The Scientific Revolution Copernicus “The Scientic Revolution was bth the final expenion of the Reni tance andi dfincveconaution te the mam world view. Been in ‘Piand and edacaed in nly. Capea ved dune the hehe ofthe Renaatance. Thowh wus destined become sn nquestioed pein leo existence forthe madem perche, che central ene fis von was (Geoncenable wo mont Eaopenns in hs own Ideime. Moe han 29 (coer angle fone, was che Copemican ight that prod and ‘ynbolid the dene, Rndamenaal beat fom the ancics wd med ‘cal enivene © dat ofthe modem ea ‘Copemices sought # sew sot wo the aged peoblen of the ets how copia che apperenly erate plaerry movement by ‘Dene of nngle, les, dogant mathematical formal. To recapture, ‘de solace proposed by Posey a all hs maser, sano bed tn dhe grocentne Aroan comes, had required the employment of Ey een method devices fee maar 2nd ‘Roce cquycien cpa ccenence—i the atiemge to make se of (Be clecved posnone while maincaning the scent ae f norm ‘cal mote. When 2 plies movement did nat appear to move i 2 fetect coc, ames, naler cle wat add, amend which the Panct hypothetically moved whie continued moving around ‘be lager cace- Father dacrepancies were solved by compounding the eclen doplcing dhe center, pouting yet another center fos which ‘Soeen renamed ween ad som Each od ch Sy seveaedioeglartis hat conadicied the bic scheme, 2° Speed wo rack them by adding moe vefinenenn-—ancther minor crops here, another eccentric dhe Oy dhe Revaeance he Frode mmtngy hd produced, 2 Coperi- oa words, 2 Teoma” tclepnt 20d ovtadened cncepenn SEA cepa dhe complicated al hac conrcine devi sil fied Draccoune fr or gender cheered plane pois with ecihle ctacy. The ong! concept eomemny of the Poem mel mo ieee exited Moreover, diferent Greek, Ambic, and Earpean aeronomen seed Siernt methods and pencgles, Senet com Teamone of cpcyces, ecenncs, sade 0 har thee now exatrd Seombaing malig of sytem ted on Pky. The sence of rncmy, licking any theorencal homoge, wa ied wich wn Ccemmey, Father, the scmaltion of many ceonanes of berrations Sine Polen tne had revealed mare aad wane vergence rom the Polemaie peictons, dt semed to Capers cessing (Sich har ny ew soklicaion cf ut tem woud be tenable. The CGetinand maneramce othe ancient asamgeions was aking (pantie or once compute scary the aca movement Rinvenly bodes Capers conceal the lial ssrncmny mest coma, o een be bed open, sone ental me. ‘Renauence Eage pers edad beer calendar, and the (heck, fr chich oe cendar os capone in abate and {epost maser, urderok plo: Sech eon depended oe ato Ive forced hen to devee 2 sew synem. Another. equally competent Sremnmer mah well ave peceved the proem of the planes 2 Thera eck, so compen wd cen fo any mathematical Grom w corpecbend. Ke woukd sem 0 be shove all Capemica’s Tiecipscn the wececal armnghere of Benaimance Neoplao- Ce scaly he embrace othe Pychagiean conncon tha REA aenecencal and mathemoncal conchae. Hencese The Mae et Yew severed Greek mtharten Armed with thi seme of kiahig wh a ‘ecient wade, leaped by the Neopltnin’ exe conception ot ‘he Sur, and ferer mpyrted by the eniveney cholic cial sepenils of Arittclan phys, Capericu hyputhesond » Sen ‘ered urvene wich a pliner Earth nd mathemarwcaly woth x ‘be peace Diegwe the ena aprarent sheet. agate rnd 1 eptem Copernican belied to be gaat ely Beer than Poke | ‘The hebiocene adel eal explained che apparent day movement he heavens sd seal meio othe Se oe the Ee ly ‘ction on stand 1 eel revlon ard he central Som ‘The appearance ofthe moving Sun anda could aw be recog a ecepeely cencd ty the Eats oem movements. The peat exe ‘metas wen then maha bat «prope ofthe Eats etn he cppance dancoon. To the eadonal objection tht » moving Earth ‘would be dongee © ml an cbc sn Copernican cored that the geoceneis theory centnd an even sete movement by the (sere) peter Rerena whch wou Cars # een eon deren ‘Many parca potens tht had ng hae he Plea on memed eure ep ted ty shiner een The ope (oe teed ond fred reer he ane ew ed Sand tea van depen of bghten, to ngs wich sen ‘ee had employed neumrale mathe cere coll now ‘Scent! move sgl a he wo of wewng hone pons mr 2 wre tan chick rll poker seeps pyenece oe (Sa the bypcienal wr of ter pcos A mong Each wold ‘Soma make repr per ts wd So ppt at (crenel cere epar movement seu Ex Net en Sate my ci dre dn apo to Servet econ ce tenes pr tc ed he le ‘F cnloem coer mata Cope new ring the foes ‘Seen! fm the San Mavey, Venn Each snd Moe, Mas Jap ‘med Seared the taal Eacheeneed ae, od {oval «snp mel chewet sto tothe pvonaly Bendre {able of why Mery and Venn soy spend ceo he Son The earn fe ie peatens sd cbr edhe song ened to Capri te gery ote helen nyo ht Fekeic quem: The gps sed ae sl penne Te Sa eo am In), and wih renter concept elegance. Depts the bio com smerwera evidence tthe carn, att mention simon eo mile cf seni ends Copernic was cance the Earth uly mowed. Hang set down aint venice his thes shor mance. che Comers, Copericin cated among his end a acy 1514. To decades ner » cre on the pci of his new stems wus gen tn Rome before the pope, who approved. Sbsequeny. # ema mapet 10 pen was made Yet throat mont of his Ie Copernican held bck om fll pbtenion of is exaceinay Hen (Later, hs pee to che De Reet, ddieatd tthe pop. (Copernicus cored hs rlsctnce to areal publicly ha sgl satar's meres let be sumed bythe enniaed—iewsking the Prthagrean prcice of senct see a sch matters) But his ends ‘and parcaaly ha chest seen. Reocan revaled wpe Bi. and (ally Rheccu wo slowed t tke he compieeed marsacrpe fom Poland to Germany tbe printed On the ls day of is et the yea 154, copy of de publhed work was brought 9 Copernic ‘Bate chat da, and even dung the following sever Secs. here cru eee indicate Eager angered reve Hohe ‘Were wold view had been ited For mt wins head of the nee conception ws weaned 1 er engerence wpe (Giese t regen eros Gacmon. Bot ass few proticent ‘nema bean tind Copernicus pment pemunive, the oppo ‘on began 10 mount and it wa the wlgis implications of the new camel that gucily rowed the me ere wr ‘The Retijous Reaction a de taping. dat opps dil not come fom the Cate (Chach. Copernicus wat 2 canon good warding a» Catolc cae- del wed an cncemel consult 19 the Church tn Rome. Hi nde ‘beg publican includ a Weg and » cial. Aer his dent, a rend tar ng dae De Rehan ee omy cases. Mover, te nw Orpen Glenda ted by the (Chechen caclans ncoding to Copemicar tem Not ‘wx ths appar enc agra mal fo gon et of SENG LES Age and Renee, Roman Cacho hed ard ‘omeble Lack i ettec qeedaion. Indeed, ach ateTe wasannguie frm he Poet wm hat se fe and ne fche, nd der = she Capers beth ‘Talcted several pages Hal Sree concerning the ity the {Enh ad Scene ws Prtanc's one saokae mshery.Tohare ‘Seteal evince qecioeed by baman sence wan pt the Med of Helsing inal aregance sd neepetiv phi he em (Srna ablored Cathe clo. Potts weve deere gic ‘Snot When Rhenca ek Copemicss marancg to Nermbe be Te nw bred ty ehomen’ epson 0g chewhere, Even Png, shore he leche book wth the Protestant Ovander 1 (palak dhe lave seid an anonymous peice without Copernic Tati acertng dat the hchocenenc heary was merely» cone Wracer tomgurtonal method ad shold ote taken serio at 8 Te coe ofthe bears SEERETGRE ete f Lather aa allows ad cated cree ae Cte Chrch Boh skerof he dpe ew‘Tee Samet Rec = bled employing his methods ad ashes ables were mew say Spero wo the od een, the repetntion of Copernican sronomy wa (ther enbunced. Yer major theoredalproblems sil remained. = ‘Dems real ue fhe Copeman pe,» planetey fandom the ly mae nnvan tte De Recast, wok (fate chore say win the mci ond moder eens Sea Cornc t cned he tek m eodcommoly. shcty tend de eben that hd wo be cd by Kept, ‘Gatien Deca and Newton blr hey col fers comgeehenive Stet hey cpl of eating» ane Earth. As Capers [etic a moving Each ns common eheroe eb Aronian [i Petemae nnengecne thre wer wo many fea comer: wer Net caer aherence tenor clr motion, Caper ‘Srv es alto engl een menace hn er Yer dapoe Ge renting pets the new ry pone erin {Soccer sl cbernce taped fw manent ‘Soenencr nn ng, Kepler sd al. was shoves otc soc coancy bat eset npr dat woud ‘Sct dae oneal ape the Capemscn ce: Wibo the ‘Steal tn cee! by » Newpnsaly defied sot oe (So te Sac Revohc might wel not hee oie ceri eo de fem tk bool Tex Kale, ih us pene bei the emsenden pow of ecnicr tal gmencl ems he vn o the Sun dhe coves TTA ac eat deve wt eel tame othe (Sie ew yc nee ele by Newport han Cope SS Wacee wo Ga, Kehr weed Paw ad agencrt preston” He bere that Copernic hal teed omething ‘eevee than de helene hey sper capable egreming, ‘rad hat. fed frm the Pema among tl wenn the De Rrwhcambne the Coperican heethena weld open op Ret enencing wo 1 ew. peal deed wt harm com hat ‘wo rectly reflect God gy. Keer wo the nbc wat Need ngerendertey acer were chert ole ‘Tycho de Bea. ha predecmcrm aperalmathemarncan an wa 10 the Holy Roman Emperor" Armed bth with dese dt nd with Ne ering dh Capen hey, beet ot crn the smgie muthemuncal len wo lve the pete ofthe Hance For simowt ten yea. Kepler bony stempted to fi agunat ‘eahe'scherwanions even pombe hyperhencal stem of cles he could vue, oewing perucaly ca the planet Man. Aer many (t,he wes forced to conchde that sme remem gee chet than the cle mat be the te form of planetary och, Hovng ma tered the scien theory of cose nection developed by Each aed ‘Apatonns. Kepler a lt dacovered that he oheretons prcecly ‘matched ibs shaped lignes. ith the Sin cms ofthe fo ft, at eeh cach plane mov opens var popetnately Akg (2s dtace fom the Santer nt de Sen howe yf he ‘Sox th equ tem set out tn equal tines The Paani Stn Sor cedemay of ene hd sive een pete tn re oe seme slog the we ofthe clr eater dunce hea {a egal ners of te. This tterpetton ad lta faded, dope the ingenaiy of stencmen fortwo thou year Kepler, however, dacovered¥ new and wate fom wniermay ach ed the dnc Ws line weve ewe om the Sun tothe planet en ip ‘cal ebe,dhat ine woul ep out egal wea ofthe lige nes rennet te Seog he conceit wd conrad tind le, which demonsmted tut the Silene planetary ein wre ex sx ened so cach che by mathematical proportonethe i of (he Sg ofthe eal pets being egal to the sto of the eben dace serge dance fm the Son ‘Thos Kepler att led dhe ancien phe of the plant nd tnd Rims rernsinay rete of te em, ama (aly cde ea —and ding vena te Cagenic pec co Web ipa ete placing the Pecks cc, nd woh dhe | t j ' Te Sa Rie a tow of gant aes replacing that of equal ach, he was sl t dpe wah all the complex comctive devices, pays. eceners, eqs, and w bath. Even moe senda, his se umgle grmetrical gure ‘ns he one smple maemuncal end equation paced fol that ‘rechely matched chervatons ofthe mon go quley—aenethng one of the peviows Pokenaic soles. dpe al thee ad ee de> vets had ever accomglnhed. Kepler had taken cents of diene and lacey inenpicale cerns of the heavens and conden them eae» few conc, overmchingpeinipes which gave convincing ev ence tha the enn wusanget im acordane wich hag oe ‘matical harmonies. Empl dea and aber mathematics! reasoning x lt mashed precy. And of pacar importance for Kepler. the ‘mat advnced sensi conchae firmed toch Copericars theory sd the machemarial mpm ofthe ancient Pythagorean and Paton. ‘ phaocphen. Moreover. fr theft tine» muchematicl ston to she pechlem of (he planes led ecty to» phy account ofthe heavens erm of 2 ‘hrcaly plate mocion. For Kepler's dligur weve contin senighoward motion of singe shape. By contra, the complicated Prlemaic meen indefinely compounded ceces poses poem ‘eal cone to everyday experience. Because of tha, mathematical solutions nthe Prlemai wade had chen ten considered as merely ‘seoamenint commrettons with no stmatt casn eo Secring ‘ena racy. Copemics had everthele spend fat the pha seabe of his mathemaecal crstrcnrn Inthe ft beck he De Revco. be alle to the ancien conception of exon the ‘evvumeaton of mathemati. Yet the end. even Copemicu ceed 2m imply complcaed meen of miner epcyles and sccenane oe woe ‘Wes Kepler, however. Copernicus inion and imperct mathe. ‘mecca rpment were bough to fon. Forte fit tn in planetary ermemy, che appearances were “pnainch” seve. netfee te‘mere, Cio on Pah namad is ret cnscted telcope ‘he herera end hah he arin cervtins make arable 1 mercer the ft gare new tradence hal row ce the ‘cine And each o is curators the crt and mounenis (he wate ofthe Mace, the moving spon the Sun. the fur meee valving sound Jape, the phase of Venu, the “enbeaway” meer ne inbaltar cf he Milly Wy war erent by Cale 1 power evadese favre the Copemacan elacen they ‘Whe Moon's mune was ween, be the Earth's the San ad sors th came and wet. than these hier weve ot the perc, meme and mea celal obec of Aran edema cemmotiy. Sema. Jgr wat ming ody ad ye el ala ve four mone revolving tod whe fens mem seed en 8 (gener eh then the Ear could sho do the ume woh i oom fee tie mg Se atcanal women hat the Lath cull moe (move svar he Sun. ee ht Macs we ave hg ag uf (che And agin phases of Vern were vale, then Vera man be ‘reveling aun the San And the Milky Way, wach to dhe aed ye om pat neta glo, so proved to be compen of « more new sa, then the Copeman mga of wach lee sve (Go aps he ck of we anual erp dese he Ears escort annie the San) sere cnaabersly mee fee Ad ‘he planes ow append Gg he tele have wa thn wth extended mates and weve no pa piso Wh, aa et (miry mer wan nee vate una ony appre esters the chin Serpe te oan monger ger ee chan cht same {hy he wbennal commigy her several mocha of ach dco Te emt tree - scenchate, Gain qochy wath Ses Nene Menen (Fre he Se), main pc has sures. The bk creed 4 Trenion on Bocpeen mace ch ‘We Cale eee, the heme desc no hnge be censored mely » camgnona connie raw had vse ‘ruc mbt, Meroe, th tae veld at beens ‘thew pom materalty eo Waracenieit pore cd celetal light. bt concrete mabntances appecpwate for empecal eovesngeron. past hike ‘al prone oe Ea The ne hence dene pence mpage caring exch hom within the hones of ‘Accra hgh tae Evin 4 eh examen hemp ‘al phenanena weh seca eye, Many sds pevely \evaned tn see saen nw tk op the tecpe ad tw or ‘Senet te soe of he ew Copeman evens Asoncney by torr lh whos and Cale canting wr eae of wa) (Sites to mee thn eval Suceune pany oe Renae ‘cron par Rencmnce Eugene, corny wings Soe the OL ny of wade Saar ech scant an ect ‘GL weve fing he Capra try ten ple bat Wat ine A new celestial world was opening up to the Wesern mand. past a + “ne termenena! world was heey opened by the ghobal expiceen Althmgh {Se Cll emagarces of Rape’ and Ge’ dco wer (Paul ma coma, the ma wren had ctv ben Seat {© each tow The Copeman ecko epch agh on Wer Song had ie Tra pm he hac could han ere oh uangh thera han ad. Sidon han hd he Cretan rg semen ‘eyes 2 wg + niente theory soicy on the bse of spperet ‘Sipewnl comico At Oni hat aed ot he Crack NOT tere acuminate sence! eee the Bale shenewer the ler append t exit wih sate ev ‘See He que heey Char eben tec ed a ic wuld beste etme hr hs dope fd hemes coved ty po of umtng tt os mar tense > Novemer, may evcancal mths eepad Gal peman inctahng srr oat serene the Vancom le the pe Nncttmers tet Gate snd sep nhc ec ‘smote bnd Asap, shh ha ain the sw see ed-— wie Even Cardinal Bellemine, she Chachis chief dheolapan, oho ily ‘made the deci t decline Copemicani “hse and mone” had chore were » seal proc tha the Sun inthe center ofthe ‘univene cha che Earth in the hind even, snd tha the Sum does ex go round the Earth bu the Earth ound the Sun hen we should awe to proceed with great cacamapection in expunge ‘asap Serge hich agyer tench he coaray, ad athe (ade hat we dl ot wneud them than Scare an open 1 be fale which i prone tbe ere? [Bex » niger and pont combination of cacumstances canard ctherwse. The Chach's perasine awavenen of the Prseant thes compen! the challenge of any novel and potently evel po ‘on. With the memory ofthe Bruno heey til wesh, Cato nth ‘es carey dened t avon!» mew scandal chat might Kathe dare [Refomanoe tor Chestiaay Malang the tur all dhe mre heaton cog wer he new pero he pte pre ache ead pernene ‘f Caldes’s wemacalr lean, ndermning the Chach's semge oneal the bli ofthe fat. Aso comphesting the Church's vee. ton weve dhe mente pal confit lly nvving the pope A ‘pce vle was played bythe Aneto pokes the entree. ‘ehoae interac oppontion tothe vocderoady antArutocelan and al ‘oo popular Galles served to aro fendamenealt pcacher, who tuem arsed the Inqaition Galea om polemical and even ie ‘pnonaliy. which alenend hn opponent the pun Of vengeance, ‘ras 2 commuting fete. as wan hs tient semativy to dhe frolound seniicnce of the pester comologal rekain taking ‘ace. Beaman’ conviction at euchemasicl bypetinns weve oy (eccllacral consonct with no eimate eaion to piscal relay, Gale's epee of stm, when the Cade doen fhe ech rate tanedecancaton ened t mega an Aratocien php he ope wr of pen Pena eaacerte by he pla wea Do eer naghi rece iter igen ders wth the Char the Inpmroms tormenn appa (putes frp al he factors coleced ooh fed acon mente the Chachi esse 10 pect Copernican "That deca cond wep harm ode Chachi a ein inengey. Cathetcian’s rmal commiement 10% stnary The Seema Re, a Earth deatcaly ender ana and elec amg the Ease teecligentn The Chach would sein mach power ae loaly onthe smcceang cones, be cll no lange patty lam fo repre ‘de hema aprotic towned ful neler the waren Aer the Ingantne's tan, Cables wing were sagged tothe north where (he vanguard ol the Weer teletaa! gant would terete re ‘Whoterer che relate importance of inal factors mach at che cournched Arnwclan academic opgenion ot che pre's penona! (moet he lume cual mennan of he Galean coder was that of Chach ver cence, and, by plication religion vers science. ‘And in Galileo's forced recantation lay tbe Chuach's cw defen and science wey. Treen Chestanity as « whole nied frm the Copemican cto. ehh conaered beth tapers bannato Potent + ‘eral Bae and Cachticm's mcrameneal mchonry. For the poset, ‘mom Eaopean siclecr, inching the scientic revoucienares, ‘would roman devout Chrwan. But the sche berween sence and ‘eligen—euinnined even within dhe seal minted fll a trounced ie Wich Lusher, the W's wear independence had ‘seemed ie within the realm of region. With Gaile. took ep cand cf eee agether, tabled new pone, and opened The Forging of Newtonian Cosmology Abhowgh Keple’s mathematea! and Gables cberatioal apport amued the mecen the been theory strony. che they Sl ached ee encenpameng concep heme. acburene come sey wih which wt col fr Polemy had ten attri plc, ‘et moe Arama. Tha the Earth and the eter planes moved i lige eds ares the Sun seemed cle, tat f the were Catling athe tphe. then hr dd he lanes, tchang he Each fa And wha now kept them fos ing out of thew cs the Eath wat moving. thereby dotroying the tas af Arccoelan iy then why dil teeta yc aa fall owned ace! thesan were so manera nd dant hen how lage wan the were? ‘Whocwm er anciae, and where wes is comer day? What happened 1 the kngacagnond celestial tenes! dae the Each wa