\ 2 dal Mi DOK Oo a tye i Digital aysken ENE = So — Bcdean expressions, chaderictres, Laus and k-Meps = Muiliplexer, Decoder, De- multi Pexer, encoder, Hazards 17 digital circats = Fiep-rope, tater conversion, cafaters ,. Sequence celeckys, shift rg tsters - . —Morber Systems, Fixed pont 2 Fabia Poiok repesertabe Freed poiot grithmalc Text_boons ; e switching gy and legic cesign — Z: Kehovt = Digital elechrooics — RP Jain ye be . 2 Objective’ queshins in SE —Tirecthy Ty. wr" lliams furkventals of agital elechon xo — wp)ino Leach circuits yo FO) 7 ~ ‘ep ar cuits i y= FQ) s: stole Sequperkt ol@® Ox Cocrbinakional crt, ET & sqpoatal ce I shen Which 6 correc: a @ SF | © Ono «1. @ Fa ow : @® sce Wes © crs Doss" “Porpose F pe is to povice sdotion to veal worl | problerns rr I> 1. bs problero _» Bool, _, cong yee ak : Sane —sackucln ~ expresston C i In eal. ~ Sd} a Achuaibas E ir he. | — fonchon i6 to cary cub the sao. te ps fe Ts a elecko mechanical device. p Mali iopuk & Seogle seogle. cubput_ Suir. I i yea whenever ay] tum vehicles reeak dngetkex! "erred, simoulabroo i AV vdhrveles sweck mae Hite soroe seh © Clocgiwis@ 7 “© Antichee —+ ~ = je” ge mek Gopher oO o \e|\ Bue 1 O \)\\ Ke ? \ cOyi AS ‘ { 0) Ae.robput-— OVINE . . 3 “. TUOD Cay of -concho Lidg bolléan -exprse Gre eiopt combination er whidh pie 4s minberry 4b is’ basially prodticl of variables & the +obal podduct Value rust bet" rointerns “for abo pollens’: Vo) 1 3: 1 . 4 Agia, WBC, aac, agel, ABC, Are BooleaY expe ssion Fe FARO = abc 4 Nad +Aee pach paca + apd? ~ Tee cPenys Ff “conch ckis borlian ex pb Fhe atop conbinshton (ev which dp is 41s minteren dt is’ basially pode of wartabes 8 the total product Value rust bet" roinkerens “far akoe!: pollen aide, Aec aac adel, Aglc , Ake! Roclean expession Fe FQ B= ABC 4 Reda Ane ande 1A8e + Ae) : 7 6 (42,3,4,56) the inpul- ceorobination FOr which dpis o& montero: AL is eastaatly Sun of repel variates duc Strat total sono valve © °O' Howkeros “for aloe prode ALBIS , A+Bac ate. ft © sop Boclean — expression is fapac) C (a+Bac) OO ated onckion fercains fame whether ib te — Bedlean SOP, FOS . Bt for Realisation of SAP Eminteros — & ANP gotes. B wor gates Gr complornok oF ABC) = 6 ip oR gotaVv Pp Corre I= Forum, sor ere SpOngUr Gr oy. 2. c cut the imax terns * vepesented y #. ons ¢ £WBO = asec £ @ 3,36 © 24,56 © 2.61, Boo. 1 gab ib to be arogal in 905 So “hey we hove kz = rey) OZ) (Ramo) = Avec cee 84 on 2S) " s@le8) (A+e)- ade sedan Ss | CP EE Noes ~\ ae 5,6 ABO. ABS ee 1og 1 fo wer : Nn eh e 00 4100 : 101 lo Moslems are = 4,5,6 - £@Bc) = G56) | = S6o1,2,3,) po this fonchiog js ok io ore) FAB) = AsBOC Aleelec) 3 6 in slardad form 4b & alo aad’ a: — stardae pos Gpes)/ ‘ Gonna fos Ce pos) — & Bockean edeikeworss Gorovtal iF ach sum pPrcLaing an the @/p variables either fin true fern W io * corn plerned foro — *# Bockan sop beret podock antams an the WP vartaeks eirser i vel aplement fern - j i | | @onorel each a io9 whnbare the “rinterms “are do be added ody - Rorclion FG18:c) = SGi56) So thak ib become Aa+gc’ OE gin Om Ow jo Apacer asKig dhe rointeyns FO aus ot ee Poe T Aree — > THis & cok fo SSOP, HE | L See deerend iL is ‘exp, | A BC ABC . 1 df G13 ane \ 2 100, Jou Ae aC L to} wrt o” uw L 110 y Z try : veh ge , eoicherms are 93, 4,5)6:74 Adibional minterens =S071 3 t Anuibi input and rouitelp systeco: e sconsibr a U ifp “ond 4 op ayer voit a ee i A ABP ond dps are 1, x,¥,2.- The behaviour oF) ~ fo = pau) med K where. i the ayskern i6 green b RB and b& oe cheieral values of lp and awed & +00) +h P= | Po = Gry) enced ig Wx WZ E { ; { i i-61< A hich of felowiry Beckiog cbrole 28,4) D SE 5,6, 18910) LN 2 G,S6,67, 41/1) ©) £(4,6,4E.9,\0n413) 4) £ 6,6, 7,2,9,0) 2)0 => ® sews bay | ds \ \ oy) woth svesgecl 10 (wort) aboe pooled vohich | | tre Se a) AN the olps ee havi] -Lerms and max terns exept eo y) the fondson = and d aloes no contain espoal roo midkerns ard moaxreiens YAS A\\ ofp fenclons me hovigg Sarne 000% mintezms ard Smeax berms D are do Rrclion % dees mot amtain Same ro: enxtems & moirkercns Sama 0° fein \ j has popersy Ahat cach colon > EVEt einer] cocks q ae 3s hag equal comer of ys BE and Of 2p - awe pase : each Cu? has “yal no: of NS 4q he ile w and oS qhe op © rehaked verstor of ap Ry = Prax) cots op. we. k tems acabed version of apFD consider a 3-ip Gey Cele ea ave 3 lp gens Bh HR Sich that © be “Get road s 4BC}P AR Coc kt oF -O.o0r eT $ OAS cea O16 ae Vee! blo eS lore sili oe te ol lo} o hts O% +oo vos Vive ; WS, WSS IU ee ie gelic a cltane Gedo Pas iO) = 's (61,5) ert = ABs 0B pase 4 adc Me Ss @,6,65) Reo = F624 3,6) R@BO) = F017 64) & unit diskance eyeli ic @ celf refecbue code : Sil. GB yey Feit grey eed TW < a Pil| vaetl eh abit go) Ge characteristics _f odan expressions ¢ t setf Qual Non ovthegard & ron seitfdual t I ' 1 yo y yore ooo4 2) B® compementaron | Pag Sorkin SP has popedy P dben iis chal foodev ~| Se ws ake Save properly ‘p) soppose _gedeon vers | & Sieben gedlean Costa's Fd F(R MY Vb ‘a : SA > F 6%, %7%,- on, Y / 4,8") AND=OR, OF) Eg: Lsxtal Abs dual 4 = %0=0 uses_of dualiky: \. Sedivect poig 2 Realisations can *e Lransfered across the Jegre Systerns f€- coer Si00 For one kee spre) cD. othey logic syster et EB soypoee =D is kgf) apen Oy 5 is Me lege Sy {ero ie he asved 16 ctualitg == “| 2 ee awe legit AND = -Ve legie oR A ave logic OR = eve logic AND 3 | — do gig etual forction | Genplrmentatior - Gor) ie nek 4 changed j“= wand gate | —_s nok =De— sts dhudlify =e jie ——-p po— aval 1s 4 Fe NOR a =A Bosed on ctoolit fonctions aan ke 2 xf dval off = 3) CON oth vp py EC fon eat hel HE GaP We aot ge . eae werd - | I i | i ' | D omheganal ~ §FE. gio I t I I , E dts cal % 1 Hae = r2)Carel) = Ag ire Ba Be! | = @aeaB ety VN Ex-— NOR | pal of FeOR is €x-NOR ie oat (fas \ 2 ¥ . [exoR & Ex-nwoR are orttagonal] Since = : L for eves aurnber cf variables _ they howe, 6 coef, wi woke: for ex cumber of variables Grok Benne oe Povieg itp vebtiod i 1 Ahh ook xf cual) L ”B$2 AQNA = XN YER Sake) = &WCy42) (24x) = Cri) (z+) = YZ x24 xy = SAM2) vs Self dual § fac) 26,56) eo wal ic vole of . Lorckion “oAzained $yafe} chere 2 is “ual a bo Qt OF! fa @ tyes age tee ay paglz page one ye TE = YZ aye ae ag eRe PAY HAZ = gz(Pan) 4+ azly+p +ay (cee) SAY RY APM =f cee dual ~ Postig) ff +fig! Spe, fot, Be -Pws) =A” fae = abl sat Qf en Gathagaral gon self-dual complernentatiey, — Y- — complementation is cBainet Similar to thab of dug wrth only athe. exception, Bien Lhe. vartabes also to be. replaced by thelr complements- Duality & expessed in tems of complornentatran ary < complementation is dfned in terns of cloalég. Af the vanodes: & cual fonckoo ayel- conpemerted dben tL becomes compemented. Aonchoo. similarly if the vonades oF complernentel- fkrdion are aernplermented aren it becernsg ual. te FOO =D R@p = Fa, BD v Ye. , +f (4,7, Aa = mn, 1) V0) \ — ‘ ¥ \ . \ De F(R 2,8, a, 4/00 } variable a Complaspastd : ee, ofl, 59. FB = AaB Paes) . We -asl fi@ip) = “7B we Kove F@B) =-Ta@ 2) > “te vanigels are Jo be placed ceed Compornenits In dual te F F Grplrenbed 3 uM \ \ = @:8 - FaB = ae : \ toe, MAVE ¥ eaGye) = POD = a(ev! - te é W720!13 Dx noel Moo do # eesti oe 2: p SOR Ee eek rg pet Bb ere - possitde with 9 How eon boolean Ronchions ave. | beclean eo a ni @® ed 2 Qe) Suppose N= \ FS _--fio-- AN Ss oF A a \ °o \ \ : \ io o oe eo becleas functions wee aleg, sy No-oF vartalles wo. ck variates of -furckion us possi be With & b¥roy ay 2 g varianleS = 9% = fissm { EL ee 2 ides , : : = ZB NO of riory ee ASormed saith | S- tecdcan vars a i wo drinay fonckions With. Bo tern yar falbles fonckocs Lesened volt | nw 3 wor mn- ary i p- variables oO O-are alpbra.os . fi : DHao many bookan forclions are possrbe_ aotth | re boolead variadeS Sack hat £ Ge, 35 -- %-i) = | £ (a6, a}, e-—— ays) ; a ' @ vw? © 2 OS 2 @2 : in FG6,2%, —-7hs) ea ty Glo a, == Ara) Te o-of set dual forclions possible — all possible paclkions with 3 binary variables is given as : : 3 | Bp 4S A8GA --- +8G78S ato” Vv + Noro bodkan ondions Bef Leolkan foackrong With Zew minkerms volts Seven minberms Bq > Noo boolean foeckions volt) 1 mialem. }- = § -fondions 7 Thoy ave Fo) 7 aC) 2h P40 man vxslean -forekions ave poesitsle woo | 3—boolean “variables Such Shab -the. ole amtains |> _otooast 3 minteras = Bey HBG TPG AES erp ~ Sminbery 2 ~~j tau }s “Booka les2ss a a — pres kp intense ooo fonctions | teobly Be: 7 Abobal variade “usith iderlical operation gives oniqne yesolt ps - $f: A+FA+AtAS —— aA . a =A a ok ard ts eval ANP Sollego ideoily O| eq NANP / . : Tek carota WAND volt «. eau Ae ond 9 Re = 000s 8 re xh Cet TAYMO ee eS | axel 4 x x XN - x i - i Nawp coes ck felled seckr ky | Deal ce NAND IS Nok- | wok le dees an fellas dally nt - | nk: Ex oR and ex-noR ase coes OH folloce atelentity Lace - (. 3° 2 @OODON > A (GO) \ ) = . Savon Vy“© Leb Agee ase. weer ik follanos Telenbiby ‘ -- (ssn gn | 7b - - tpl = | 5 Iyal=) . : - a follovos alent law + Coronnutalive lave’: _ Oraler of fhe inputs dees rob ange the Pra orsicerfyesatt , . of i Oo Ino & fF: pre = Bra. toe ea firsk, seed fo Secor poe. Taps jepot nuk fapak ~~ = = fy: ABs BA oR AND —folloce Coromnutabive_ ' tbe > All Frvoelric Linctions —Bllecas cormnutalsve be gprrcet Fe, . - ale eno cn pereoukabion oy spuls, - lac A beclean Sorkin is Said be ot is . £@@e & ABLBC+CA \ : ~ wn a L FRG = “f . £ (4,08) = : “1g a sporvel ee 1 i co Ff? follevas cornrnubabive law ; sp beckan Sorcdion can alo ke Syrarnelyte F iL cortaing all possivle deren fo6 each a-cumll af poesitle berrg= PCy) po teal no. of variables | cha tr 4athe a-comber o% @ tem Ste tolah no. g gs in 16 biroy > pattern. 7 5g (a oovler i € (eco) is a gu2t ” = Qu norker Af aon, * 3 D 45 -teed- <(as6a) syrormebric? tems: 9B, 8, &T o on 104 vd YY Qonomber= 2, 2,2, achal Serens colth’ (a-mim 2 = SG sthal denns th AIMS = Bul oka pase, Lermg wits Gm 2 = Sg-3 " ” y ww Be Bogny @ the. fonchon has ail porside term Here ik ic Sxpenvrebre — > A -folloas Grroroutalive - laca sc, , & Bc Lome) = Ss of a Q-oms, Sxporee! ‘ f i. ety erebriC oY) Bp check whether Olli TRING ON PU" be nok 9 5 a 2 = 42 c] Gam = 29%4 ‘ A A Le A is 3453 soit Lerms Lolth. ANU = oo abe Syrewebre. $,a,2 = 5 (ree) 9 check whemer -tre-folloco! fechoo & satis poetry 46 od, chal roill be Hee -cornenutahve ——— The TR ie eels ty be abe peePemin 0: of mninteymnS Qhe added +o make oncion aS Syomebree -euy Bask 5 . iid: €) = 3,5,6, 18,121 13, 14,15 a: | G Vy ' ) ee) GOD =s 22 2 otal. possible Yerrgg with — genom 2=alGg 2 € 2 » gf amy 3 sua= 4 iS 4 foarpom | SUG =] peck woickemes sing the forchion & ex | sobshy'§ Oc equrements, ik & ook Sefroveelric. I gence ib ches ot llova ~ @emoroutabive bare miniowum minterms tb be ecded Oe a | Ah. tb anus, — anuM=3 Nowe mnickerms. to ke ackkd = 3 oe we add 0, Ui then also Syrnrnebrre Buk ~rainirourn MO asked. Ombre of the oferalicn, cles nck champ the ral | 205 Wer ay | GL. AtBtO) = GHB) 4c mo al ts ate) Ge REE oR, ANP follows -asecctalive lava SS ochether NAND follocaS associative lave Ate) £478) TeCamere CIS ot et, Ne! » CA t, — We ps eS Lp 7 yo Avec” ptensees ee J ! MAND “does cok follan Gecscteee : we we Nok alee ches at follcus asscialive 4) ohh oF Follows! ap beokan operation is Coron ay | 7 astociative bub ek clichyibohve : | @ oe © ann © NR GB K-WR nena asnesssaiO —S p) af P= AxB= ALAR - Px AX PHBX A pw axe ? @2e ©? @? a Fran) pH Ave << EX-NOR ~ AL follows commie Lue law \ | “ anpg he. perrut oxed = PE pP¥PXT X AKAMA *B “ wT Batic ceocrahve. (ae se 4 Ex oR Dix «= ASSOCIA | Len aperalions Ge ee perfered in any ordot = Khas -\xP = arp = oPtP =P ‘| > Lae \ |sence Answer Shorea: aes : cxoR i commutative, Associate P isi SL. oe - gps Ss " we: 4Og= y@d¢-AOB= Aes COO P= P i@r=? foal for above: AOB- Ae! - A@B= a@e) OP =P CAMP =z el a) once ene NRNE ARE ee Nope ee re ene ey We Te reer yD STITTa“ vA z & ¥ | | DP whith ef -folioc! . ® -€x-NoR Q oP NP USP MAR. eerie @ Se pete ec? 5 eee ZecoR Not HEXNOR © = ped gob "One one rope EX-OR we Gomplbabenotad AE oe ae Dae GR €x-OR, a Asthbe role: Eee = 3p pakke real ching , -hso pater os 5 are sald “to be equvalark we 7@P_s 0 ROR} Di athe. Leshulf ue lave & Lyabukve oo excessively Cnc) ye creterbubel <0 ANP gach % roioferhisailic cALEC = (Ax bs og opralicn cual 3 ABQ = AB * Ls AND cferat hoo) —ethe distributive laa & oe ) combining aw fl agree =A fs: Greg) (a+e= 4 CC iy atstri buted 09 of, ‘lala 10 4008 fessi) Abgorgion law fl AtAB HA ty: a@is) =A ex-o8 behaviour co] clishribution : D @ CXR 6) nck drebebulre oo ang other opevakion “inchadivg ibsele” | 2) No other operation ° is chebrebubhe on Ex-0R . except AND cfexation : : D (PrBrn) (P4B+@) (PrarR)= ? * BA te ABzAB= A =- ( (f+8) Pr0+k) mw A BoA es 2 a8) Cat = AA BC = ph BCe+R), = PreR noe. Gan C4 a) G+ R) Cass) = a+ —Peks __ Prat rin “be the xpession — ky the, VA 1 = Fellow a (wa! a ey tao er palyz 442+ MV = 1 (aredgle oy +yz) (agi say ger) ) A (a By Ven ca| tp = dX: (At aly gays) fg a a a ~ Dersoge? lows / _ usthe dercagan lows ave “the secial Casas oF Coroplementation they ae asefol ushile: Converting universal sealizelion ioko basic veali adtiog ard vice Verse > £ AB = 5a => Sane = Biblled oR G ee ne > yoo. Le NOR = Bubbled ANP 7 Spee OSD 4S as anp-oR realizalios 4s veplaced Lotih, SS BAN —NAWD eal zalton 7 CuanD-nand 6 stlable for SOP) — oR AND realization is veplaad with NoR— NoR vealigation (abo nso &. Suibatle © for pos.) yohak ib expression? ap =f© Talenkify min: co. of = tuo- Ip Nand qe raped . +o vepreserk she follaaing feackion on 5 @4 BS ©é @7 SB: Nevo 6 used |-for AND-oR —B LAND — 0 Nand ~ NAND J D- 3B Nanp gole Sor. 2 aun gel, woe vequire. 2 WAND =) =a ! I I t i 1 I \ | | | 4 1 4} | { Kopp Jie Daim, amd Jun) oof)Ai ~ | | { i AY \ : + oR-AND fh Gab) (uate = BHP IL», ts AK Gc) : Qc GAO (B1) = CHAB= e BAO) “pee BO: ch glue) - (fad) 2 (se) = ce) =Be Pe min. 7m of 2- yp nor Ges requires to sepesent F(FOR) = Pre 2 @4 ©s OF sf: P+OR = (pa8) CPAR) Dy Py eR AWD => NOR-NOR {=P on eer @.4 6 veka tp ealize, XaxV4XIZ sing | NOR NOR confiquarabian’ M0 oo. § WOR gatec! weqoived . @®s ©s Or Sb grok =X AX 4x7Z / pw A . No. ce. ge veqorred (OD wat is the —fordion epeented by tellowing I | t ! bo Ir | I. ‘| | - P I t h bh Circorl SO P_ | os 4 NAND— CARD” wv AND OR = i=Da + ye ) = PGla) + apes) 5 = pala Pa = ExOR L AND — oR vealisalion for €x-0R r é + jo a > La” ] ‘al. sok? jaz us wee ge pel at Lolth = NAND gates we GA “eal 4 ExoR‘ O? C € c c € € ( € c 0 J o c c , . 9D i0- . CF NAND gates Yequ : 27. pele apoio. 0. adie an AG CxOR SY —> min. co of NOR gptes Vea ; ex-voR =4 : ? . “pla\l A 5 ome) © , \ 0 ,o\1 © , 1 oO \ | 5 = 78 | i _F3- PQ | = uae = a Hat sustrackar | % aes = Fee “@a) { Plal AS | oje} oe R= ofrence i ol} : (| 3| i Jo 5 = Boro { tli bolobo of & tp WAND gates wequlved Por ‘Half . Subbvaclor= 5. { wt is the “finttion represeted 4y follaaing | civcurk ~ { | { . | BI: | I Fo = €X-KOR [. - (a's +a) Calais) 7 = AB+AB ’ Fa= Bae I = 2&@+e) cE = ae! E é L L { 1 4 4 bit comparatora ia Re co 1 — Min. 08 of bo ‘lp NoR. goles yeqpired to realise \-bit Comparator = he connpen. cakion theore = _sthe “comapersakiO> voy hearer © used or eerily and removing” ABE vafecoadack erens. > he removal of redundant’ terns ches cok chagg “the -forncl ionality _3ostead, they yedoce cost and havdwave —> the presence a redordank ter is. given a eee sare ys GR) Cae ois - = GA CMPD Vegdonclat foc real sation of op: LBS requires 73 AND \ ays eqpnes I- NOT AND 1- oR Bip) ) WOT, wo \-0n @ Wp)poe: 4n sp, a tern may conkatle o@) | Coe) RR=O =>. AR FAR +O = ARAB Les = RS COSLD © : case Ama) => fel ord R=! bas 2 Anant = ata = | we . ae Ris: Aya s Ata =) ew LHS = RHS : Here RPL ts sredurdank Cook couse) © Fired the minimal expression for Soe) = Gl xyz) (gz (24 xy) faye) = 7 Gee gd a L =e @! pr b tv I) (gla) (Zhan) (3! ty) - | . iis a4 = ayy cman) Grp Oy) coup % t oe oe z Atheo = Gay!) Casa). (a42") Ce) = Gay!) (42) (Cr) Clay) = Gryl'a) ( v4y2) = *ye+ ay! =a . : — 4 he ‘abne the Compensabion sheorern can be applied vot variable gf oF (CO x. athe-final wesulk will be Same- the Sorction is have ggoomnelersc behoviouy and henee it folloos ths com roukabve lavo mo faye et cortices ee sa Gayjee) 1d — =). — lt ,: \_ yl SY Licnitabons Bedleor laws provide moinimnisalroo; Seven thoogr © Boclean ‘laos 5 eo 6 tb be we ave vot Sue which Loko oppied shen: incorrect substiluben "%Y resale exponsion of the fonction icckend of roiei Protenks —s 4 is not Sure tha whether the ral expression 6 texxiJio minirnal rest for (irveduore 2) can be (other minimised . svedundant)— hese problems are resolved vsig Ke Maps ' Quah rormaghesps keMaps : : j = Sqstermabically miarmises, SOP, POS and also provide. ' Complementation + . | ; ~ Sis piclorial vepresenbalion of tRuTI} table. 4 Ktep of n-vaviables gonbain 2% cells. each aS tohich iS ecktresse ! oy Gy code~ The Comtot Goth cell ds lp, 7 oi __Adjacent-_cails containigg roioterms| praxkevens forns ’ Prfencl Tenebicanls cpsy) nd shored Pel Oo | = priene- ienplicant™ bea@owes essential %F wk. exclos Ney overt. atleast one roinkéren eax bere bern 1 prime ienplicark aannok be subse of another s — £ at oprme tenphiarts wave essential. then ik will have > onke cae mninienal expression ; priove troipltcan pair élimionke ene vartalle wltle qa ond octet _élicinakes 4 and -three Yorfakles vesecht a i. imal " expession = mininal - Cover PI cannok be che, Avbsct q Onothes | PrMs : » 9 esential pry " Reduedaa PEM uv mioimal expressions ~ ” \Eerale op & RS ry ako hae differen values forminke se 9 FWY 2S ©, 4/6, es mule done sith rrost significa Q\ 10-—— So! Prms = 4 4 essential PIN= 2 Redundant. PRM = 2 prs = Eecectul pr = 9. Qi @ Redoled pres > C0) memo = Minieoal Gg evoceeed BY SSsetial PEM Sp g 4 canbe covered by ether by C@P ot 2 > t hawern be@uue Buk Rdih cant be Taken Minverality is disturbed a micireal expression = A+ 8 uA C22 Kel Gi Q mricional expessina > verivs ~> A+BID ae TS PS B= PA c= aR D= PR min 2 a AABAC = PH PRAQK Ss 6 liberals moto n= O4QAD = BHA PA + PE => 6 liberalsBah shoe aloud mor be feken oy &(PHR) pa =e & Nkevaly, ae , : To Krpus whether given éxpretion 15 minimal or oh — check Sr escential prms tn options ever one esstikel pry & Bch presen shen ik is cob essechial PEM } BE) minrmise F@oR” - BLE 74,6 vy vu | wax terns => @13,5) 5 @ar 2neisn EN See g-asle1® o . . = ' CA : 4 22 (Ps eR) perms = 2 Essento) pra = 2, Redurdark fim Sak. | Cc §ai35 \ \9ss <1 ms Kceals. = 5@s) _) Hoo many mintenal ~ expressions are represented ley athe. eee K-Map 8 _—she chain is. to be bmken -Such hak Gk chouid dESE highesk co: of Te to be, minienised After, breaning | 2 evads Ae sgecHal 6 \ E foes eo. , 7 AN ose eyelve prm's oo ee mae. map & Mok Paving any essential PM | , ie mio Exp = a eé ces: pen (rob by byeaking) AS60f 4 (feo) p “yy FART “ 4 A+D tree BC | 1) + BAP ho entoterall (PB) Bos can variates are free inthe EXpession wa cesotesk “d leaped K-Mop } 3 i \ :dp NIN oe Joi s 1c : ar hb at a > . | ~ | Ve ip. Zz : o aT > u x rf os PQ eM) 2%E XE ~ free from wy @ vaviatles ) f' i aleo” todependhnk oF ry Ca vert, for __ pos: I | | i I | t I | | N= 82 (x+2 Poor =) = Age ; : = Fee) (x42) sya wt. free from 4 (a varias) j 2 S@BO= 4 5,6) AS osel io the minimisalroo é gr @ ¥en @ seu) , 4 mainiraised GS ABC whol coat Gores are @ Zea) Oa foe =" 690 “2 A +B ; v qub varmnbks climivaled ~ Quad & required - Bob on len@ deckinies ae ved dt Si ald, 2, interns de 8oe dodeores = GD) (® are volves of “ok qres POR for the falas aay ‘ id ¢ { 4 oS: ee cist —_ ( = peck cares helps SP in eaininni canon en IE A dork ares help pos iD eojnimiagabton Hhe0 Lea | nt a . cles ack help in regepets Galion Pp, RS §=6=R=0 R for eg, f Pos consichred P.0,2 helps in FOS minionsde ee=ek= Ol| Sop: = FOS SO« “Noe prme | uy) 2 Godek, | aad) L fo- of Egsatal |: 9 2 | “PDMS , | No-of- Redondont oO oO L no-f mining 4 i \ l no-of tiheals | (3 ‘ f Jonckion fe vozayz, pos: z A a 2Sorfoble KMevs == a OID | NOL [ol Loo” : eV a b \ i { \ el Each. cell hos 5S. adjaank. Gis bin sane ye variable wap | ° olrer ig in OEY U-vaniqlle. Mop $C, BOE) = Z (OF, 8/81 18S, G18, 24, 26,24) Te oclek— cle! » > ACDE Pas: par ecole f | min expression = cela Aleve + BC pe 6-vosi = &) EY Oe ‘2— Sf the vortaes ae mmetian 6° Hen atkernaliy> techniques ike =VEM i: Vowfatle Enbant Map Wem) _ I —4b is used +o epresent- “higher vartable Lfonchyo | woh lesey vartable wee the cledts of the eel) ao! be variables io odditon +0 0,1 and dot ares 4: AB Cc 4 pli pla , cpl lols |" J L 1 dt represenS Uvarvable fonction $@18¢,D) Menient Salion procedure é “Phe “Vareabes 85 the cel aS ~o! andy sek ali chtagn SOP expession : I@ maxe one variable tn the cll as A ard ota Sop by rraxteg eater mines G's) as cook t dhe concemed Cores -®© raul biply ake abwe sop with naviale- & Repeal the lee uebli all the varfatles in the ; cell ave covered a? she. previous hn gp of of vem is obtained ay ORS9 pe : ex press 2SSIONS- oP» consider VY ana p a ssjearese varies Af 1 ieee } £250 © AL Oo Cf yoY¥T elo . t \ Poylels : u A cop “8 . 4 1 sez: BD Repeakigy for 2d beras : - @ for, variate : S | ® Sor varsake “D AB, . 4B o0 ol 11, 10 ee ear, a —e\ft ol oO 4 es ye oO ‘Lo : cP = act 3 oe @ vray NY sop with D ‘ \ : Sop= ACD JSGx od) & “ c . Gerleouri F Map QD wrot SOP § xpresstor? ; | A { oa ee : 5X \ | 2 - = =I ur iE A | = tC . ' ° 2 Ac & = ABC eopr BC HAS y ABC % ty sala tebe SH yee NidoFA8,0 = 26,249) mmf r O 4 g-variade -onchay $£@)20)~ 26,3,5,4) ~ Fs Se a ella Pind 8, RS , 3 4 PR . ol BL & ° y || ce , ‘¢ ifajs le eo 3 ro oS an c k \ Be * : Le th i ¢ ie Bep+Asart mene ee = 261359) pe EE age vase. 1 MECIAE Q2% oO PBRLABAE AB ABC + Agel » S a n\-| alo} ca a> c si ° Teel 6 . Vo \roe 1 ne i 2 4 pesOB FBR CP FLA e/ ot 5 2 ep G@@e rer Cee) A Lee Gersedrco HE +AB) a =aeed 4ABTD + BF eco+Aecd = 2@ 4, S15) —Talbulalion roetrod = : wae generates all pane eeoplicants ard provide alll yatainal expressions 's’ | Can PEM are essentad min expressroO = € cHazards in__dyilal circuit: wy. the mal foackon of a. digital creat cabled hovzeriy Hozad can be! permanent _@d Lempray, The Frye hozarde are due to nee delays of opus. 1 the ferrranant hazards “@re resdited duc to open 1, crovik or short: cir of | icoonedking leads’ Germinals) Ib the \ozards con be shck at -o Ga), sluck-aba! G-a-) | athe Single favik analysis ig cade vsig 9 Pach | Sereitizabon » technique": the, path sensiltzalion decheia | 5 cpa . of poviding Lest sector fr hak post . sire. eck vector the —Skeek_ of inpt oebiata,. which inflosntcs the athe the eck vedler i weal do check whether the path is faulty ©P folk > i » t 1 t \ Sree procedure except She! tested one. - AND ©O Nand opp phe. . legre"a" for inackivatseg : ter OR CI eR ae WON Bee 2 1 2. apny she opposite legic value ab the tested phice. I the inpok combiralions “salishying the akove. Yequireementé Hfarns the teck vector: ‘i we hae Atv = 1 aes? ae ee S LL ed yy O—) as Yona) =~ | { ' i annuities mm AE OPPOSE INITIALLY : “ \ s3 Anat = Ain ah suppose it is cha de ovoilabe at mF an nor poe MS propagation alas) Suppose ib Is ‘ns Here. A=O — Ata=0 Ser 2s aAls After 28 2 Ata SL : cate ~ peeoool prs” AEs 7 as dlls _S-a-0 hazard — ~ By duality ade. AtcO Sofers ron S-o-4 Yaad ahese ave em poray hoards: these ave because a oneven dal ef Snpore we) Vo C fellbusing hazard free expression, Sie oF rt fe 4 2» © yy paz © ase EOL t rails sao Sao Sao Sed — these tenn porany hazards can wecovered after Somme t8ene De BE perenanant ladarde cant be mewered Meze obernally connectoo has so be.cht cireot— . SY os Se Bs ‘ perranant hazard ' Sit Path Sersitzcton - _ | y 4-0 F & dopants bob A&B I fre). =AB soppose. it hoy to be mode fo depend onl | & WB shod be : 4 eo = SB) =O : ts “yolal_ got © inated r —o 20 ; SEBO ; oso ; parce of céorecbing, ead F@BE) = ABC RC ' ~ cod be ache . : on qe shod te OF 3 e L 4g ch usefol to ony 0 Jp =0 a, we are oot ce adver olpt 6 deeds [p@d seo heres ! | | | 3he 1 \ 1 | | | j | { 1 | { wena Opry ore tet vector T= | 10! 3 = '5\,2,95 pn Zo Ap Soc aloe on-ths ge eG Fred abe: circel Limitebtena jacorec- iL is declare aa daaly- lee! , \eaedge aK —_ s A consider we lel Leger! ~ : a ranger ronda: Lea — Lotched trade tevalid gac ce te repre fe effec obtpt so ikowl ook7 Edge teaggerig is’ preferred 4 ve) tgger because ee ib & reo incensitie to noise. (As the Hadsparent Yegion % seal in eye triggeneg ffeck of morse ts less) : Ts Flaps = _ ah fipslop S aing bok Sk SlipSlop (Jas, B28) + SE B ckfrned when JEk=I then boty Sopuls ave 4 , che Slipflop performs the comparsentabion (toggles the previows iopsk) 2 eR | 80 2 | Oe (By defeuik iE ts wok Flip Flee) chavacterisbe opessio? onGKa) = 204,50 aK _ a es fr: i No+ &, KD) =J@t+kKe Los sarhvidval one Los aK Flip slop is. operated as bao Waivicun ' Hi eS inpok Supslor ) v-Flipflep eH) e. Slor D-flepdtep % ales cated as cles FF» Dr is teed ¢m Synchyor 2 the fast ‘ander & Aloe? mrecrewy 6 TE ie Yartadtle in dia cate eC rEmonica tien Kk & D-fl plop iw dhe howe element 1H tte Ly —= a & ahife Coondert: D &| & o Oo] O oO Lo Voly a)@{D,e) = v5+08 as C= ged fP ly otc [fog | Di = _5 p-clipfler provides Combinalonal behavivur — Any hig hol: povides dey & ailed D-fupsbp. stale diqgam: Fepsk sa noraoneel Excikakion stalemreot kore’ thal rad be applred wokeer an & requires ak 9-inpok aa la lope cole F qt it bose ebrment & asmehron, lipflop: fegge. HA): 8 ro: FS Jn T-fliptloe , Tek ae tel + a ] Gen ce srteconversion fan) | “( Gren FE = T-FF fe vagy) | Target FR = gK-FF TK Ql %&\T - TK 8 . oo OO |O : © o \\4.,\e é Oo -. Q\ oO | co lo \t , © OF) \ yo tlt jo \ 1 oft f o \I wh aIK- FE 9 et @ new FE Rm OR dhe: characteristic expassiay 5 GQ =X 8 4H 8 vis vealiseal sig T-FF- what & the | Oo expression for “1? |L & an ratte ae - ¢ + (%,¥2,9) = 2) >1 2,4) nes ot yh ee 7 at eos? wf « o\t qTa% B+ 9g conver TK Slipflop into #0 flipPep shat oi) be -the expressions for TOK?TH »,@) = £2) + $435) K,@) = 463) 4 gore) T= HE T | el B) | THM Kj “yal etale vy ee S a if >| JERE NHR = x u a Yr Ke wi ete => © @gq =%yt XY oe Ke tg ay | @& who is she behavioor of followigg one input Slip Hoe : DFE » © 1-6F © ameted DFE @ smvetted T-FF sitaandiesainimnet—D coréider the followrag Sequential ckks. which hag the inikig| stakes Pro and @=!- chal will be theiv valvas after three cleck cycles : i present state next stale re Fy 2) AiO. 1 © ° 1 \ ° Ve o7 1 \ U ow | TW mh @yY es. _ { ; won ter ds ne AIM

55. CoUAer + Ph viatts oot portt Mle alates ~ | -A counday becomes ind * efi Ge ml delay io | ajnenas counker is ¢ FRacgh = = Ter + Vvondirokioral ¢ Pm z Rsbrictor] condition | me <9 ~ ; ‘i | condition iS aux S niga fo “4 ‘ ESREY odarONOUS covoker. — also called ‘L Frais | o = te 4%, ee | Reskrrckron|aondi Loo Tra = Taya | | pes — The basre FF in agynchenoas canker is 7 Hlipflep I € oe operated. in Toggle mode. — > Synchronous coonker ) ,& He FQ,Q, >) ad oe fend 5 wm Pw — 4s desgn is moe Cornpox + So Sienplifica. tions ave | dene D se = F Go, y-2- So) i { Te = 69-1 \Aten-l ' t . m= i - Sas & | Tes Gy Il 1 Here data % beigg shifted frown ene FF to Peck flipflops So this is Called as shift Conder | < C age Grete)| 2 Tor FQnv hae sa | Te= ay MSP EN - | ; | oo = F@p4 \ gt gh Ame ipes 8 ne ~” uv cee Bos Ore De " fo = Sw apf FS eet shone coxter ‘ eae . ae | Rea cooater pa . 1 By Dike Mot No We = md LN) es oe wo Ww AE te he , Sivoplest Sypetronaus cooley 9 | gesigo procedure for covgter- 1 Get the Qate table rom stake diagram boo cderkify flepflops do be ved and replace, The concerned . next slate 05i9g excitation abl. of astociclal -flapep- 3. Gk the expressions for inputs ard vealige “trem ep _qieho NS synchronous coudker » aN ACV} | ¥ J {oe — 2 clipsps oe ceeded as 4 states are Sent -— g- Siepflops oe. Needed SEPP cleocK — >x — tale table % present cate (Ps) &, & Nex: hale (us) Bin Bon Ooo ot ol fo 1 oO 60 \ 1 | 6 excilakion stale neat: ihenaer change 15 Yaqui ted: “Ti rnust be 4 8, Sw a7) & —> Gov = To 2 TF @.ed) = 20 = Geo04Go “T= GOS Te (&, &) = 6a) = G8 +99 % = GOR change Un adjacek sleilos wad « ib % mecdtl aq Cou SNF b- clip flop only oe \ 1S | @ \| D&O) LL Bee + BLO lx | Di = & QolO, GO) = GiF +180 To3 ab ges ect BMH counkiog 4b fs peered og % @ dees mo requived ary ' ge: i Yee | des Shri (xox%) Dea M1 @ = ao) .. Sis abit shongen_cane externa AE ges SY cocliog flipflop ches nok reqire do a Gresr coonkiep © ax EF DsKFC ® which F felloosing TEE SDEFR(@,, a) = SIG0+ & Se Di = Bo : To@,Qo = Bi + 0/80 re o> A,O&e D concider +the Follacoig state: cliggnacd hich esto be cksige usig TPE for msg and xy for 158 he behavioor of RY FE is §tven, below ES HED T_éexcttadion Slolrnener | RH 7 whenever charge i needed! To mpet-be 2 excelatien dave cf xy-FF Qirey | x Y eo oO o ¢ Oo 6 i 6 1 oo po \ 1 ¢@ \ 4, (&, &) = 5 Xp BiG = ZOP> lid hates Yo @ 62) 7 Sr 4,(0 to? Sot Yo 2 & wT eos © Vey il HB counler: Synchro NoUs teal °) Cons ido she “fellewig] she. coy ceats@4f the 1" after bod ett clock puleas tt be the date & corer offer @,, Flepled © AL she de «~ taken al geocvaled 2\ tot ‘ £ Oo eXxpressian: . dar n= MOQ VP CEother a F- ghas tO uta os. Med-#' Counter © Af tetrad sla ise", abet A Clock ge to 4ame choke peices gL will ») Effedre clocks aippliéd Freon inital sted Ut mod + ae _ afler “© clock Gfcles (or ak He end of \rt clocks) ‘the gic fs 00! 9 WOO -- > golpar S| yOULoe . f wg the leng of Aaya = 4 a es 9 Jo the abae, wf FUPf op dalay . one OxeR gote delay ~%8 8 OS? uhich Seon Bors: ane follsoing clock frequen] cook TR aA oS om cy Mae ee BE ES yo Mie © & Mile © “i \ @ So): a ae, SS Tee = 1998 oS ved x af Teconbowa tos. = a Vis 5 & 4n gyochronses come a Pago. = TEP Wicombi aalee! = = 1545 Tfdgjn = 20.05Telock 2 Trisyo (ejdel ec > Hedz) Toleckmia = Fragen Telocxmin = 2008 cletk 3, ee . Tleceig, 2OxI8T Seferele now freqena= ‘30 MHz | TO ensoe = pooper counbog, Freeney chou. | be less thay NOX: freqvengy | amerg | eptins only ©. 8 salisfies | ce . | A conker & Called “OS self chav counter, te { * provides he coun iveespeclive of wPhal soe | & coontey is said to ke Sree “¥onning coon, ei a contains al) te possible catis 979 the | ceunleng Posh wrt follwing stale Counts i the, behoued Eb cour : é 6 ~f ee c © ar — res peck ve. stakes i) mod coonker: , f instal shale iL provides ok, | is self stating | awk <> & Qven &Ha ae ey pRCAUIOY 3 be =. g.skales Mods operalion 4 oiled date 6 5 010, oN, -aer one cleeK cycle. iL gnes meds Coon = 000 4 es ck give, med-S coon courkirg depends 99 wibiat stale Menlo ae week seit. sh beg coun ler Al passiee shakes are nd in counking pu och a Sree roo coonler# wwittal sate is ,ol 3 & gre weds operalion adler 4 chee << Med-s afler Qdlock | ren cooking states Bol Nod cocnlig 6 noe inespeclive of tailtal ghale Self starkeo9 Counler Qo} for proper cferakien cnaxiqnven celag ts ackeks| . minionom dday & odleck. ©\ AL is cater ait sleotiog nor Seo waning Ss eer free conning coor te Seth sheslng Ccombr bal yeverge. “each voek be Jew @ Ter OZ. 2 cont “9 SequnG. ' S 7,(@,8) = eo Tp @, G) = S*% Ape es YOF i) ‘ or ZAP Sloaling St is metther Sree OMIT] ner oo saab 2) conaider —the. felony covoler | oily ‘dente ») ‘ahok wil be the “ aloke afler 4 clocns @oo Bolo tw @io\ 2) Nedolus of the conker @u BS Ce ©7> Sy = Go A T=) re Qs! =Q@ else T=6,=0 av = D= 8 Qy= 0 BE T=G=o 16 Go! = Q else ie @o=0 NS Ben Sry ont _G Kr &] Oy 1 ao Dd ror poy Oo | © a | ve : o 1 ae: | x oO t eo. 6 ; - " 0: 0.0 PS +-2 6 1 e We ii ee | ot.) Tee i | eS { oO { \ ot oe 1 Oo | Oo oY) elf shang Seis cnet Free coi comer © consider the“ Fallexsing counter ca peo, the | COUHE Sequenle d ag is—?BS:a8 iS self srarlig one | | a io ok free, Tonring coonter Ag nchronaus covnkers « the agyndsronovs Ser ave also calle the basic flipflops. and maste woh & ee ae Usa) Sor onplecnebing | up counkking the UP GP gacremertabion + De jo doe seenPe” cksegn, asynchiooo%s, Cookers are peferved ea te. counter - Glertalien. aeyqo & eecade counted te Zl couner re “ae 1S bexods mal counter lk counkeY YG at ke ve ee Lage Qua GL af. 80" \—0 =e, ele EE xHE Q ile ‘Bon = Se else = Qn pesoraykion eo . s L ge yalid ed (clos) OVS mop-B ester de ig sett ling ® free veaning : € Ae we Modes | binary OP coonler r=. AbD & Da de Both ve saree ok @ ig fter Ive Ro : eee ri rere ere rte ett : oe“Jo- 2Tan => be Sel T) = WYeLke . Togs . = 27 =. Ft = Bo To = STK ~ =27 => = AL =p Each flipflop acd as Mod 2. Coonkr when combined mod g Comber . Med 2. counter 1 Meda > Nod counter covnker S00k te ee a Nokure of — | position of \Nokure of clockedge. eck -Peedeoas Goookig — ve. sve Grede) | ve athe position cl Fead baa, cs fe © nohxe of eclge ore wue onkched aben et &%s devon caundeg = Fe |_| ctherutse opcdvaliyy -+ve roe Qve dp). .| Down ‘ j “ave fae oop | ee | _ ~~ 9 whak, 3 the coonking Perforened by prarg countey On ane? 10>}! ~oval sia @ op- ae 30) 4A) ght Se SS @yuENU RO Cree es we cag tare clock fealleack is false olf Cee at. OP. coonti ig s laey A 9 consider the Soll ewoing asynchroncas coker which has Foebtal doe Aho = 101what wil) the skola offer U cloak ques eS Bon = F- Ome GB if b+ 1-30 (orW:0-1) = else / Su= & Hf ato! =@® ele ah) a fay coven cease : <= he erodes F agynchrene counter & veswecked dp -the valve “K’ (ke synchro clear contrat XE! gs chrono coun, perfor AY enctigt we OS FeO lh — the ovkpo of and gele B gre conke\ 31900! of all “She, FuepFlors The. cLeAR is low achive uhenee Nand gee ae Plep-Llops clear aperoseles- Z ges1g iY od-S exggnch T0009 counter B 5 <8 BEF yeqpived coed 3 Bok. win NPS, Bal only ed \) x os af!) using NAND feedback ond \ | h i2 ) clk cK DB: © @D-+ “GOK crack veshectfor) on soppese delay of AND ge 8 2, cflar aes, EF clay themselves £0 lol shale — there axe ony 5S compete doralion ‘stakes. *. Mod-= — coucker \ol 3 state is ok completa duralion. SP n= the -akeove>- ~-cocoker; she —ilp of NAvD gale Be QO then uhak & mraddlos of counter @©s @¢ e1 ©8 vel © ~ a bicasy @|——| ~ AP. oct \ . [ J ae Qf veo, abot © the modules A weo en olp oF BAND ges & . Ae does aot disturb coolig path aa 16 Mod-16 Cooker Se @=h) =) chen poh wane 0Clea Synaie ' acewases 76 @, & & & GinOes le Oe Ap Me), iLiis Nod-lo conker sit galt * 1 = sheft Registers ave, vised “Dd Feoplarnent att malic Bf vations : vefeehatt = purleplecation YY a Right sherk ¢ putson kA 2 — pasic flepflop ‘5 D- flepflep — sheft ‘Regtckers ave. chssified aged on Fo hey ave @dcloaded . ard eu the | 1 Cyd er used -for date Emans}ér : gist 5. serfal. eu = slowed ohtft Regisker exso- Sertal. + Zfo- Serial £0 parallel ot eh 0 cota concer cal peso — Parallel 0 sertat ot | ° pryo — parallel 40 gavalel ovk- : rpo— & e s do convert Seria) expo Recetving Seckt0n HY Co yalel do Pree — ~Hansefthg sec foe are t[p : ~ Yoewce =f efor | peasisseo | DA srt spl Register %s operabed fm expo mode the dypt Register 16 using imtte clock. How reuch time. A taxes 40 complete both leading & Keadheg @\HS O2ss Gaus O@O 63ans « go) 3> bit srpo => 22 clock ayes ebckyce = 1 ié | = ius [ BD NS i Bo ao Bs 8 BL @[-—SO= ¥ ani as saa : 2 Ab is operates! in arco. Lood 2.4 a = Ol serially and read Serta Sa: cuK \ ps |e} NS Row ae {2s St Sou 8in = 80 les ¢ pO ue & < vs o (660 \* oO sy already present-at- ofp "Le _|poo \4| of sot 00.1 ol) ah o\¢ fFsoppse FE ® pore oy ~ ~ Fob PL % os aclcns 2 ClocKS = Bt ter. AF as inittal © consider the follonsing sherk eat? vale is 010, udhok win be the datos & refiser at the end cf 6 clock cycles an she ar “for & cloek eycleste Assome thok_. \VOO\'" SD ent = Do = &2- Sw= DF QOL @y= P2 = Q os i |e BS : ny SN Gon@ in the ‘abvne problenn ot was -foond . the status of sheft Register % lO ak the erd 6F tum | clock cycles - whak win be fhe inthral stele, sips e & coo, © 600,10 K¥ool ol Ooo | Bs | CLK] - PS ws ; Q Op 8 TL) Qn On Gon ‘ Le. lorie S}) 11 0 , — / cor. gone OO, / : 5.6 | i : pte { G2 7 = Bon : | AN = Gott / Que 0 = = Gn | cue, Qo \ ce 8 es 9S. stnilicl sla, slp aan be. oO, eit Opa, C1 ;dO, 10 poi, oO‘ (oR) . d . check Sn options 2 or ta jes Ve be a\ 0S : oe ONG Goo! | oto O10 (|\AB> =|. 6160] 100 @ rs _£\s , ou_ol[ lio i TO) | 1A Seqpenttal coreutl @® chat is +he Gonclion of follouseg ef the Pest wh diet & ecet ® Bs 8 "e ope Q Ss 1S _commplamentor. (hie a x® A acl a er os as x@ ” arerg| ko Gey comer 7@Q 1 gay te bina.wy a ap -% oe | YEO —=S DE Gomploret is OF OF | <— ” pe | 1 oO, / pet den Seadoo / boo 4 om | 1 os complement: | \ flip-flop 46 sollecient is soffitie +0 jenplemwak ag ik fs ‘having 2 ctalg —the abe ciccuet is Sertal os commplamortor 4b does ook vequive any venerbers. C0 odders. hee % - vestriclron 09 te ip lergth (ip st) Consider the olowieg stake table of a sepenteal ng hoo stales- mackene Which has — ene ae one Ap a eth the inbol dale A= B=0- cohakis the pinimute ey We | stig bares the wrachine to the sak 4=1, 8-0 and Fel ps $19 @ | ~. a \ Howe mio seing Jus U ¥ en f {aya SIE cebectors | “these ave’ use| 0 debeck walid Seprane and iovalid seqpenie (tye, V4). cthe pl con be --> cverbpprg nade seo nonoverle-pping nabore. -- af sequent. detecor wed bo detec valtd sequence aL & called ave cequence delechor, 9 FL & veer delechoy tavalid sequence hen ik is called Ve Sopeve 7 debeckor 7 no Sequence celeckor with less than neshates detects sre sequence length + nt BD Hooke neverlappion ‘p's a Aotalty received! and One frame is 5D . other frame 6 $0 he peowscof Giving these ave’ vsefl to deleck Beb— Sespence: eve lappi — . Grom the Curent state oF Correnk Papyt the next ‘ stale con be / ~ ' ) sesleal stale sf 3b & ak ¥ celeclion that stake which leads Qick Hlection poctore to_sig? _seavence_debector : cuneate the. state Aegraro ar-the skelelon path spece ble» to continue. the Cald sequence. path) RAL ach) sabe efice the Binary Lranst Lorn 3. sckolthy eqcivalea- stakes and merge themAeheclor tp detect dhe sequorne.| Yo ® Desig — Sequence e : Spo, au, 9985 . 2 Lu shales 472. (2) GONE Th MEM en . es : wre | FS vp. poiknily the Ip © cepied at ap =x) ond conkinved to do So 4eIh gk veceneg 00 Conseculne. Zeros « Fron they onwards the olp & the vilwise. Comnplomank of YP: (2-8) HE emropementabion will continve onl ek veces 40 conseculive: O25: fron the onwards tt repeals “jhe behawicor: what Uml\ be the min eo. of states in this bi y craonel- : : oe de @r @s ou @s5 \ @can be elimindled. ‘ ® coosider Oo sequential machine uchich has + Sp ard & dfs, Ansbally re dps are cons) hY remain 99 - Fe same stale are & the -Pilowteg event Occurs Gurk a: Ze = Nyet2 Pen for xt and isbseqpet @ Pps # € dlp % Y= !0 L GuenkQe N= Zeer Her Sor xth and Sulasequent aps the op % YNr= Olwhere Nx, Zk denctes tokal novof as and os to fle fick 6h bt gg AF stl Ke, THEI, UREA whet will be tbe mintno: ef ishalis ip Sequentil machine @2 2 ©4 &F i Spe ek ss win legth+o Min, cath + 00 Get. min lergth@ >u 7 this Saqprenvial waaching. represents eFther co fo th : lio 10 be ol Here sygecet Here the clabe qo repesenl-, equal m0 of as ae received: athe sale 4% %, WE | one evra er than OTF & weversa ols 9 apeal m-of vepre seabing reception of~ te ot dale q TEM 7 - ak shale Go Zmemetl » t=NA at shale 4 BPK=zKt, N=Zzt) vate stoh ao. derdo First Lime recetvr of #00 Zee crore than ~ONeS G gN+2 eat = Met) Similaaly ok da, | BK=FKAD wl oe e Nte D consider & eapertial machine iohich has. ove PhP cand one oP The rrachin€e is ou to vecefe doa Gg os & wleck of 26. Foe She cored operation re x co of bs an FES block mos be cad: and He. mo-of Vs in OreS block rood be even: Ary Vololien 4p this oxder sds the op + aggatost ye Bk wh ff oppostte Upc. bok will basthen cal no: of stakes i thie equensal. modes. az o4 or © 6 aCe eee “=N Ss du \w0 of |e 43,0 Tost ~ ~~ Feu, %, 4, bYB® lek ae is tapoh ab A fn H clock £ x=100111 opti for 6 cléckeyces. hak is ¥ — » —Y. Oar A} Agty As D VOSA, Al A) Ag As AG “© A as ad ay Aor / Q@avsa Ay Ay AG wa. Gq = Y=DaXAT RE > Ow- Ba H x=0 =” else closks ees ee’ x G8 tt 4 Y AN A Ay As AG > vealtsabion ensue for whak values of 8° - z-\ ofler 3 cles cajcles *y G) Ook. _@ 00 ® 10) © ow ae Lol ae ne ww 1h . J 4% : : 8 Be “Qo= Do = * Owe = BS Zz C'Y &