GEOMETRICAL

AND
MACHINE DRAWING
[ I N F I R S T- ANG L E P R O JEC TI O N M ETHO D ]

By
N. D. Bhatt, V. M. Panchal

Edition : 20th Edition : 2014

ISBN : 9789380358895
Size : 170 mm × 240 mm
Binding : Paperback
` 225.00 Pages : 408 + 16 = 424

About the book CONTENT

This text-book follows:   1 : DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES
(i) the metric system of length measurement and   2 : SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING
  3 : LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING
(ii) first-angle method of orthographic projection.
  4 : SCALES
However, the third-angle projection method has not been completely ignored.   5 : GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
The topics of the subject matter are covered in 22 well-arranged chapters — therein it now   6 : CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE
contains:   7 : LOCI OF POINTS
* 914 Self–explanatory and neatly drawn diagrams   8 : PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION
* 230 Worked examples (Problems)   9 : ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
10 : OBLIQUE PROJECTION
* 500 Exercises at the end of chapters
11 : CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO
*   36 Useful tables ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
It describes in an easy-to-follow style and with application of the principles of orthographic 12 : SECTIONAL VIEWS
projection, forms, proportions and uses of simple machine, engine and boiler parts. 13 : ORTHOGRAPHIC READING OR INTERPRETATION
OF VIEWS
The techniques of freehand sketching, dimensioning, conversion of pictorial views and
interpretation of views are treated in clear and simple manner. Most of the orthographic views 14 : SCREW THREADS
are accompanied by the pictorial views of the objects to enable the students to visualize the 15 : SCREWED FASTENINGS
shapes easily. 16 : KEYS, COTTER-JOINTS, PIN-JOINTS
The book covers the syllabi in Engineering Drawing of the First Year of the three year Diploma 17 : SHAFT COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AN BRAKES
courses in various branches of Engineering conducted by the Department of Technical 18 : PIPE JOINTS
Education, for I.T.I. students and also to the candidates reading for the A.M.I.E. and U.P.S.C. 19 : RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS
Examinations.
20 : SHAFT BEARINGS, BRACKETS AND HANGERS
21 : PULLEYS
22 : ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
Index

Checklist
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 GEOMETRICAL AND MACHINE DRAWING
Detailed Contents
Chapter 1 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES Extension or projection lines
1-0. Introduction Construction lines
1-1. Drawing board Hatching or section lines
1-2. T-square Leader or pointer lines
1-3. Set-squares Border lines
1-4. Drawing instrument box Short-break lines
(i) Large-size compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs Long-break lines
(ii) Lengthening bar Hidden or dotted lines
(iii) Small bow compass Centre lines
(iv) Large-size divider Cutting-plane lines
(v) Small bow divider Chain thick
(vi) Small bow ink-pen Chain thick double-dashed
(vii) Inking pen 3-2. Lettering
1-5. Scales I. Single-stroke letters
1-6. Protractor II. Gothic letters
1-7. French curves 3-3. Dimensioning
1-8. Drawing papers Types of dimensions
1-9. Drawing pencils 3-4. Dimensioning terms and notations
1-10. Eraser (Rubber) Dimension line
1-11. Drawing pins Extension line
1-12. Sand-paper block Arrowhead
1-13. Duster Leader
1-14. Drafting machine 3-5. Placing of dimensions
1-15. General suggestions for drawing a sheet (i) Aligned system
(i) Cleaning the instruments (ii) Unidirectional system
(ii) Pinning the paper to the drawing board 3-6. Unit of dimensioning
(iii) Border lines, To draw the border lines 3-7. General rules for dimensioning
(iv) Spacing of drawings 3-8. Practical hints on dimensioning
Exercises I (a) Continuous or chain dimensioning
Chapter 2 SHEET LAYOUT AND SKETCHING (b) Progressive or parallel dimensioning
2-1. Sheet layout Exercises III
Sheet sizes Chapter 4 SCALES
Margin 4-0. Introduction
Border lines 4-1. Scales
Borders and frames (i) Engineer’s scale
Orientation mark (ii) Graphical scale
Grid reference system (iii) Representative fraction
Title block 4-2. Scales on drawings
List of parts or the bill of materials 4-3. Types of scales
Revisions of drawing (i) Plain scales
Folding marks
(ii) Diagonal scales
Scales and scale drawing
Principle of diagonal scale
2-2. Types of machine drawings
(iii) Comparative scales
(i) Production drawing
(i) Inch scale
(ii) Exploded assembly drawing
(ii) Comparative scale
(iii) Schematic assembly drawing
(i) Scale of miles
(iv) Drawing for instruction manual
(ii) Scale of kilometres
(v) Drawing for installation
(iv) Vernier scales
(vi) Drawing for catalogue
Principle of vernier
(vii) Tabular drawing
Least count of a vernier
(viii) Patent drawing
(i) Forward vernier
2-3. Sketching
Sketching materials (ii) Backward vernier
To sketch straight lines (v) Scale of chords
To sketch circles and arcs Exercises IV
Sketching procedure Chapter 5 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
Exercises II 5-0. Introduction
Chapter 3 LINES, LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING 5-1. Bisecting a line
3-0. Introduction 5-2. To draw perpendiculars
3-1. Lines 5-3. To draw parallel lines
Line thickness 5-4. To divide a line
Inked drawings 5-5. To bisect an angle
Pencil drawings 5-6. To trisect an angle
Types of Lines 5-7. To find the centre of an arc
Outlines 5-8. To construct equilateral triangles
Margin lines (a) With T-square and set-square only
Dimension lines (b) With the aid of a compass
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5-9. To construct squares Chapter 8 PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTION
5-10. To construct regular polygons 8-0 Engineering drawing
(a) Inscribe circle method 8-1. Principle of projection
(b) Arc method 8-2. Methods of projection
Alternative method 8-3. Orthographic projection
5-11. Special methods of drawing regular polygons 8-3-1. First-angle projection
5-12. Regular polygons inscribed in circles 8-3-2. Third-angle projection
5-13. To draw regular figures using T-square and set-squares B.I.S. code of practice
5-14. To draw tangents Symbols for methods of projection
(a) External tangents Combination of two methods
(b) Internal tangents 8-4. Isometric projection
5-15. Lengths of arcs 8-5. Oblique projection
5-16. Circles and lines in contact 8-6. Perspective projection
5-17. Inscribed circles Exercises VIII
Exercises V
Chapter 9 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
Chapter 6 CURVES USED IN ENGINEERING PRACTICE
9-0. Introduction
6-0. Introduction
9-1. Isometric axes, lines and planes
6-1. Conic sections
9-2. Isometric scale
6-1-1. Ellipse
9-3. Isometric drawing or isometric view
(a) General method of construction of an ellipse
9-4. Isometric graph
(b) Construction of ellipse by other methods
9-5. Illustrative problems
Normal and tangent to an ellipse
9-5-1. Isometric drawing of planes or plane figures
6-1-2. Parabola
I. Method of points
(a) General method of construction of a parabola
II. Four-centre method
(b) Construction of parabola by other methods
9-5-2. Isometric drawing of prisms and pyramids
6-1-3. Hyperbola
Methods of drawing non-isometric lines
Rectangular hyperbola
(i) Box method
General method of construction of a hyperbola
(ii) Offset method
6-1-4. Tangents and normals to conics
9-5-3. Isometric drawing of cylinders
(a) General method
9-5-4. Isometric drawing of cones
(b) Other methods of drawing tangents to conics
9-5-5. Isometric drawing of sphere
6-2. Cycloidal curves
9-6. Typical problems
6-2-1. Cycloid
Exercises IX
Normal and tangent to a cycloid curve
6-2-2. Trochoid Chapter 10 OBLIQUE PROJECTION
6-2-3. Epicycloid and hypocycloid 10-0. Introduction
Normal and tangent to an epicycloid and a hypocycloid 10-1. Principle of the oblique projection
6-2-4. Epitrochoid 10-2. The oblique projection and the isometric projection
6-2-5. Hypotrochoid 10-3. Receding lines and receding angles
6-3. Involute 10-4. Types of the oblique projection
Normal and tangent to an involute (i) Cavalier projection
6-4. Evolutes (ii) Cabinet projection
6-5. Spirals 10-5. Rules for the choice of position of an object
6-5-1. Archemedian spiral 10-6. Steps for drawing the oblique projection
Normal and tangent to an Archemedian spiral Exercises X
6-5-2. Logarithmic or equiangular spiral
Chapter 11 CONVERSION OF PICTORIAL VIEWS INTO
6-6. Helix
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
6-6-1. A method of drawing a helical curve
11-0. Introduction
6-6-2. Helical springs
(i) First-angle projection method
(a) Helical spring of a wire of square cross-section
(ii) Third-angle projection method
(b) Helical spring of a wire of circular cross-section
11-1. Orthographic projection
6-6-3. Screw threads
11-2. Procedure for preparing a scale-drawing
6-6-4. Helix upon a cone
6-7 Cam 11-3. Illustrative problems
Exercises VI Exercises XI
Miscellaneous problems Solutions to Exercises XI

Chapter 7 LOCI OF POINTS Chapter 12 SECTIONAL VIEWS

7-0. Introduction 12-0. Introduction
7-1. Loci of points 12-1. Cutting-plane line
7-2. Simple mechanisms 12-2. Types of sectional views
7-2-1. The slider-crank mechanism 12-2-1. Full section
7-2-2. A four-bar mechanism 12-2-2. Half section
Exercises VII 12-2-3. Partial or broken section
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12-2-4. Revolved section Cap nut
12-2-5. Removed section Dome nut
12-2-6. Offset section Cylindrical or capstan nut
12-3. Sectioning conventions Ring nut
12-4. Hatching or section lines Wing nut
12-5. Conventions of section lines 15-3. Washers
Illustrative problems 15-4. Types of bolts
Exercises XII 15-5. Forms of bolts
Solutions to exercises XII Hexagonal-headed bolt
Chapter 13 ORTHOGRAPHIC READING OR INTERPRETATION 15-6. Methods of preventing rotation of a bolt while screwing a
OF VIEWS nut on or off it
13-0. Introduction Square-headed bolt
13-1. Reading of orthographic views (Blue-print reading) Cylindrical or cheese-headed bolt
13-2. Missing lines and missing views Cup-headed or round-headed bolt
13-3. Identification of planes T-headed bolt
Exercises XIII Countersunk-headed bolt
Solutions to exercises XIII Hook bolt
Headless tapered bolt
Chapter 14 SCREW THREADS
Eye-bolt
14-0. Introduction
Lifting eye-bolt
14-1. Definitions
Crest Tap-bolt or cap-screw
Root Stud-bolt or stud
Flank 15-7. Set-screws
Angle 15-8. Locking arrangements for nuts
Depth (i) Lock-nut or check-nut
Nominal diameter (ii) Split-pin
Outside or major diameter (iii) Slotted nut
Core or minor diameter (iv) Castle nut
Effective diameter (v) Sawn nut or Wiles nut
Pitch (vi) Simmond’s lock-nut
Lead (vii) Penn, ring or grooved nut
Slope (viii) Stop-plate or locking-plate
14-2. Forms of screw threads (ix) Spring-washer
14-2-1. Triangular or V threads 15-9. Foundation bolts
(a) Unified thread (i) Eye foundation bolt
(b) Metric thread (ii) Rag bolt
(c) Whitworth thread (iii) Lewis bolt
(d) British Standard Fine and British Standard Pipe threads (iv) Cotter bolt
(e) Sellers thread 15-10. Spanner
(f) British Association thread 15-11. Longitudinal or bar stay
14-2-2. Square thread Exercises XV
(a) Acme thread IS: 7008-1988 Chapter 16 KEYS, COTTER-JOINTS, PIN-JOINTS
(b) Knuckle thread 16-0. Introduction
(c) Buttress thread 16-1. Keys joints
14-3. Conventional representation of threads SP: 46-1988 (i) Taper keys
(a) External threads Sunk taper key
(b) Internal threads Saddle keys
(a) External V thread Round key or pin key
(b) Internal V thread Taper pin
(c) External square thread Gib-head
(d) Internal square thread (ii) Parallel or feather keys
14-4. Multiple-start threads Spline shafts
14-5. Right-hand and left-hand threads Woodruff key
Exercises XIV Cone keys
Chapter 15 SCREWED FASTENINGS Staking-on
15-0. Introduction 16-2. Cotter and cotter joints
15-1. Types of nuts (i) Socket and spigot joint
15-1-1. Hexagonal nut (ii) Sleeve joint
15-1-2. Square nut (iii) Strap joint
15-2. Types of nuts for special purpose 16-3. Pin-joint or Knuckle joint
Flanged nut Exercises XVI
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Chapter 17 SHAFT COUPLINGS, CLUTCHES AND BRAKES Types of welded joints
17-0. Introduction Types of welds
17-1. Fast or rigid couplings 19-7-3. Representation of welded joints
17-1-1. Box or muff coupling Exercises XIX
17-1-2. Half-lap coupling Chapter 20 SHAFT BEARINGS, BRACKETS AND HANGERS
17-1-3. Split-muff coupling 20-0. Introduction
17-2. Flanged coupling (i) A journal bearing
17-2-1. Protected type flange-coupling (ii) A pivot bearing
17-2-2. Solid flanged coupling (iii) A collar or thrust bearing
17-3. Flexible couplings 20-1. Journal bearings
17-3-1. Universal coupling or Hook’s joint 20-1-1. Solid bearing
17-3-2. Oldham’s coupling 20-1-2. Bushed bearing
17-3-3. Gear coupling 20-1-3. Pedestal bearing or plummer block
17-4. Loose or disengaging couplings or clutches 20-1-4. Methods of preventing rotation of brasses in a bearing
17-4-1. Claw coupling or clutch 20-2. Pivot bearing
17-4-2. Conical friction coupling or cone friction clutch 20-2-1. Foot-step bearing
17-4-3. Single plate clutch 20-3. Wall brackets
17-5. Brakes 20-4. Hangers
Exercises XVII 20-5. Wall-plates
Chapter 18 PIPE JOINTS 20-6. Wall-box
18-0. Introduction Exercises XX
18-1. Cast-iron pipes
Chapter 21 PULLEYS
18-1-1. Cast-iron flanged joint
21-0. Introduction
18-1-2. Socket and spigot joint
21-1. Types of Pulleys
18-1-3. Hydraulic joint
21-2. C. I. belt pulleys
18-2. Wrought-iron and steel pipes
21-3. Fast and loose pulleys
18-3. Copper pipes
21-4. Speed cones or stepped pulleys
18-3-1. Union joint
21-5. Split pulleys
18-4. Lead pipes
21-6. Built-up pulleys
18-5. Expansion joints
21-7. Rope pulleys
18-6. Piping drawings
21-8. V-belt pulleys
Exercises XVIII
Exercises XXI
Chapter 19 RIVETED JOINTS AND WELDED JOINTS
19-0. Introduction Chapter 22 ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
19-1. Riveting 22-0. Introduction
19-1-1. Caulking and fullering 22-1. Types of assembly drawings
19-2. Forms and proportions of rivet-heads (i) Designed assembly
19-3. Failure of riveted joints (ii) Layout assembly
19-4. Dimensions of a riveted joint (iii) Installation assembly
19-5. Types of riveted joints (iv) Working drawing assembly
19-5-1. Lap joint (v) General assembly
19-5-2. Butt joint 22-2. Accepted norms to be observed for assembly drawings
19-6. Rolled-steel sections (i) Selection of views
19-6-1. Connection of plates at right angles (ii) Sectioning
19-6-2. Gusset stay (iii) Dotted lines
19-7. Welded joints (iv) Dimensions
19-7-1. Welding (v) Bill of materials
19-7-2. Types of welding process 22-3. Sequences of preparing the assembly drawing
(i) Pressure welding or forge welding Illustrative problems
(ii) Fusion welding Exercises XXII
(iii) Fusion and pressure welding Index

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