CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which the researchers

found relevant to their study.

Related Literature

Electric Utilities are any equipment or fixture that run on electricity which is used

to make life more convenient. Classrooms are of course supposedly equipped with these

utilities for the convenience of the students and teachers likewise.

Visual Inspection is done by maintenance workers to cite the condition of different

utilities.

According to Panero, Zelnick and Chiara (2001), general lighting should be

provided by a center-ceiling fixture, or a standing lamp. Fluorescent lamps are much more

efficient than incandescent, and therefore use much less energy for the same light output,

as much as 80 % less. They also last 10-20 times as long as incandescent. Fluorescent

Lamps are essentially linear, and while they come in many lengths and several shapes, the

light they produce is less readily controlled and is generally dispersed more evenly

resulting in uniform, largely shadowless illumination.

Chiara and Hancock (1973) stated that general requirements for all classroom states

that ceiling should be a maximum of 9 ½ feet high. On electrical services, double electric

outlets should be located in each of the three interior walls, and above all counters for use

of equipment such as projectors and phonographs. Locations near sinks should be avoided.
A fire-alarm system should be placed in all educational rooms. The light switches should

be located at the door.

According to Merritt and Ricketts (2001), on lightning loads, the maximum, and

often the minimum, watts per square foot of floor area to be used in design are specified

by building codes for various usesof lowed wherever possible. Electric engineers, however

may exceed the minimum wattages if the propose use requires more. For example, lighting

may be designed to give a high intensity of illumination, which will require more watts per

square foot than the code minimum. Small facilities may only need emergency power for

emergency and egress lighting, in which case, fixtures with self-contained battery backup

maybe adequate. Larger facilities generally require an engine generator to provide

emergency power. Emergency load are connected to a dedicated panelboard or switchboard

fed through an automatic transfer switch (ATS) that will detect loss of utility power, signal

the generator to start, and transfer the emergency loads onto the generator, all in 10 s or

less. After utility power returns the ATS will retransfer the emergency loads back to utility

power and then stop the generator. To prevent equipment damage and voltage surges, an

ATS should be provided with an in-phase monitor that waits until the generator drifts into

synchronism with the utility source before allowing retransfer.

Kate and Everett (2010) cited that there are many types of electric fans, including

portable or personal-sized fans, industrial-strength high-powered fans, and electric box

fans. Oscillating electric fans circulate air by revolving fan blades as they spin. Some

electric fans are dual powered, meaning they can run on batteries as well as electrical

power. The high-velocity fan may be constructed of coated metal, including the fan blades.

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This type of fan typically features multiple speeds. The interior motor is encased inside the

metal housing. Many people use these fans in garages, offices, and warehouses, but they

are also suitable for very large rooms. The powerful motors of these electric fans will

circulate air more efficiently than a standard fan. Oscillating electric fans may have a floor

stand or be made to sit on a table top. These types of fans allow air circulation from all

directions, as the head of the fan oscillates. The fan head will generally be adjustable for

various angling. The floor-standing models may have various height adjustments.

On Electric Sockets Wiesen and Bailey (2012) mentioned that an electrical socket

is a receptacle found as part of a building or other large structure which can be used to

connect an electronic device to a circuit. These sockets are often “female,” though some

sockets can utilize both “female” and “male” connectors, depending on the design of power

plugs in a particular country. An electrical device usually has a cord that ends in a “male”

connection, with a number of prongs designed to connect to an outlet. Once an electrical

cord is plugged into an electrical socket, then current can flow through that socket, into the

device, providing the charge needed to power it.

Tatum and Harris(2008) defined central air conditioning units are air conditioning

solutions that work to create a pleasant temperature and humidity level within an enclosed

space. They mentioned that in most cases, the main unit is situated on the exterior of the

building and functions with the use of ductwork. In addition to cooling the air and keeping

the humidity at a tolerable level, central air conditioning usually aids in removing dust, lint,

and other allergens from the interior of a home or workplace. There are different designs

or models for central air conditioning units around the world. Many designs call for the use

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of what is known as split air conditioning. This model involves locating the compressor

and the condenser of the unit outside the interior space, such as on a slab situated near an

exterior wall or on the roof of the edifice. Inside the evaporator is located in the air handler

section of the unit, near the ductwork.

Childree (2012) mentioned on his article on fire alarms that there are the two basic

types of fire alarm systems in use today are known as manual and automatic. Both manual

and automatic fire alarm systems can be designed to either protect lives only or protect

lives and property. Automatic fire alarm systems may operate in either a conventional or

addressable configuration. A manual fire alarm relies on an occupant of a building to

discover a fire and hand activate the alarm. This type of fire alarm is generally used in

commercial or industrial buildings where no one will be sleeping. Automatic fire alarms

utilize a network of sensing devices to detect the presence of fire and sound an alarm. In

addition to sounding an alarm, both manual and automatic fire alarm systems can be used

to activate sprinkler systems and notify the fire department.

According to Black(2012), an electrical outlet is an opening or series of openings

connected to a wired power source meant to power electrical equipment and components.

It is one of the most commonly used items in a home or building and can be found nearly

universally, although many countries have different standards or voltages. As a result, not

all outlets, or the components they are intended for, are compatible with each other.

According to Frank(2013), a circuit breaker is an electrical device used in an

electrical panel that monitors and controls the amount of amperes being sent through the

electrical wiring. Circuit breakers come in a variety of sizes. For instance, 10, 15 and 20

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amp breakers are used for most power and lighting needs in the typical home. Some

appliances and specialty items (washers, dryers, freezers, whirlpools, etc.) will require a

larger circuit breaker to handle the electrical load required to run that appliance.

If a power surge occurs in the electrical wiring, the breaker will trip. This means that a

breaker that was in the "on" position will flip to the "off" position and shut down the

electrical power leading from that breaker. Essentially, a circuit breaker is a safety device.

When a circuit breaker is tripped, it may prevent a fire from starting on an overloaded

circuit; it can also prevent the destruction of the device that is drawing the electricity.

Related Studies Forign

In the Study ofAbellar et.al. entitles “Electrical Load Study for the SMU College”,

they also counted the different electric utilities or appliance for the schoolyear 2009-2010.

They listed them according to their power usage. Their study included the types of lamp

according to its power consmption. We can use this information to compare the number of

utilities we have also visual inspected and counted.

Also, one similar study to ours was the thesis of Civil Engineering Students of SMU

entitled ” Visual Inspection of the Three Major Bridges in San Juan River”. They used

camera to document their observations

Synthesis

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 The study of the Civil Engineerng students was a descriptive-evaluative type like

ours and where they primarily used visual inspection and camera for their documentation.

We used the study on electrical loads also as a baisi and reference for our study.

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