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For a CNC, machine control unit (MCU) decides cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, tool selection ,
coolant on /off and tool paths.
The MCU issues commands in form of numeric data to motors that position slides and tool
accordingly.
By integrating a computer processor, computer numerical control, or “CNC” as it is now known, allows
part machining programs to be edited and stored in the computer memory as well as permitting
quality control functions during the actual machining.
All CNC machining begins with a part program, which is a sequential instruction or coded command
that directs the specific machine functions.
The part program may be manually generated or, more commonly, generated by computer aided part
programming systems.
Program Input
Different ways of data input are :
MDI : Manual Data Input
PROGRAM PREPARATION WITH CAD /CAM
PROGRAM DATA TRANSFER FROM PC TO CNC machine.
Cutting Speed
Cutting speed varies from one fabric to the other.
For densely woven fabrics (like denim), the speed required for cutting is more and vice versa.
Knits can be cut at an average speed of 2,500 rpm while 14 oz. denim may require 7500 rpm to cut it.
Some cutters also have a liquid silicon system with cooling device set up to at the top of the knife to
make sure that the heat is not generated and if it does the heat never reaches the top of the knife.
Operators can easily adjust cut speed and knife speed according to the type of material being cut to
maximize throughput.
Overall speed of cutting fabric is generally 5 to 12 m/min.
The Cutting Table
Bristle bed
Nylon bristles present on the cutting table support fabric
layers. They are flexible enough to permit penetration and
movement of the knife blade which is supported only at
the top. These bristles allow the passage of air through the
table to create a vacuum, reducing the height of lay and
holding it in place.
1. TUB vacuum : Tub suction applies equal amount of suction overall the cutting area.
Integrated vacuum system holds materials securely in place for effective and accurate cutting.
2. LOCALIZED vacuum: Localized vacuum is used for creating suction only at areas surrounding the
blade and not the entire cutting area. Integrated "intelligent" zoned vacuum system holds down
the lay at cutting location. Vacuum exhaust stack recycles heated air.
3. PLY SENSING vacuum: This is a very efficient and power saving system of creating vacuum in the
cutting area. Amount of vacuum generated depends upon the number of fabric layers. Once
fabric plies are placed on the cutting table and vacuum generation is started, sensors detect
height of the lay and generate only the amount of vacuum sufficient for holding the layers. This
way energy consumption is reduced to a large amount in cases where length and of plies is
lesser than the cutting dimensions.
Role of re-sealer (polyethylene sheet)
CNC prevents on-grain cutting as there is a laser pointer which checks the direction of fabric lay.
The machine moves over the lay before cutting. The laser pointer checks the direction of fabric
selvedge and changes the blade orientation according to the grain .
It is necessary to set the re- grinding frequency of cutting blade as the blade gets torn out day by
day so if we grind it by the same frequency it damages knife, therefore different grinding
frequencies are set for the blade.
Long vertical knife strokes and automatic knife re-sharpening eliminate hanging threads ensuring
quality cut parts from top to bottom ply.
A motorized drill behind the cutting head can provide drill holes as required.
Maximum height of the lay to be cut is usually 7.5 cm when compressed.
Working Principle
Software Requirements
G Code
The "instructions" read by CNC machines are usually a human
readable format called G-Code. The machine is set up with a base
unit, like inch or mm, and a command of G01 X500 Y200 Z100 on a
metric mm setup tells the machine it needs to move.
Example: 500 units on the X axis and 200 units on the Y axis and 100
on z axis.
CNC Programming
The method of accurate work positioning in relation to the cutting tool is called the “rectangular
coordinate system.” On the vertical mill, the horizontal base line is designated the “X” axis, while the
vertical base line is designated the “Y” axis. The “Z” axis is at a right angle, perpendicular to both the “X”
and “Y” axes.
Increments for all base lines are specified in linear measurements, for most machines the smallest
increment is one ten-thousandth of an inch (.0001). If the machine is graduated in metric the smallest
increment is usually one thousandth of a millimeter (.001mm).
The rectangular coordinate system allows the mathematical plotting of points in space. These points or
locations are called “coordinates.” The coordinates in turn relate to the tool center and dictate the “tool
path” through the work.
CNC Axis (x, y, and z)
The z-axis is one of three axes for the CNC The z-axis allows the router to move in the up and
down direction. The CNC z-axis is very important to the CNC machines. Without this axis, depth
cannot be created.
The function of the y-axis serves as a motor mount to move the z-axis in addition to the slide
mechanism.
Motion of knife
CNC FEED DRIVES
Positioning accuracy, speeds of working motions, accelerations and smooth motions – all depend on the
feed drive system.
Professional solutions require applying servo drives, and for less demanding applications, step motors are
sufficient.
In the case of step motors all machine movements consist of a large number of single steps. Each step,
depending on the drive ratio and the amount of microsteps, is from 0005 to 0.1mm. Drives of this type have a
very simple structure, which results in a relatively low price. A certain disadvantage is the lack of the
measurement of position, and in certain difficult circumstances (overloading) the coordinates may be lost
(lost steps), which may cause damage to the processed work piece or the tool.
Servo drives are devoid of such shortcomings. Their work consists in constant striving to achieve zero
deviation, i.e. the difference between the value set and the value measured. The head position is constantly
read by the incremental encoders, which can measure the position of the head with the accuracy coming up
to 0.001mm.. When the load increases, the engine increases the power to prevent arising the deviation of the
position, and in the case of exceeding a certain load, the system stops the machine and informs the operator
about the need for intervention.
Ease of operating
Easily retrieve cutting setup files for quick retrieval to accelerate future cut jobs.
Continuous, real-time, graphical display of operating parameters, vacuum level and cut speed provides
a comprehensive overview of the entire cutting process.
User screen displays cut job, including the sequence of cut pieces, for verification; displays cutting
progress.
Graphical user interface simplifies operator training and daily use
Advantages of CNC
Flexibility of operation is improved, as is the ability to produce complex shapes with good dimensional
accuracy, repeatability, reduced scrap loss, and high production rates.
Machine adjustments are easy to make with microcomputers.
More operations can be performed with each setup, and less lead time for setup and machining is
required compared to conventional methods.
Design changes are facilitated, and inventory is reduced.
Programs can be prepared rapidly and can be recalled at any time utilizing microprocessors. Less
paperwork is involved.
Faster prototype production is possible.
Required operator skill is less than that for a qualified machinist, and the operator has more time to
attend to other tasks in the work area.
Advantages of CNC