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Almost every year, a large earthquake occurs somewhere in the world and
captures the public's attention. Meanwhile, every day thousands of smaller tremors
solid and stable, the earth is, in fact, constantly shifting under our feet.
a thin, hard shell that floats on the denser, hotter rock of the mantle. The crust is
divided into several pieces known as tectonic plates that are constantly in motion,
As they slide past one another, the tectonic plates snag on rough patches of
rock. They lock together like Velcro. However, even though the fault boundaries are
locked together, the plates still move, pulling at the entangled sections. This pulling
can further crack the Earth's crust, creating more faults near the plate boundaries.
An earthquake occurs when the pressure built up along a fault becomes stronger than
the pressure holding the rocks together. Then the rocks on either side of the fault
suddenly rip apart, sometimes at supersonic speeds. The two sides of the fault slide
past one another, releasing the pent-up pressure. Energy from this separation radiates
earthquake.
Even though the tectonic plates slide at a regular rate over time, the way that
faults release stored energy is different with each earthquake, said Shimon
& Atmospheric Sciences. "Every earthquake doesn't repeat exactly what happened
before. Sometimes there is a big earthquakes, sometimes there are two or three
quakes that result from the crust adjusting to the main shock. These aftershocks can
help scientists target the origin of the main quake, but can create problems for those
Tsunamis
If the earthquake occurs in the ocean, it can push up powerful waves, known
earthquake creates large tsunami waves, similar to a child splashing in the bathtub.
In this photo taken by a tourist Eric Skitzi from England, tourists watch as
tsunami waves hit the shore from a safe place inside Casuarina Beach Hotel resort in
Dec. 26, 2004. The resort hotel lifeguards noticed waves were huge and sounded
warning to all tourists around the hotel beach area to run to the safety area. The
Measuring earthquakes
and how much it has slipped. Because these faults extend from the surface down to
several miles deep, geologists can't simply visit the source to calculate these
Richter scale. The moment magnitude scale provides a better idea of the shaking and
possible damage from earthquakes of all kinds around the world. [Related: Whatever
Earthquakes with magnitudes less than 3 occur every day, and are generally
annually. Every year, at least one earthquake with a magnitude over 8 — a "great"
Earthquake Visualized]
By using the readings from at least three seismographs, geologists can
triangulate the origin of the earthquake. At the fault, that origin is called the
for instance, are unlikely to be shocked if they feel the ground shuddering beneath
their feet. But a draft map released by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2014 reveals
that 42 out of the 50 states have a moderate to high seismic hazard risk.
Scientists have not yet come up with a way to forecast earthquakes. Although
animals are reputed to have a sixth sense when it comes to these vibrations, no
research has confirmed it, much less determined how such predictions might occur.
In many cases, animals are simply sensing the arrival of earthquake waves that go
unnoticed by people.
earthquakes in the future. For instance, along the tectonic plate boundary off the
western shore of South America, researchers have mapped the location of historical
earthquakes and found "seismic gaps" — zones with no recent large earthquake
quakes. And indeed, scientists had forecast a major earthquake in a seismic gap near
Maule, Chile, which was hit by a magnitude-8.8 temblor in 2010. "There have been
some very successful forecasts based on the seismic gap theory," Wdowinski said.
Even without such forecasts, there are some basic things that can be done to
home and car, and communicate with your loved ones a plan for any type of disaster
(not just for earthquakes). Such preparation can make a difference not only
If you live in known earthquake territory, make sure your shelves are firmly
attached to the walls, with heavy objects on lower shelves. Keep heavy objects away
from beds and sitting areas, and fasten fixtures such as large televisions to the walls.
Locate a safe place in each room, under a sturdy desk or table, where you can seek
refuge from falling objects. Reinforced doorways can be a safe shelter, but most
indoor doorways are not strong enough; a sturdy desk is likely to provide more
If you are outside, get into an open area, away from structures or bridges.
According to FEMA, many deaths in the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred
when people ran outside, only to be crushed by falling debris from collapsing
structures. Remember that the shaking ground rarely causes injury or death; instead,
it is the falling objects that result from the quake. If you are in a car, stop as soon as
you are able, but stay inside the car. If you are at or near the beach, move quickly
are generally followed by aftershocks. Keep an eye (and a nose) out for gas leaks. If
you were inside during the quake, move outside. Listen for public service
Famous quakes
1811-1812 — Missouri. In the early 19th century, the New Madrid series of
earthquakes rattled the central United States. No seismographs existed at the time, so
the quakes ranged between 7 and 8. Huge waves formed on the Mississippi, causing
from the earthquake, on the San Andreas Fault, and resulting fire.
1923 — Tokyo, Japan, Magnitude: 7.9. One of the world's most destructive
earthquakes, more than 142,000 people died from collapsing buildings and the
1960 — Chile, Magnitude: 9.5. The largest earthquake ever recorded, the 1960
quake in Chile killed more than 1,600 people, with many of the deaths resulting from
tsunamis. Waves reached 38 feet (11.5 meters) and carried debris as far as 2 miles
century, the quake killed more than 227,000 people. Powerful tsunami waves
2011 — Japan, Magnitude: 9.0. More than 15,000 people were killed when
overwhelmed a nuclear reactor, creating new problems for people in the midst of
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are the result of plate tectonics, or shifting plates in the crust of
Earth, and quakes occur when the frictional stress of gliding plate boundaries builds
and causes failure at a fault line. In an earthquake, elastic strain energy is released
and waves radiate, shaking the ground. Scientists can predict where major temblors
might occur in a general sense, but research does not yet allow forecasts for specific
tsunamis, have leveled entire cities and affected whole countries. Relatively minor