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The RISEof
VERTICAL FARMS
Growing crops in city skyscrapers would use less water and fossil fuel than
outdoor farming, eliminate agricultural runoff and provide fresh food
By Dickson Despommier
T
ogether the world’s 6.8 billion people use having higher yields— a result of genetic modifi-
land equal in size to South America to cation and more powerful agrochemicals. Even
grow food and raise livestock— an as- if this solution were to be implemented, it is a
tounding agricultural footprint. And demogra- short-term remedy at best, because the rapid shift
phers predict the planet will host 9.5 billion peo- in climate continues to rearrange the agricultural
ple by 2050. Because each of us requires a mini- landscape, foiling even the most sophisticated
KEY CONCEPTS mum of 1,500 calories a day, civilization will strategies. Shortly after the Obama administra-
have to cultivate another Brazil’s worth of land— tion took office, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu
■ Farming is ruining the
environment, and not one billion hectares— if farming continues to be warned that climate change could wipe out farm-
enough arable land re- practiced as it is today. That much new, arable ing in California by the end of the century.
mains to feed a projected earth simply does not exist. To quote the great What is more, if we continue wholesale de-
9.5 billion people by 2050. American humorist Mark Twain: “Buy land. forestation just to generate new farmland, glob-
They’re not making it any more.” al warming will accelerate at an even more cat-
■ Growing food in glass
high-rises could drastical- Agriculture also uses 70 percent of the world’s astrophic rate. And far greater volumes of agri-
ly reduce fossil-fuel emis- available freshwater for irrigation, rendering it cultural runoff could well create enough aquatic
sions and recycle city unusable for drinking as a result of contamina- “dead zones” that turn most estuaries and even
wastewater that now pol- tion with fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and parts of the oceans into barren wastelands.
lutes waterways. silt. If current trends continue, safe drinking wa- As if all that were not enough to worry about,
■ A one-square-block farm ter will be impossible to come by in certain foodborne illnesses account for a significant
30 stories high could yield densely populated regions. Farming consumes number of deaths worldwide — Salmonella,
as much food as 2,400 huge quantities of fossil fuels, too — 20 percent cholera, Escherichia coli and Shigella, to name
outdoor acres, with less of all the gasoline and diesel fuel used in the U.S. just a few. Even more of a problem are life-
subsequent spoilage. The resulting greenhouse gases are of course a threatening parasitic infections, such as malaria
■ Existing hydroponic major concern, but so is the price of food as it be- and schistosomiasis. Furthermore, the common
greenhouses provide a comes linked to the price of fuel, a mechanism practice of using human feces as a fertilizer in
basis for prototype verti- that doubled the cost of eating in most places most of Southeast Asia, many parts of Africa
cal farms now being con- worldwide between 2005 and 2008. and Central and South America (commercial
sidered by urban planners Some agronomists believe that the solution fertilizers are too expensive) facilitates the
in cities worldwide. lies in even more intensive industrial farming, spread of parasitic worm infections that inflict
—The Editors carried out by an ever decreasing number of high- 2.5 billion people.
ly mechanized farming consortia that grow crops Clearly, radical change is needed. One stra-
= crop land
the size of
natural cycles of nutrient renewal that intact
ecosystems use to sustain themselves. We must
South America
switch to agricultural technologies that are
6.8 billion people
more ecologically sustainable.
As the noted ecologist Howard Odum sagely
observed: “Nature has all the answers, so what
2050
is your question?” Mine is: How can we all live
well and at the same time allow for ecological
= + repair of the world’s ecosystems? Many climate
experts — from officials at the United Nations
9.5 billion people additional cropland
the size of Brazil Food and Agriculture Organization to sustain-
able environmentalist and 2004 Nobel Peace
Prize winner Wangari Maathai— agree that al-
tegic shift would do away with almost every ill lowing farmland to revert to its natural grassy
just noted: grow crops indoors, under rigorous- or wooded states is the easiest and most direct
ly controlled conditions, in vertical farms. way to slow climate change — through the natu-
Plants grown in high-rise buildings erected on ral absorption of carbon dioxide, the most
now vacant city lots and in large, multistory abundant greenhouse gas, from the air. Leave
rooftop greenhouses could produce food year- the land alone and allow it to heal our planet.
round using significantly less water, producing Examples abound. The demilitarized zone
little waste, with less risk of infectious diseases, between South and North Korea, created in
and no need for fossil-fueled machinery or 1953 after the Korean War, began as a 10-mile-
transport from distant rural farms. Vertical wide strip of severely scarred land but today is
farming could revolutionize how we feed our- lush and vibrant, fully recovered. The once bare
selves and the rising population to come. Our corridor separating former East and West Ger-
meals would taste better, too; “locally grown” many is now verdant. The American dust bowl
would become the norm. The working descrip- of the 1930s, left barren by overfarming and
tion I am about to explain might sound outra- drought, is once again a highly productive part
geous at first, but engineers, urban planners and of the nation’s breadbasket. And all of New
agronomists who have scrutinized the necessary England, which was clear-cut at least three
technologies are convinced that vertical farm- times since the 1700s, is home to large tracts of
ing is not only feasible but should be tried. healthy hardwood and boreal forests.
w w w. S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 35
ble plants can be grown indoors [see illustration GROWING ture will be able to rebound from our insults;
on page 00]. An adjacent aquaculture center traditional farmers would be encouraged to
could also raise fish, shrimp and mollusks.
TECHNIQUES grow grasses and trees, getting paid to seques-
Generous start-up grants and government- Three technologies would be ter carbon. Eventually, selective logging would
exploited inside vertical
sponsored research centers would be one way to be the norm for an enormous lumber industry,
farms.
jump-start vertical farming. University partner- at least throughout the eastern half of the U.S.
ships with companies such as Cargill, Monsan- DRIP IRRIGATION
to, Archer-Daniel Midland and IBM could also Plants grow in troughs of Practical Concerns
fi ll the bill. Either approach would exploit the lightweight, inert material, such In recent years I have been speaking regularly
enormous talent pool within many agriculture, as vermiculite, reused for years. about vertical farms, and in most case, people
Small tubing on the surface
engineering and architecture schools and lead raise two main practical questions. First, skep-
drips nutrient-laden water
to prototype farms perhaps five stories tall and precisely at each stem’s base. tics wonder how the concept can be economical-
one acre in footprint. These facilities could then Good for grains (wheat, corn). ly viable, given the often inflated value of prop-
be the “playground” for graduate students, re- erties in cities such as Chicago, London and Par-
search scientists and engineers to carry out the HYDROPONICS is. Downtown commercial zones might not be
necessary trial-and-error tests before a fully Plants are held in place so their affordable, yet every large city has plenty of less
roots lie in open troughs; water
functional vertical farm emerged. More mod- desirable sites that often go begging for projects
with dissolved nutrients is
est, rooftop operations on apartment complex- continually circulated over them. that would bring in much needed revenue.
es, hospitals and schools could serve as test beds Good for many vegetables In New York City, for example, Floyd Ben-
as well. Research installations already exist at (tomatoes, spinach) and berries. nett Air Force Base in Brooklyn lies fallow.
many universities, including the University of Abandoned in 1967, the 2.5 square miles scream
California, Davis, Pennsylvania State Universi- AEROPONICS out for use. Another large tract is Governor’s Is-
Plants are held in place so their
ty, Rutgers University, Michigan State Univer- land, a 172-acre parcel in New York Harbor
roots dangle in air that is
sity, and schools in Europe and Asia. One of the infused with water vapor and that the U.S. government recently returned to
best known is the University of Arizona’s Con- nutrients. Good for root crops the city. An underutilized location smack in the
trolled Environment Agriculture Center, run by (potatoes, carrots). heart of Manhattan is the 33rd Street rail yard
Gene Giacomelli. on the far west side. In addition, there are the
Integrating food production into the tapestry usual empty lots and condemned buildings scat-
of urban life is a giant step toward making ur- tered throughout the cityscape. Several years
ban life sustainable. New industries will grow, ago I had my graduate students survey New
as will urban jobs never before imagined— nurs- York City’s five boroughs; they found no fewer
ery attendants, growers and harvesters. And na- than 120 abandoned sites waiting for change,
Floor plan Tk tk tk
An estisci ea facipsu scipsum sandre vulputatum vendre dolorer sequam- si. Vulputatum ilissim duipisis augiamc onsequis do exerius cidunt lute min
corem iure vero odiat wismodo et luptati onulla aliqui esto ex eros duisl ut veniam nullaorper adiamet veliquis erit lan vel elesequat iustio do
utpat dolobor ip euisi. Putat. Dui blandre raesecte dolortis augait, qui et, eraese feum vel eummy nullum velit praesecte exer ad dolore.Et utpat.
Elevator
Control room
Organic
Seedlings refuse drop
planted
This diagram will be further simplified . There will only be one conveyor belt. The Harvester
machine
front side will be tilted up, so that it will be more of a side-view of the floor plan
rather than a top-down view. This will make it easier to see the overhanging lights
with the varying wavelengths and the moving conveyor belt.
Lights
(wavelength varies)
Conveyor belt
Drip irrigation hoses
Nursery
Quality
control lab
Drip irrigation
Visitor center
Incoming city
graywater Restaurant
Grocery
and many would bring a vertical farm to the 2,400 acres of food (30 stories 5 acres 16)
people who need it most, namely, the under- a year. Similarly, a one-acre roof atop a hospital
served inhabitants of the inner city. Countless or school, planted at only one story, could yield
similar sites exist in cities around the world. 16 acres of victuals for the commissary inside.
And again, rooftops are everywhere. Of course, growing could be further accelerated
Simple math sometimes used against the ver- with 24-hour lighting, but do not count on that
tical farm concept actually helps to prove its vi- for now.
ability. A typical Manhattan block covers about Other factors amplify this number. Every
five acres. Critics say a 30-story building would year droughts and floods ruin entire counties of
therefore provide only 150 acres, not much com- [THE AUTHOR] crops, particularly in the American Midwest.
pared with large outdoor farms. Yet growing oc- Furthermore, studies show that 30 percent of
curs year-round. Lettuce, for example, can be what is harvested is lost to spoilage and infesta-
harvested every six weeks, and even a crop as tion during storage and transport, most of
slow to grow as corn or wheat (three to four which would be eliminated in city farms be-
months from planting to picking) could be har- cause food would be sold virtually in real time
vested three to four times annually. In addition, and on location as a consequence of plentiful
dwarf corn plants, developed for NASA , take up demand. And do not forget that we will have
far less room than ordinary corn and grow to a largely eliminated the mega insults of outdoor
height of just two or three feet. Dwarf wheat is farming: fertilizer runoff, fossil-fuel emissions,
also small in stature but high in nutritional value. Dickson Despommier is profes- and loss of trees and grasslands.
So plants could be packed tighter, doubling yield sor of public health and microbiol- The second question I often receive involves
ogy at Columbia University and
per acre, and multiple layers of dwarf crops could the economics of supplying energy and water to
president of Vertical Farm Technol-
be grown per floor. “Stacker” plant holders are ogies, which functions as a clear-
a large vertical farm. In this regard, location is
already used for certain hydroponic crops. inghouse for development work everything (surprise, surprise). Vertical farms in
Combining these factors in a rough calcula- (see www.verticalfarm.com). As a Iceland, Italy, New Zealand, southern Califor-
tion, let us say that each floor of a vertical farm postdoctoral fellow at the Rocke- nia and some parts of East Africa would take
feller University years ago, he
offers four growing seasons, double the plant advantage of abundant geothermal energy. Sun-
became friends with René Dubos, a
density, and two layers per floor— a multiplying renowned agricultural sciences
filled desert environments (the American South-
factor of 16 (4 2 2). A 30-story building researcher who introduced him to west, the Middle East, many parts of Central
covering one city block could therefore produce the concept of human ecology. Asia) would actually use two- or three-story
w w w. S c i e n t i f i c A m e r i c a n . c o m SCIENTIFIC AMERIC AN 39
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