOITR 17674-2:2002(E) a) Sensitive bb) Notsenstive Figure F.7 — Reduction of sensitivity to lamollar tearing by welding the full thickness of the rolled plate 48 (©1802002~ Alright reservedISOrTR 17671-2:2002(E) 2) Sonsitve )_ Less sensitive ©) Notsensitve Reduction of sensitivity to lamollar tearing by buttering preferably Figure F.9—| with low strength high ductility weld metal 49 (© 180 2002- Alright overved |ISOITR 17671-2:2002(E) i) i) a a 8 6 1 graphy 180 2560, Covered electrodes for manual arc welding of mid steo! and low alloy stee!—- Cle of symbols for identification 180 3690:2000, Welding and allied processes — Determination of hydrogen content are weld metal ferials — Part 3: Welding 10 9956-3, Specification and approval of welding procedures for metall procedure tosts for arc welding of steels 1S0 9956-8, Specification and epproval of welding procedures for metalic ‘a pro-production welding test i EN 1708-1:1999, Welding — Besie wold joint details in toe! — Part EN 1708-2, Welding — Basic weld joint details in stoe! — i EN 10164, Stee! products with improved deformation pipe! product — Technical delivery conditions ‘ ©180.2002~All gh reservedISOMTR 17671-2:2002(E) Ics 25.160.10 rice based on 50 pages (© 180.2002 An igh reserves | pm