06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits comtbooks!4781558607354/cf 1008144 @0,00:47.0 1100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited ‘without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted, In Praise of Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits “Thsbo eaten wi MT splenic eget scan po of morta yeas prey compo ene ofboth ‘Set urn le ca at ap gala oa Spt, fet amin, and spouted apie rede plato or mnt of ace ices mcd sa sal income io ‘Plaid Te rem of ccs ene ste canes ane (rel meatless tog taco: Ha tt fo ‘Gascthatin octme ket sonpeonent cre aitoaproch tents anni hh fe Koma coats PAUL E. GRAY, Mawacet Inte of Tecnology “your manta oak cence ioral Wel arate and pas: scaly sont fon prods al lee ery ad rt apo ‘hk at cooing rat an etc arya es Mn ator et GARY MAY, Gorgas of Technolgy Wats stadt engmcrg dyn areata mom ‘ust thy expen nthe eerie rt ty Teen Unloading teak gl werd ras on ach ao aa pric ote {Fle nto ra on on Frnt Agoda Lan Procter prot for. cig ne tang min (othe word af antiga dita sons RAVI SUBRAMANIAN, Bieky Doign Anonaion aya rr as aks ho vito th dy iis le a srt of ada co hs otra Aaron ced La Selly conte tentacle ans we fone of ene ae a itd mead atop dd nat the al ma ty cape oy Lapierre bra chen eg. ‘ope hs hoskoestasha me ed ney ed anc nah sah teed ad compu onsen” TIM TRICK, University Mn bone Chanpsign hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digtal Electronic Circuits PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators wll be prosecuted hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sit00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 «41100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited ‘without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted, ABOUT THE AUTHORS Ase Agi nf El Egg tC Si he Mats icf Tele pe i ay 98 wang warn cal ‘MUSLdged al cpu ache: ees 199 zl Sed a ‘doc dl the ikeny a op Soe eb Haan BS He Enon im Sk ing latin ow a Eg iting es gat ped Sud (999 mt mepey ‘Se MIF Ale 938 aa sc mm mlepncHe ab e Veit [poet oT an avandia Wh he Vets [orcas wm nv Coy Selec Roepe Mii dnchyed srw bed efmamfge: expt Heath ent we eed "Chl to mnt 204 LOUD pe one hc ‘pepsin a anna wi cel, Con of Ege soak ‘Erion acon pe, pm St rte Mi i pe roars Ot le Pe Yoo gee aa 3 cc tag eed ey 90 er igh 9704 TT sn D190 ces he Depre of Eke Ege nd Compt Sen ‘cd athe At i MT Labny Sr ssp oa nc ‘Sucnebrcen 9913 aay Ava Ee Soa a Rees {stand 1994 Polen Langa nf etn wets nthe a ge aol desman oh ar eng o aig macy eto a ‘lsum ele mr hr ao nh oa san ie ube ees pe lis 10 yrs eee omer fre Seva dlrs coh thn ct nid ow torres som SE ofertas Flow oh Ens mer Hers Fm Flow Apa Lang hn en wedge ep cg ea on eth pach ‘iy me Br ed day if cel bid ore a eaged (Sf oe ene onre tna 90 ees ero ‘elec onpad ok era henge 9 bes ged ten reste ‘Sereda hence wand un os) hard ye at ‘cr Apa sang Joes dt snc CE HiGStyeablsings amos ewes he stem noe ge ag Ipere alyethog tare of ta end bse GS cons Ay Sra ‘Become dey ated mmc wd pan oa nero en Mi nob ert, steer {Ganesan ert ew don cn Al aLangwot Ieckinidlon dc lst cheatin er onne “Cresco ape {irene ene Mawes sre rea a a ‘ester ag sd aban ccs mata we ween irs Spores wa efor hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘51100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits spn of he Experi al Cans, Macular taco Pea JEFFREY HL LANG Mowat eo ad * Pi dt ELSEVIER woxcakumus raise ANBAR? OF comtbooks!4781558607354/cf 1008144 @0,00:47.0 ‘100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted Fabien Dente AL ose Ps Src Mais Snon Crap tril Aa Valee Wie ‘Gonos: Cops nang Lid, ais ‘Teds lanaboe: Darnsth Pag Gopyettor Eiken Kear Freak: Katee Hal Indexer Kev acl Ines pier: Cana Tio ana ing Series La (Cover hr: Cina Tanda and Pinner Ll ‘Morg Kaan Plas an pit of Eee $00 Srvc Sr, Sie 10, San Fac, CAH “Thi bck pd ad ee pp (© 2005ty Eke I Al gh exe Destin sal compan to din he rac fen dala temas a rete ‘tena nal aces n whch Mogae Kanan bie awe ofc he pot aes spp ‘tal ipl oral pt ten Read bower hed et the pepe ones ae coe Ina ening alcmaks an ester opr fhe publeion may epee toned in eile o tne in ny amo bys ‘meaner mechan phomopying sang otro sr wine enon fhe pak miso maybe sah dey seers Soe & Tc Rights Darin Ono UK: Poe: (4 1865 S438 fs (4 1448 BSE81, ema pormueatler come Vous complet fear regis onthe Bev hme eee by sli “aoe Supe a han "Ofte Fess” uta of Camas Ctalging in Pbetion Dat Ben 1 ssico as For inert an lf Morgan Kaufmann picts, sit our Web te wane or mw ook ery Pie in Chinn ‘Working together to grow libraries in developing countries emechericcom | wwsboobsid og | wench. hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 Tit00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted To Ana, Akash nel Ansa Anant Agave ‘To Maria, Cv Job, Ma trey Lang hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digtal Electronic Circuits PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishers prior permission. Violators wll be prosecuted hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 art00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 01100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 234 Vole and Cumen Dies 235 AMone Compl Grant 24 lantve Method of Cina Anais Scr aed Pall! Smplificon 25 More Gre Examples 246 Dependent Sources andthe Canrol Concept 2b Cinutsvath Dopondet Sunes EET 27 A Formulation Sutabe fora Computer Soltion 28 Summary and Exe an 2 ever 5 Newore Theos at 32 33 ‘Nae Matha Sind Example ‘lating ndipondot Voltage Ses indent Soom and the Node Metal REI 334 The Conductor ond Soune Matis MEE 34 Loop Method. miner 35 Sipemositon ASI Seppo Res fr Depot Sources 346 Thétis Theorem and Norton's Theorem Led The Thivonn Eualow Nework 362 TheNoro Eqavlen Neck 363 Move Exinples 37° Summary and Eero euarree 4 Anis of Nonlinear Cees 441. Ith wo Nobien Elements 42 Anais Solutions| 43 Graphical Anas 44 Piecewise Linear Anis ERI 4.1 npr Peceise Linear Mee for Noir Elonets 45° icremencl Alyse 446 Sommary and Exerase cu Arre 5 TheDigial Abstraction SA Voltage Levels and the Static Discipline. 52 Boolean Loge 53 Combnnational Gace $4 Sam Snot oc emiton = S35 Smplihing Logic Espeesions hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2 ” 9s 38 wor 107 108 19 ny uy ns bo Sas S19 us as us 155 17 Cast 167 7 i 193 7 203 206 24 et) 248 5 256 2s8 282 11100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 516 Numi Representation 57 Summary and Eseries curren 6 The MOSFET Switch 61 The Switch 62 Logic Functions Using Sitch 63 The MOSFET Device and es § Model {64 MOSFET Switch Implementation of Logic Gates 665 Satie Anais Using the § Mode anne {66 The SR Model ofthe MOSFET {67 Physic Stucut f the MOSFET. (68 Sea Analsis Using the SR Model G81 Sate Anai ofthe NAND Gate Usd SR Model {69 Signa Restraen, Gain, and Nenlinanty 69.1 Sigal Restoration ond Gate 692 Sagal Resurston and Nonlary 69.3 Baer Transfer Characters and he Sate Dip 694 Imrtr Tranfer Chace andthe Sate Disiplne {610 Power Consomprionn Logic Gates ERED 611 Acive Align nn 612 Summary and Eases warren 7 The MOSFET Amplifier 7A Sign Amplicaon . 72 Review of Dependent Source 73 Acual MOSFET Characters 74 The Sutch-Cument Source SCS) MOSFET Mode 78 The MOSFET Anpliir 75.1 Biase she MOSFET Ampijir 752 The Anpliier Abtration alte Satins Dis 7.6 Lange-Sigal Anas ofthe MOSFET Ampiiee 261 ny Vass voy in the Satation Regn 762 Valid Ign anal Ondp Voge Rares 7.63 Alera Met for Valid Input and Onto Volage Ranges 77 Operating Point Selestion 78 Such Und (SU) MOSFET Moda 79) Summary and Exercises hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ata 267 26 au 37 39 m0 m1 me a 33 coy 1335 0 34 Me 30 33 383, 36 1a xs 36 39 12100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 94 Sinple Grcut Examples RD 91 Scena opae ear ree 8 The Smal Sigal Model _ $1 Overew ofthe Nonlinear MOSFET Amplifier. 82 The Soll Sial Model 821 SoallSignl Cit Remsen $22 So Solna forte MOSFET ie 82.3 Seeing an Operating Poi ones 823 pat nd Ou atone Car al Peer Gat 3 Summary ad Exerc. eu arree 9 Enemy Storage Eemens 94 Consiutive Laws Sat Capactors 912 Inductors 9.2. Seis and Pall Conmestions 921 Capuatos 922 Indicton 93 Spec Beampls S31 MOSFET Ge Capaciton 932 Wee Lop hditance 953 1CWhg Captain 934 Trormer 942 Sep tias 934.3 Ipube npas BRED 9.44 Role Rows! 35 Fae Chars and Fe Cnsron 916. Summary and Exess ciarrie 19, Fist-Order Transeo Liner Bestia Netware nnn 11 Auanef RCGeain LOLI Paral RC Cat, Sip Input 1012 RCDschae Trasien O13 Sens RC Coa, tp Int on Sores RC Chet Square Wave pe RL Gis - Series RI Ch, tip 103 tive Anyi. {Mla Propagation Dely and the Dig Awascuon 1041 Dejntons of Propagation Delays O42 Computing i fo the SRC MOSFET Mol hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 508 04 I 08 509 "Si7 a0 35 37 oo 131100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 10.5 Sete and Sate Vane. IOS The Canepeof Sate 1052 Computer Anahts Using the Sate Egnaion 1033 Zevo-put and Zeo-Suate Response BEEN 1054 Sotin by icq Factors 1046 Addons Examples = IMGt Eft of Woe budutonce m Digitsl Crit 1062 Ramp puts and Line 163 Reson of a RC Caaf Short Psa the eo 1064 enaive Mad er the nie Ronse 165 Clk Siu and Cock Ravn EEE 1056 | RCReponse to Decying Exponential 167 Sons RL. Gc with Sine Wave np 107 Digial Memory 1071 The Concept of Dial Site 1072 AwAbstact Dial Memory Eeent 1073 espn be Dt Meer Heron sini 107A A Me Mowery Elmont 108 Summary and Feri cwaeren 1 Enemy and Powerin Digital Grats 114 Power and Energy Relations for a Simple RC Grit 112. Averige Powerman RC Cea MIZE Bnoyy Dispel Daring ital Ty 1122 Brgy Dajte Daring Into Ts 1123 Total Energy Disputed 113 Power Dissgutio st Logic Gates MIL Satie Pacer Dispaion 1132) Tal oer Dar 1A NMOS Logie ILS CMOS Lope TS CMOS Lage Gate Deon 11.6 Summary and Eseries cuaeren 12 ‘Transicnsin Second-Order Grote 121. Undiven LC Gree 122 Undeve, Senes RLC Circ 1221 UnderDampnd Dyce 1222 OrerDamped Dynamics 1223 Critaly-Damped Dyna 12.3, Stored Energy i Tas, Seis RUC Cac hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 Cas 338 I 4100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted EET 124 Univen Peale RLC Circit REN 1241 UnderDimped Dynamice BEE 1242 OwerDarped Dynorace 1243 _ Chie Damped Dynamics Drove, Series RLC Gist 1251 Sup Respone 1252 puke Response EERE 1246 Daven, Pall REC Cec 1261 Sep Response REI 1262 npube Response 127 Inusive Anas of Second Order Cats 128, Two-Capacter ot Two Inductor Cots 129 State-Vasable Mato. ERD 1210 seteSpuce Anais. (UREN 1210.1 Nemec Sion REED 12.11 Higher-Order Grats 1212 Summary and Exerc otaneen Sn Seay Step nd Frequency Response wan J 703 1A tmocicion sinners 132 Aly Using Complex Exponential Dive sei 706 B21 Homogeneous Sltion 7068 1322 Petia Salton sn 707 1323 Complete Soon sce 710 1324 Sinaia! Sey Sate Response 710 133 The Boxes: npedance ria LLM Esonpes So RL Great a8 1332 Example: Another RC Graal Sma 1333 Example RC Cie with Two) Cpa: mm 1234 Example: Anas of Smal Sonal Amplifier with Capone Loa a 134 Fregieney Response: Magne and Phase ves Frequeney -- 731 IBALL Faqueny Response of Capac Into, sed Restore, m2 1342 Init Sc the Frauen Respns of KC amd RL Greats 7a BRED 1343 The ve Mo Sachin te Frequency Reson of oneal Fancions zm 135 ites ma ASL Fer Dan Example: Grover Neto nanan 744 T3S2 Deeply Arle Sag nu 746 hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 151100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 136 Tage Dai ves Fey Doin Anise Voltage Drier Example 1261 Frequency Domai Anabai 1362 Tine Domain Anais 1863 Comparing Tine Doma aad Fesuony Deas “Anas 137 Powerand Enerey iv an lnpedance LZ dvbiary ned. 1372 Bae Resin sever 173 Awe Reactoce 1374 Example: Power nan RC Grout 128 Summary and Exes uAP YER 14, Simsoidl Steady Sate: Resonance 4A Panel RLC, Smal Response. TALL Homogncons Stein 1412 Racer Slaton 1413 Total Soin forte Pad RLC Cron 142 _Frequeney Response for Resonant Systems MELT Thee Repo eon Rou 14 Sens RL PRE 14. The Boxe Por for Rosana Functions 145 iter Examples 1451 Banta iter 1452 Lows Flor 1453 Hiss Fer 1ASA Notch iter Sore Energy ina Resonant Ceci Summary and Execs warren 15 The Operation Ampler Abseasion ISA. fedseton scicsnsinasiint ISLA Hard Rospative a 152 Devise Propertes ofthe Operational Anplir 1S21 The Op Amp Model 1833 Simple Op Amp Cia. ISRL The Non dueing Op dnp 1532 A Second Exon: The meting Comet 1533 Sontiay 1534 A Special Gu: The Valle Feller 1535 Aw Additonal Constraints 0° — SA Inpor and Outpr Resistance ISAAL Output Ressance, leroy Op Amp hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 zs 351 754 756 757 738 360) 761 763 766 ™ 7 780 7s 783 2 “801 08 808 509 810 si4 sis a6 21 a7 87 834 839 39 a 822 sa 846 a7 a8 839 9 461100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 1SA2 Input Reon lcerting Cameco 1843. and Cup For Nat erp RED 15.3 Gonralsion on bp Resaance 1845 Eumple: Op Amp Caron Some 15 Addon Examples ISS Addn 1552 Subenctor 186 Op AmpRC Gets a 1861 Opamp Inagator 1562 OpAmp Dferatnor 1863 ANRC Active Fler. sea The RA Fins a BRED 15.65 Salo Key Fler 187 Op Ampin Saturation sr nme iat Sas 158 Pose Feedback. 181 RC Owl MEE 159 Twofons 15.10 Summary and Eseries Marten 16 Dids 161 tmodicion 162. Semvcomdcior Dade Characteristic 163 Amips of Dine Grcuts lest Method of Aswad Ses 164 Nonlinear Anais th RL and RC eat 1642 mmm 613 Path Dette Example: Camping Gt A Switched Poser Spl wing» Diode WEED 165 Adstional Examples OEE 1651 OEE 1652 1653 1654 1635 EE ies Pex Linen Example Cling Great Esponettion Cet Preise inca Expl: Lier sample Fall Wave Diode Bride uemostalEsanple Zoe rode Region Iromonta Example: ode Mat. 164 Sommary and Evers, SgEynOns 4 Mauve Ego andthe amped Mac Discipline AL The Lunped Mauer Dispine Aud The Ft Constraint oft Lame Nr Discpine hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ssi a 855 457 ase 858 599 859 862 8G. 865 86 866 3c 369 7 oa os 905 “905 908 308 312 ona ons ois “91s 318 sis ois “91s ois 319 97 ed a7 700906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted AA2 The Sen G Disiptine - Sa ALB The Tin! Const of the Lop Mater Disiplne AA The Limp iar Bioline Apdo Cras AZ _Detving Kirchhoff Las 0. so ‘AA Dering the Resstince ofa fics of Macil Apne sox 9 ‘Trigonomerc Functions and Mens BA Negaive Aquments 2 Phae-Shfed Arguments 183 Sumand Dulerence Argaments Ba Prods RS) HalfAngi and Twice Angle Argmenss Be Sues 7 Meclhsdas BS ToylorSeres Expansions RO Relist!” Armes 1x © Complex Numbers CA Manis and Phase C2 Polar Representation C3 Addaion and Subxcica C4 Mulipesion and Divsion CS Complex Contgae C6 Proper fe CF Rotuion CS Complex Functions of Time C9 Namoneal Examples Apne 01x 0 Soing Simultaneous Linear Equations Answers o Selected Trobtens Figure Ces Index hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 930 932 933 334 936 oat oat 982 922 9353 983 9853 933 94 94 97 958 939 939 950, 9st 3st 982 982 989 om os 800906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digtal Electronic Circuits PRINTED BY: 28354b2e95f0S @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishers prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 191100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted PREFACE APPROACH “This book s designed wo seve asa fist couse in an eeccl engineing oF an deer engineering an compute scence cue, pom stents 2 the sophomore kvl tanstin from the werd of pais othe world of ‘scrnic and computation. The book tempsto sts ro gal: Combine ‘Grits ad lector into a singe, ied eat, an eas 3 to, ‘omection with the contemporary works of bh dtl and analog ste “These goal are frm the obseaton thatthe approach to indie ing clic engineering dough a course in tacidooal Grau ala st Iecoming obwlte Our wod hs gone dit Ale ction ofthe stadent population in elec engnceang's destined for industry or graduate study tng cestronac computer apts Even hone wes ei ‘ore lect engineering are heady influenced by the iil dont. Besa of ths elevated focus on the dtl domain, bas elec eng neering edcatin mint change two wae: Fant the tan appres to reaching ccs and cnc wir regard the dig dma east be reply oe that stresses the eres fndations common to bith the ligt and aay domsins. Because mot ofthe fade cones ‘es and clecronics ae equal apa to both the dial and the analog. ‘smi, this means that primar, we must change the way io which we tmotiats denis and elctonies to phase ther Broader ipa on dita Sjstems, Far eemple although the edanal way of discussing the dma ic of fsonder RC iets appears unmodvated to the aden heed into ligt systems the same pag excting when mornated hy the switching, ‘bchavioe ofa swvich and restr inverter ding anon del pctv wie Sima, we motte the tay ofthe step reponse of sesonorder RLC ‘erat by cbseving the behavior of MOS sper when pn parasites ae incide. Seco given the alton demands of camper engineering, any deparments can atfond the hry of separate uses crt and ‘esarnis Rather, they might he combined no one course” Cai ns au Se CAS, 1998, Yan Tse ma tC oe er cg ge Since den hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2011009806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted treat networks of pine elements sich resistors, sours, capac fn inicorsHlcroniss courses tet networks of both passe ements fd active cements such ax MOS mamtor. Although ths book fle 3 uni! weament fr deauts and eecnonics, we have taken Some pas to allow the caking of a twosctener anqutnce — one fenced ot dr ‘tts and another om elecrnice — from the same Kase content in the ote Using the concept of “abstraction, the book aemps o for a bide tween the word of physics and the word of lage cpr syste, fn ordcol aattonptsto unis earl gnc al computer some he i of eating and exploting socesve astractnsto manage the comply ‘of buling useful cecal yen. Computer sates are amply one Spe of decal system, In crafting 2 single text for both drt and electronics, the book takes ‘he approach of ener ew portant ops in depth chang more ca temporary deaces when posable For example, ines the MOSFET athe Ins ative device and regan dscsions of other devices suchas por transtors to the exerohes and examples, Furthermore, to alow stdets to tusdertand fase cre eanerps without the wappings of pectic dees, ioduces sever bse devies as examples ant exesce We bce this pprosch wl allow sent to acd dois wa many ether extant devise Sn hose thar at et wo be ved Fall, the folowing are sme aldehona ferences fom other books in this el The book dws a dear connection between clectial ener and hyscs by showing clealy how the lanped cic abstraction dcly ‘erwes from Masel Equations anasto siping suns + The concept of abstion is used thowshout the book to une the set of cngiocringsanplistions made in both analog and digital dos >The hook cleats the fous of the digital domain to hat of analog Homever, or tester of dgtlsyemsenphnsae thir alg pots: ‘We stat ith sothes sources, estes ahd MOSFETs ad apply KVL, KCL, and so on. The book shows that digital venus analog Behavior ‘brand by focusing en parva regions of device behvioe. The MOSFET device is introduced using progression of models of ‘increased refinrnt — the S mode, the SR nual, the SCS mov and the SU mod > The book shows how sguieaneamouns of insight imo the static and dynanic operon of digital rae can be aban wih ery single ‘mov of MOSFET, hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted Vans peoperie of devices for exalt meron propery ofp toes, the gan property ofampliers,arereatedto bother use inaalog, (ents and ig eres, + The state yale viewpoint of tansint problems emphasize for ts ‘native appeal and sine motes coaputersolaions ofboth near oF nonlinear newer pode 1 Ise of ney and power are dcusedin the context of oth ang and «ligt cre 1 Alrgenunberfexamplesare picked fromthe dgtal demain emphasing Visteoncpt to emphasize the poser snd generality of tao cit saan aon ‘With these features, we beeve this book fers the nected foundation for students headed towade eer the coe elec engine. mors — incadng dgen nd RF crs, cemenicaton, cons al processing. ewes, and faction — oe the computer engineering aj — inca, ‘igtaldesin, architecture, operating systems, comp, and languages. ‘MIT has aunied decreaengncering nl compute scence deparament. “This book hsing used in MIT intodictry curse on ors apd ks trots, This coun i ofered each sementer and taken by about $00 stunts aye. OVERVIEW Cpr 1 dscusses the concept of abstraction and inoduces the lumped cit abstracon. Ke dscuses ow the himped rout abaracion dees from Mawes Equa and prov the sc method by wich eect ‘engineering spies the analysis of complicated systems then ities sever idea imped cements ncading restos vlage sources, and cent “This chapter ao disuse two major motatons of suing cleconic _drcuts— nding pysel strand frmetion processing intrees the concept ofa model and discusses how physi cements can be modeled tinge reser and urs Teal nce formation proce rd signal representation, ‘Chaper 2 strokes KVL and KCL ad dscases thi eationship to ‘Maxwells Equations. It then snes KVL and KCL to anaiyae ample rs te networks Th chapter alo intros another wel element called the dependent source ‘Chayer 3 presets more sophisticated method for network arabs (Chaperone als sil online ccs. hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 22100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted Chapter itr dit aac and sanses the snd mer sina by wc cal npc mae th compen of ing ve are 6 modes ihe avich clement nd esas haw dg gi loner te coaaruced aio atbese lglencnnton frets tg (MOS tances Chee 6 tac the Son) snd he SR (och ‘esto mode of the MOSFET and sas se sitch eit ing {he netwodk anys meiods presen eather. Chapter 6 als dass the ‘tunis feracen pion ab wose mare dtl em ‘Gyr 7 dace the concept of ange. 1 prams the SCS (ovtcuent cue) onl ofthe MOSFET an bulds MOSFET apie Clay B cts witha gal enphes Caper 9 iodices org cms, ny, capacitors andi and dss hy the mein fetes and acta mesey tntighapeed ge CGoprer 0 decisis Bie onder tases in sework, This cape ao ince ever mor ppcaons of nde nee, ncn god ‘hope 11 scuses en and power ise ia gal pens and tracts MOS oi hope 12 ayes sco ode an in ens ea set the rests popes of RLC crs Fons dne- doa pin vow: Clopter 13 cine snl steal sate ala xt tent to ‘hein dea tami atl, The chapters tates th cone impedance ad fquncy rape The apc prs the Sign of Ss Saba octiathg poo Caper 4 aye sonar rats fram agency oi of view, Caper 13 nrodus the open amp 3 hey expe fhe snp of sarang espn. CGaper 6 dsr ides hse ie cats “Te bok sho comin appenics on txemette nations complex sumer an itso ear inion op eas hod 9 ie ‘ofa on thee tps orto ea ct oka of ete 2 The pm wh ne he gals es ak ad a ong ‘ann wap he uot whch ve apn he me We vd et ‘ieiga storm preane cuca th ern esl ‘Sentry he cnet nts a ety ak aney ‘Spt nl 6 be me pons ak magi tert bee {ith orc de ing cs th sao bp Nt we mend ‘en of Splut ary Tec 1998 SS pes ‘Sigh cmp ape pos hc xa tm Sse hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 231100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted COURSE ORGANIZATION The sequence of chapters as been organized to sit a one or owo semester integrated coune on sists and eaten. Fit al second onder sat ae Introduced as lat as poshle vo alow the sudens ro atain a high lee of ‘atemabealsqpstaaon a sustions in which they ae taking 2 couse on Alien tins a these ime The digi abstacion traded 5 ‘exly a pose 6 provide exly motivation fr the tude ‘Alemativdy the flowing chapter sequenes can be sled 10 ong nize the couse around a rats sequence followed hy an electronics een, ‘The drat sequence woul inde the following: Chpeer 1 dmped act absracin), Chapter? (KVL and KCL, Chapter freer anal chapter (egal absence 6 (Sand Tt MOS mode) Chapter 9 espactes and indoors, Chapter 10 (istorder wasn. Chapter I (enray and poser, and CMOS) Chapter 12 fecor-oner tans, Chapter 13 (i Soil steady state, Chapter 14 Ueequeney asl ofresoaunt cats) and (Caper 15 lperaional amplifier abstraction — options. The clecronce sequence would che the folowing Chapter online ‘cents Chapter 7 (anplier, the SCS MOSFET model, Chapter 8 sna Sigal amples, Chapter 13 sisi steady state an les, Chaper 15 (eperational ampli srt) and Caper 16 odes ad power dro WEB SUPPLEMENTS We have pathred a reat deal of mater to help stants and nstacons tl this Book Thi information cab accessed fan the Morgan Kalan sree: ‘wrap com/companions 1558607358 “These cons 1+ Supphmentary sections and examples. We have used theo EE the text Meni sections or examples. > Iris an 1 Abekto the MIT OpenCourseWare website for the autho cous, {5.002 Circa an Electronics On thi site yo wl ind 1 Sys: A summary ofthe ebjectves and easing outcomes for use 6.02, 1 Readings Reading asgnments based on Feandatons of Analg and Digi Electronic Gre, Lecture Notes. Complete set flexure notes, accompanying ideo Terie, and descyptions of the demonstrations made by dhe instructor dig case hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 241100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted Labs collection of four bs: Thevein/Noton Equivalents and gic Gates, MOSFET lnvering Alisa Fst Onder ics, Sscond Orr Nerwers nd Avo Maybac Str, cides at ‘supment handout ands toca. Las inhale pee execns, inl exerees an pst excess > Assignments A eolestion of even weekly homework angninents > Buams Two guizzesand a Final Exam, > Related Resource Online exes in Cast ad Electron for demonstration ad els ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. “These notes valve out fan inl se of notes writen by Campbel Sea for {6002 i 1991. The noes were als auenced by several who taught 62 t ‘ius tines inching Steve Senn and Genry Sussman, Te notes hve ao tert from the insigh of Seve Ward, Torn Knight, Chris Toman, Rot Parker, Dine Amon, Steve Umar, David Perea Ke Bergren, Gory ‘Wikon Paul Gray, Keith Carver, Mark Hono, Yannis Tai, Cit Pollock, Derine Peo, Greg Scher, and Sve Sentra. We ar ln gestalt ost ewes ncn Tanothy Tick, Bary Farbeoter, Joo Prston, Stephane afore, Gary May, Are Davis, Jef Sebo, Joho Uyemara, Mark ipa, ‘Bay Bend, Bary Farbrothr and Ward Hels fr te fac. The help ‘of Michael Zhang, Thi Minn, and Patrick Maer sling ot problem nd ‘saps that of Jose Oscar Mur Mira, Levent ska, Vil Kapur, Mt Howland Tora Ketwa, Michal Jr, Spies Hos, Sblky Duval, Armada ‘Wang. Ali Shoot Jason Kin, Chavak Kape and Michal Jura i eating an answer key that of Rob Geary, Yu Xin, Akad Agarwal Chis Lang, fad many of ou tales aa collegues sn proofread: an tha of Anne ‘MeCanthy, Cela Cole, an Jeane Tucker in ite ection sao gate fully acknowledged. We patel aco Masa or thir suppor ths ool and ot Koo for mang thar suppor possible, a el as tor eapeuing and providing os with nimerous images of lnc components and chips Ron Koo i ako reaponsble for eacouaging uso thik about apr ad atculating the ic intuitive prowess by which seasoned decal engioers Sralyze rite our numero ection on inv aap re it est ‘this encnuragccnt We abo hae das Bead and tel Corp far peoviding ‘wth the snges of the Petia TV. hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 251100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 261100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 200806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted THE CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION 11 THE POWER OF ABSTRACTION Engincerng the purpose se of ecence.Sclence provides an desing ‘of rural phenome Soest study avoles expeanent, and sei hws fre conc ttements or equstions that explsin the experimental data, The bw of pistes en be viewed saierofaatacton between the exponent data an! the practioner who want to use speci phenomena achieve thir ‘goa, without having to wonry about the apes ofthe experiment ad the di that spied the Le. Abracons ae consnated woh 3 parce set of goals nmin, and they apply when appropte constrains are mi. For example, Newton’ hws of motion ae simple statements ta cate the _Syamicr of mgd oes to hie anes sd exter ces. They api ade ‘eran consramts, for example, when the vloaties are much smal han the ‘peed fight. Scie shuractions of Ls nach ac Newt te ample a (Shy to tne aed enable usw hess and use the properties of mae lca engineering and computer scence o lect engineering for short, one of many caging acne Fre ensneng the Purpescfl use of Maxwells Equtons (ee Abstractions) for elecromagnesc Phenomena, To fltte our due of electromagnetic phenomena, lec ‘agocerig eeates anew abstraction ber oa top of Maxwells Equasons ‘led the lumped rut abstraction. By treating the hiped circuit abstac: ti layer, ths book provides the connection fetes pss and deceel ‘engineering It umes electrical engineer and computer scene a6 the ar ‘feces and exploring sacemne atch to manage the cnet of bua wef elected stems. Computer systems are simply one type oF deci syste, “The aburtion mechanism is very powerful hecane can make the taco baling complex stem tractable Asan exile, cone he force ceuaton Peat any hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 “Ernie epee of on 281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted “The force uation emales usw cake the acekaton ofa parce with ven mas for an applied for. This spe force abstraction lls wt ‘Secpard many peopetis of objets sacha thee sc, shape, densy, and temperature, that are immaterial othe aon ofthe objets acer, Teak allows so lgnre the nid des ofthe experimen and ober ‘ons that edt the fee equato, and accep tas a given. Thus, scientific laws and abtracions allow ust leverage and ld upon pst experienc and ‘work (Without the force abstacton, conser the pun we woul have © go ‘righ to perform expiments achieve the sme es) (Over the past ceatiy, detail eagiceig ad computer sacs have develope act of abstractions that ele us to tanston from dhe psa occa engineering and thereby eo bul wel eomplex systems "The set of sbsactons dat tasion frm scien w enganeeing and fnsae the cniner frm sone miniae sre olen der theengh the ddoctzaon dscpine, Discretion bo refered 2 lpi, A acpine ‘saselamposed contrat. The dpi of dseretzaon sites that we choone to deal with drete elements or rages and ace singe vale w each dsrete element or range. Consenemty, the discretization dpi equies ‘ust gore the dition of valtes tina dice clemen, Of cous, the ‘Secpline eps that seal ont pine operate wii peepee onsen 2 that she singlealue asamp old As we wile shor, the imped uk abvaction that andere to lca coger and ‘compute cence and on inping or Uncen mater Dit ystems te the dg abstraction, which bse on dering sal vhs. locked gia systems are Based om dscretizng bot signals and tie, and dit ‘tole says ate haw on deren alte ed pace. Buadig upon the set absacions da deine the wns fom pics to decimal engncermg, elec engineering cee further stations to manage the comple of balding age systems. A Tamed ci ment {often used as an aractrpesenation ofa mde fa pico of re tal with compicted itera chavo. Sim, Gc often serves a alboractrpresesation of iterated physical phenomena. The operational rpliice composed of primitive dicxte cements 4 powefl abstraction thot simples the baking of bigger analog systems The logic ae the gt ‘meno the dita aitestate machine an vheroprocesor ate hescles a rucexton of abstractions develope to fait bukling complex compare and eontel systems, Sma, thea of computer programming involves the mantery of eating successively higherevel abstractions fon lowed atin 1 Nien hoc heden aetna Rew in hte th prin cbr eae wnat mit mse Td ‘Sete popes edna dee hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 221008Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts 12 The Larond Grou Abtacton Tavs Taped it ae Distal ow Tg eas ‘Maar aration Fis ase ech shar [ozone neg brn oom seal ip Fires Land 1.3 show pose course sequences that sent might ‘nour a EECS (Eecvcl Enginerng and Computer Ssece) ofan EE (Etta Engineering cureulum, especies, 10 dst how ech ofthe ‘courses intoduces several stration ayers impli the Bung of ws ‘cesrnic ste This sequence of courses ao dsr how arctan ‘estronic course using ths book might i within general EE or ECS couse Framework 12. THE LUMPED CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION Consider the fala ight When its connected by a pr of cable +9 aatery, 2s shown i Figure La, lights up. Suppose we are interested it Figo dheamoune of curent Howing though ee ul. We might goabext thisby employing Manel eas and dering the amount of amet by hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted cuseren one s iGURE 1.4 Saqme Poe i congo) FIGURE 124 rah yale raat Te op spy nb mn Ag ‘tog Plog Cure ot 01100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95f0S@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted FIGURE 13 Sopot vena moabiy womtes ‘Grd cet 6 henge Tape ira sania Api asicion ‘pin ampli abcton ‘Blah ano owen hip 2 corfl arly ofthe physi properis of dhe bull the ater, andthe SHI This ea horde complied process ‘Aselccicalengincers we a ofen terested in such computations onder to design more complex ists, peshaps avrg mil bubs and batters So how do we snp our tsk? We serve ttf we displ cscs to slang only simple questions, sch s what the net cure losing theo the bull, we can jgore the intra properics of the bulb and represent the tub as dscete coment. Further, fe the purpose of computing the cueat, ‘we can createa dst cement known a 3 reso nd replace the ball wth 2 We deine the esntance ofthe bulb Ato be the rato ofthe volage apd tothe bulb and the sling current throug i nother word, va. [Noticethat thal shay ad phlei hela ivan rovdedicffes the esitanceR We were ble to gnore the intemal properties nd dstburon of vals inside the bl amply By dsipning ursees not to ask questions about those intemal popes nother won, when asking shout the cues, we sere able to dscrtize the bulb ito single amped fzment whose syle rctan propeaty was eawtce. Th nat iene ka te nai ren lag md amar oe ow gtr hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s1t00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 12 TheLumped Cet Attraction anagus othe pint mas smpicaon that rested the forse rein i quan 11, where the singe relevant proper ofthe objec i ts mas. “Avisestedn i 5 arp omen ean be tele othe oi where can be reated ea bac bo accesible through afew termina The Ite atthe tems ore sper thar the deta ofthe keke incemalo thebladk box. Thais, what happens at he terminalis moe por tant than how it Rapes ede te blk oe Sai nother wa the lack Be isa yer of abstraction betwen the wr ofthe bulb nd the iar svcte ofthe bal, “The reste i the propery of the bub fire to us. Lkewit,the vollage i the property ofthe ery that we most eae about. Igonng or ost, say tral revtane of the baey, we can hanp the btery so 3 sce ceaeot eed by the sane mime suppbng a costan vlage Vy 35 shown in Fare To, Again, se can do thief we wore within certain co Stra to he dscusc shor ad provided we are ot concerned with the incomal proper ofthe ater, such the dttion ofthe ele Bel Inc th ear eld witha ele hatery is hwrendousl ical chat accurate, Topher, the colleen of costs tha wd he hired “irabsnction suit marvelous implies that als us fas 08 ‘pecily the proper tht re lene 1 ‘otc lo thatthe onataton and shape ofthe wires are not recta to cur computation. We could even est dem or kno them i any Way Acsomingfor now tat the wires areal cndictor an fer 0 rest tre cancers the bub csi as show in Figure LAb ining hnped rst ‘suai for he artery andthe bub estan, which reconnected eal frre. Accord, Figure Lb sell the lumped Grattan of the Iglabalbcreut thc barey supplies conta vliage Vand has 20 weal reste, and ifthe esa of dhe bulb sR, we can use simple algbea to compute the cen owing through the hb Jevi Lamp emeans incite mut ave avoleage Vanda cues define for thei eis In genera the vato of Vand I need ot be a constant ‘Theratiowe a constan (elled the resttanceR) only for hanped lemcatthat Sk wi of mmc ons dn decal in A we uric pied creel nara {ppl eve aca ne ee ying beet an gr foams ir fra i eet ota he le ed ‘ome wi mop sy ob ee penn, a eed Bg ‘Sthatewonic hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 oe a 2/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted ‘obey Ofan'sIneS The cet eompeising set of amped ements st ao havea voltage defined herween any pi of points, anda caren defined nto ny termina Furthermore, she clments nt not strat ith each other excep thvugh heen curentsandvolages Thais, the lateral physical Phenomena hat make a clematis interact wi external ect [Phenomena only atthe clea erminal ofthat element. As we wl sein Secon 13, lumped clement andthe ts ferme ing these ents st sore to set of constants fr these defntos and terminal neracons to ‘exist. We name this set of ennai te havpamater dpe Notice that the lumped circuit sinplicationis analogous tothe pnts simpleton ia Newton's ws. The himped ict abstraction represents the feltantproperin of lap elements any algerie wens. For ea le, we tre R forse rnitance of a ein. Other vats of ier, such fs currents and volages V, are reed trough simple fancons. The fee of sing agsheic equations in bee of Mls cations to design Sind analy comps sits wil become mach dearer in the flowing ptr, "The process of dsaetzation can alo be viewed asa way of modeling [ysl systems. The restr fe model or 3 ghtbulb eae interested in finding the carat flowing through the gu fora gwen applied voltage eas even tel asthe power consumed bythe lihabu. Sanat, a we wl seein Secon 16, a eonstant voltage source i good model forthe hatery ‘when ts internal resistance zr Thus Figur 14 is aso called the amped ‘Sut mode ofthe iglabulb crc. Mavs must ewe onl an the domain in whch they ae apple. For example, the esitor mol or a igh {elk otha about its eos or Hs expected eae The priv Grou clement, the means fr combining them and the means ofabstracton form the graphical langage of ees Great theory 3 ‘wall established dsp, Wh mary has come widespead unity. The ln ‘ge of cro fas become unenal oe eoblemaobing te many dps ‘Mechanic, chemical, malas, bolic, thomal anderen economic rocectare often psec nici en, bean the mathe {oranlys of incar and nonlinear ets is oth postal and wel-deeloped. orth reson lect cut models ae often sed slags the ey of say pps proses. Reales whose ma foun i sone aea of det ‘alengacesng other tha decuonis shoud therfore view the matenalin ths ‘Shanthi ng Van ys i, hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 3100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 28354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 13 The Linge Mate One book fm the brea perspective ofan intrdton to the making narie systems. 13 THE LUMPED MATTER DISCIPLINE “Te scope of tse equations romana ining ast does the dine tal operating pres ofl lige elcome devices sud as motos, ‘Sedov clerome computer, testo and mcrae ada Lump creas comprise lumped elements (or dseete elements) con rece by eal wire A Tapeless the rope ha gp Yelle Vp a terminal cument Mf cam be dei fr. As epiced in Figure 16 for 3 fvoteminal ment, Vi the voage ars the terials ‘ofthe clement” and Ts the cent through the dement” Faeroe, fe Tmped esse clement wean deinea Snel proper alee resistance R thatelts the vollge aro the terminal to the cet through he tema “The vlug, the cunen, and the restanee are defined for an cement ‘only nde ceresin costs that we calectvly cl the hoped mater di ple LM). Once we adhere to the amped mater dcp, we can make ‘coc plication i ou crit amy aa work wih the ane ret Atsuacion. Thus the lnped mater discplne provides the foundagon fo iuped cc abstraction and she fundamental mechansm by which We re alto move fom the domaia of physics the dona of esta einen ing. We wil simply sate these contains hee, but rege the development ‘ofthe constraints ofthe ped matter spline o Secon At in Append A Ston A2 fer shows howe the apd water dine ress athe sit pitstion of Mawes cations into the ses equine of the ped Set bert, “The imped mare discipline imposes thre constants on how we choose Tumped cee cements 1 Choose amped lemon boundary such ha the ate of change of ‘magnet us inked wih any elosed loop ouse an cement must be 20 forall ine, nother won, choose ment boundaries such hak a0 o rough any closed path outside the element Te paige anon te emi thas Ge Cal ee nemo veh he cane apt Set Salen en meneel rah Vso ah ek proons 7c he a of ow of ag Sn teil the hr hgh ‘ete Comores mfr hehe on nt oe ce en hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 41100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted w Choose lamped elerent hounds a that there is no etl ie varying charge within the demen foal ine. In other words, choose element boundaries ch that a am ner isthe wo charge within the erent 3. Operate inthe regime in which signal meses of intrest are nad lager than the propagation day of lectromagtc waves aon he lumped elements The inniton kin the ist constrant i follows. The defnon of he vote (othe penta free) been a pai of pans acon an ment the work egret more a parce wth unit charge fom one pein to the ‘heals pat pai th force dito the dete For there sanction to bold, we ree that dhs volage be unique and therfore the ‘olege value must not depend om dhe path taken. We ean make this re by ‘electing element Gowran sch tha thee imesaryang magni ae ‘oui the decent If the fist conan alowed us to define a ungue voltage actos the termina ofan clement th second coetrsint ests om or eset dee ‘nie vac forthe caren entra extig the tennis ofthe ect ‘Ata afr the ume ean be dtined we de no ave cage bay fr depleton ee the een over tne Under he fst two consis, elements co not nec with exch other xcept through thi terminal cares and oleae, Nose that theft ‘onstrate hate et of change of magnet Bux outside the cements nd net charge within the elements zr for alin Ie eect follows that the magpete Bax and dhe elec Beds cats the clemess ee abo sero. “Thos there aze no Ble slato to one clement that sn exer induence 0 the other elements. This pemats the behaior ofeach element to be an Trae depen? The eles of this anal are then mize bythe hs ams Api A ag ta of ge 9 0 al mec tt ‘olugeancmot m ayoe 9: Teck ts chee fener a vena hy ‘tor heen inert hp uo coe en smote cana the mlm opin tn eh ‘ikea ett ne wo crs Sa eRe mead Sede ot ‘SenarsHnwees yond pope ager sg emt led str ‘hr hero oping sl Wel -epeen Apel ee se acer oe a ras ate ol wa er he wa wh gt “Scr eet wee a om hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 35/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 13 The Linge Mate One rea betwen the terminal caren and oleae ofthat dame, fo esr, {V= TR Mor example of sch retains or cement ns, wb resend in Secon 1.62. Rarer, when the recon of wonton is said the foaus of drat operation becomes the terminal estents and voltages. and not thelecromagpete lis within the cents Th these cents sdvelapes hecome the fundamental signals within the cet. Soc signals are discussed fhe in Section 18 Lec us del fra link lnger onde thi constraint. The nped clement _appeonimation regres tha we hese to define a vole Vitec psi of ‘cient terminal for example the two ets of bull amet) apd cunt through te tein pa. Definga eaten hough che demnent meas that the cumen must el the curet os. Now conser the following thought ‘experiment Apply a cusent pleat ne terminal ofthe Hamat at une estat and observe Both the current ito this termi and the cent ott ofthe fother tril ata te stan 4d ery dose to IC the Bae ere legen, od were smal enough the Bite speed of electromagnetic rates might es inoue meat dietet vals forthe caren it andthe ‘We cannot make this prem go away by postulating constant currents and wokages, since we ar very mich ieretd in Satins sich a Those ‘pict in gure 17, wich tine varying vltage sours dees a cre Instead, we fix the problem created by the finite peopagation speeds of| ‘@ecromagei waves yang the thidconsain nae that the ines ‘of eteret in our problem be rch larger tan dectonagietic popagstion ‘els throughout cerns, Pt anrber way the se fou med elements ‘mute nich smaller than the wavelength saat wah the Vand nga! ‘Under these speed constrains, eeromignet wares can be ued asf they propagates though amped deren. By peglecang propagation Se Rf Me enhe g a g ian fen hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 361100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted ffs, the mpd element approximation bees anaes 1 the point ‘mass implifcmon, in wach we are ale wo nore many psa properties of ‘ements such a thet length; shape ean lation "Tsar, or dscassion focused on the cosas tat alowed us to weat india demersastenglamped, We em now tour attention cee As defined ate, cuits are seofumped cements connected by ea wes ‘Caren cade the amp cement are confined othe wes A ides wie oes not develop voltage across ts terminals, eespetve ofthe amount of ‘irene it aie Furthemore, we choose the wires sich tht they obey the Tange mater discipline, so the wes thansees ae also unped cements For thc okages and curents tobe cau the constamt that ap to lnped element apy to ene ccs swell oer words fr wallages [eaween ay prof pats nthe excita for eure dough wesw be etna, any segment ofthe cicit must obey ast of constrain t0 those imposed on exch of the rped demerts ‘According, de humped mate dope for rats be sated as 1, The ate ofchange of magnetic hs inked with any portion ofthe cicait rust be er foal 2 The ate of cage ofthe charge a any nein the cist ast be er0 foral ane. Anode any postin the drei at which 40 oF ore slement tenn a coset nig Wwe. 3. The signal kimescales mst be much ger than the propagation dey of| slocromagnte waves trough the orc [Nice thatthe ist wo consti follow diet fam the correspond ing constans pid to amped clement. (Recl that wires ae themes lerpedlemens) So the rato comets donot ay ew scans teyend those already sumed for hmped element." ‘The til constant for arcs, however, impose a stronger restion| ‘on gna tnescle da for cemets,becane 3 ora can havea ager lysed extent thay single ment The thd coast says tha the ‘Stites slr in alli dines tha de wavelength of igh t ‘he highest operating quency of rest dis requement is sated chen ‘sine phenomena are not import othe aperaton ofthe et, The Git ‘pentesquasstataly, and information propagates instances) aos Foreeampe, rats operating vacuum rar at {KH 1 MF and 1 GH ‘would haveto berms han 300 a, 300. and 300 mn spect 1 Ansel Gans aca na i a i com et ee ners a thom come beah o Y tothe ang ee ed apt re hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 371100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 14 Utube Lona rest tact ‘Most sits sui) such a restson. Baty interesting, a uniter 5000.4 power gl operating a 60 He, and a 80cm computer mother tard operating ot Ge, would ace. Both ase are apecxinatly one wavelengg in size so wave phenomena ae er important othe operation da they must be anya acco. Wave phenomena are nove becom important to micoprocessrs a well We wil addres this ssc in mere deta in Satin 1 ‘When a cieit mects these thre consis, the cicit can itself be absracted x lamp element with xtra terials fe which voltages ad ‘mens cn be defioed. Crate that adiere tothe hinped mater dace ‘ill addon Simplfcaions in drut ans. Specially, we wl show in ‘Ghopter 2 thatthe soleages and cients acon the collection of ape de ‘cis ey simple algebra elation stated sw ks: Kachhosvolage Taw (KVL) aad Kircher at (KCI) 14 LIMITATIONS OF THE LUMPED CIRCUIT ABSTRACTION {We usd the lumped drat abstraction to pest the cet pcr in Fgure Ls by the schematic dagram of Figure 1h, We stated that wae ‘permasle to ignore the physi extent nd topology of the wies comeing. the cements and deine voltages andl cuents for the clemenes provided they inet the ped neater dsp. ‘The thd postubte ofthe np sate dice expe ws tone ‘uses to sgl sped that are sgl bower than the speed of ec tromagnetic watex Ae ecology ackanee, ppg ls ae ecm her to ignore. Io particla, as epunc speeds pas the girs range, increasing sal speds and ved ster inensons ter to beak our asc ‘om so tha engineer working onthe front of ecology mat consearly rest the dsupses upon which abwracons ae led a repre to rst to fandamental physi the constants are voted “Asan example, ke us work ont the number for 3 micoprocesor In 3 rmiroproceser, the conductors are ply encased in insltors sch as i ikon Soxide Those insltor have dees consents nen four ince that ‘of fece spe, an wo elecuomagpetc wate tne only hal ast the them. Heatomigacic waves wavel atthe speed of appronimaey 1 foot or 3am per minonecend in wacu, 0 they tively inches or 13cm et manotecond nthe itmulators Since modern etopetcenor forex Pe the Alps scroproeoe rom Digit Compas) can appoach 25 cis Ste propagation delay of eleromagncic waves actos the chip onthe ‘oder of 1/6 These micrprocenor ae approahing a dock rte of? GH in 2001 Taking the veapeod, ths arses wo a dock de tne of V2 a5 Tha, the wave peopapaton delay acoss the chip i abut $18 ofa lok ‘le Alngh ctngs suchas peli tem to reduee the number of hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 81100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted eens fan therefor cists asia tnesesin a cock pe certain dock fr poerlines in mopmoceors can wal the fll extent ofthe cn wil Sle ts age delay Hee, weve phenome mint he mode expliy Tn contsemer chips ul in exer tes sted ou amped mater

fiance, and the volage ans the pot and the cureat ough the pot become the port vars i ens of which the eectrome cic shines doce, Tn pingple an ecaoniccrautcan have one or more ports ahough in ‘peatcew is eon to defi oly afew pons o spy mate Fo esa Pe, a amplifier maybe described in terme of it np pot, ts ou ors, And oe oF mone pots fo conection oposer supe Even Sipe network ‘ements sichas Sours, sists apts, and inducors cn thought of [some ort devices, Velen are defined sem he ports ad cents the ‘the pons as asated in Figure 1.36. Observe thatthe assignment of refer ‘ner ditions relied 0 # and allows the axed aisles convention ‘scwcd i Section 152. “The nexion of a port is much mare gence tha is use in econ di ‘it analas woud indicate, Many phys ystems, sch 8 mechanical i, ‘thermal syste can be characterised by the behavio at ew pots Fa themnor, as depicted in Table 1.1 thy have duvugh and actom pareters analogous to currents and vallages Gra modes for thse systers would we Shag afresh wsroynng tg an nnn a hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 cuseren one as 601100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 36 couseren one FLQURE 127 Ovens Cone Volage Forse Medion ow owe Heat Fe oawerae Conmngion Wot 17 MODELING PHYSICAL ELEMENTS “Thos far, we have invemed four idea, pimtve cements and stud thei tri durscetiicn. These Mel elements icc the independert volage Source the ndependent cute soures, dhe linear reste, an the pf ca ‘Suctor Lets nove eta to baking modes or ome ofthe phys ements ‘ve ese hus arin tems ofthe fur weal cerca. Indeed, Fyre 1278 s one example ofa model We have modeled 2 ysl device namely alength of epee wie, ba pr of eal ewo-terminal ‘emens: a pect condicor and 3 ear reste. Olly herded {sor ena For expe, 1000 A of curent lowed through a piece of gauge capper wire Ganda house wire designed to cary 15 Al the wie ‘wold hecome hot low igh and ecsy mee, hey covers from aressor with ver sl esace, for example, 0001 9, nan infte ressor, Our moda, consisting of an ideal candice i ses sh Mel (0001-2 resistor, shows no such behavior: With 1000 A Bowing, a oreo Sop would deveap actos the resistor, and one thousand wats of power ‘would be dissipated, proumaly in est, as lng a the eanent Hoe. No smoke, no burnout n'a silat way we en devise a model for battery out of out ie emes, When Hel bub i cormested to ane nominally 6 bate, {he vollage a the tems of dhe batery lsu elle the ean volage) ‘dope rom 62 Vt perhape 1 V. This drop ress fom the tema esate fof the butey. To represent this, we me! the ttery nel vole Souci sens wih some sal este Ras shown in Figute 1372. The drop ‘ 1 6 ++ hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 611100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 62100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 38 couseren one FIGURE 140 Hpbi ew Sone leis appropriate at this pin wo chexk expen he validity ofthe ‘models developed hee by ploang the characters. The 1 chara feos can be pleted sing the esp showin Fe 1.3. Fir, as 2100-2 TVI0.W restr asthe "wknown” eo-emtinal dvi the sella vl age i. ew vols, a strght ne psig through the origin wih slope 1/R ‘will appear on the seeen Ge Fgure 10), showing that Oh bw apis Fiowever if the wlage ceed tht te $010 V, the dhe 110-10 resto vl en upy a vate wl change use oclator et a ery Tow frequency, ay 1 Hi, the resistor ests ip and cols down inthe souece cof ead yl, so the tae desddlynoistene I dhe ct i them: uc ange, a 500 Hz thermal neti prevents she esto fon changing tenperatire apy, some average temperate ead. Thi he ee wel ‘enna suaght, bu is slope wil change as afnction ofthe amplitude af he Spd gra Restor seltheating, wih the sociated change in value, i obvinly undesatle it most ara applica. For ds veason manufactures eo ‘ile power rings for tenon, to radcte masinum power dapat (Po) without signa value change or baron. The power disput ina pea a2) ‘which isthe hypebola no space, as inde in Figure 141. Our idea: fostor lel ™ ohmic with constant vase — matches the actual ester [tanior ony the rgion beween the hype The plot onthe onilncpe fe Willa deve froma sehen the ‘salar fequenc s made high enough. Under ths condion, apace and incu fein he erat wil generate an eli pattern. These will be Saas ater chapters hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 631100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 641100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted ” ure 18, then fo he model in gure 13, an appropri expreson forthe teinal vohage =i 023) Nore that cae fo ok of varie in the et qd cent is ong it the pone ter ht se rey sang ged hoe the ten oage ac ge thn he nominal volage. The ce he the por almost a stag Ine vale or ssampon ta the try cx iSiiuldas loge ourein sens nh sine enor Niner nls ichas Fig La cant chanted by only wo mbes «dope Sd an interse The lope eR wher: Rs the ser estanc inte ode “The increp con be spied lr fn tems of vleage or cere we choose wlage, thon cas he mrp by df to at, ‘seabed the oper! oa Weitere ped nt of caret iti ald the src carn, becuse by dein the vole 20 thor pon. These tems reaper in Chapter fom a ery diferent perpen “Theses Theorem Ths sion dese how we ml phys cements sich sarees sn winter ea twtr ments depot age Sources ror, an wes: Ours tse sch ep ‘eeevlage sures ands ee oder pyle mah Sete revs an cen wrt, rete In he et mn eet phy ann, weer rsa analy rpc wing a vohage ad voter Bow using scare. Wate presen water flow o he cme ‘porting volge and cet ae fudamenl quanti In ch em we ‘ilo be conto wih dhe amano ens sted he yen aad he ‘ea which ene big dsp 18 SIGNAL REPRESENTATION “The previous section dsctied how haped cast ements cul seve ae model for vanous physial systems or be used to proces information. Th secon dra the cespondnee between vals in phys sats and those nthe electnol raat model It ao dacs how ccc systems ‘presen ination and eer. ‘Asdcised cater, on of te motivation forbuiing econ cis to proves nforation or ener. Paces incales comarca, fin! computation. Stereo amplifier, computes, and radios are examples of ‘onmonplce cleoonie wats for peeing oranon, Power appli 17 For wm gy one he sional pan he din Cap? ne ‘he camp nto ge) okt wear msc sa oni ge hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 651100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 18 Sigal Representa and ou fami ligubulb iret are examples of ketone cus hac process Thoth cases, the physi quantity of te, cher the information oF ‘the enc, presented inthe Get by a clerical signal namely acurent ‘ora wohags, and cra etwodks are eed to procest hex pra Ths the ‘manner in which a rat uli its purpose is effectively the manner in which inteats the egal tht aes terial currents and woges 1&1 ANALOG SIGNALS Signals in the physic word are most commonly analog, tha is, spanning 4 continuum of vas. Sound prestire such a sgn. The cron Signal picked up bya mobile pene ate i anoter example fan ana Srp No wiih, mot xt tht ate pal wor rt Beale o proces analog signal Fite 1-4 shows several exams of log sg. igure 1.436 shows 4 DC ure sign whie the remainder are vans forms of veltage sina. Figure Ia shows a sensed signal with fequncy 1 Mie and phase ‘oft fr phase shi) 2/4 tad. The sae fuency can also be express TO Fa of 210" rad’, and the phase oft a 4 dewees. The esa of the ragney es che ped of ollaon othe eye te, which fs forour simon Ou sins hasan average vale of eo. This signal can be desc as 2 sinusoid wih an aphnte (or magnite, cr maxi vale) ‘0 10-V, or equaled aa sinusoid witha pope ving of 20V. Sinsoids are animportant clas of signals that we wl counter een inthis hook. Ingenta asso sgn v can be expressed 3 vm Ase +4) where isthe ampli isthe een in adn per seconds theme, nd ¢ ithe hae oer ads. Fgures Le and d show square wave sigsls The square wave ia Fur -4chos peak to-peak ale of 10V and an average vale for DC of) ‘of SV, whe the squze wave sgl in gre 1440 hs the ame peepee val, bur er oft Tafermaton canbe repented in one of many fers, for example, the anpltude phase, or bequeny Figure Ie shows asia oe eaple,be | mcrplione) ha eames formation ni ale, snd igure 148fshows Sig thas ayn information nits reguency. “To eomlce thi econ, we bey tou othe concep of ot mea Square value 10 describe signals Recall hac our igal n gure 14a yas ‘sce a sind with an ape of 10 V. The same signal can be ‘ese a 4 Sunol with ras food moor sue) vale of 10/2. Foe a hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 cuseren one 4 FIQURE 1.44 Sew mages ‘ara agra aviv Scie egw Wat Ade sna claves Sort wih woot aco mae) eres 661100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited ‘without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. 2 couseren one sinusoid signal or fr tha mate, any perio seal» with peniod T, the iss compared as follows: ‘where he intgeaton is prfonned over one cyl "The sigificane ofthe ms value ofa ped signal can be sen by com ing the average power nerd oa etaance of value R by a pete ‘wage sna with pend T. For periodic sigma, the average power ean Katey tegigepover oe oman ing ee Fora lina, tineimatant resistor, we can pl out of the intege 10 nde (126, By defining the rv of period signal asin Equation 1.24 we am rove Epa 1.26 a6 By the artful defination of Eqution 1.24, we have manage to obtain an ‘expression fr power resending that de to a DCsigual fn other word the ‘i ale ofa pedis s the vale of DCsigal that wou ae sed thesame average pow dspatin. In ke manne thers ale ofa DC sigs simply the cst ale of the signa "Ths sinusoidal voltage with rms vale thy api across est of| ‘vale wl esl in an average poser dsspation of /R. For cxampls, 120-V 0-H wall oes the Usted Stas are std by theicrms values. Tus the sup sinusoidal volage with peak ample of 20% V2= 170. [Nate Signal Representation Sometimes, cri sql provide native presentation of physic quant ‘sas wa the eave with our ighulb example in Figure 14, The cai in gure Ab was armel of te physical creat a Fue La, which eompesed 1 Tie evapo a hn wm egy ly po de ewe nay ml say pete) wna eet pe and MC Pout hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 er/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 681100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 691100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted 18 Sigal Representa [Nate and Non-Native Signal Represctation Aswithanaog igmls, discrete sgl can provided both nate ad nonnative ‘pal repesetention The ces binary vies ofO and Lae 3 te rep sentation for lic becuse dey omespond naturally to the lgal TRUE and FALSE values. Nonsatve signal representa canbe deed fom dscete gas yung sequences of dit having the wale Oo tence mambers ‘hose valus correspon to spa vals of eres: Chapter S coer this topic in greater deta ‘When designing 2 no-maive information processing sytem, there ae many choice orignal representation. Fr example the we of voltage vests ‘caren, o analog ves dicete sgl ae to sich choices Each epee tao fs ts aaneage and dadantage, and fees 4 cain Kad of processing. For example, digital representations ofr oie inwmunity atthe ‘sperm of predion. How thee ches ae made is wl ppetion spe ‘and oven depends on the avalsy of converieat mansiucer, power Sd nose considerations and the aalabty of appropmte elements The we ‘ofvolage to mpeesett signals isprobay most common, ands used routinely here However, we wil ako cnaunter sutra wach the gal ep sentation switches om Voltage w acurent aa back again the sigs proceed hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 4s 7oN100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted 19 SUMMARY The discretization of mater ino amped ements such as haters and ‘estos dt bey the imped maierdecpine and cornet tern sig ‘eal wisi the essence fue amped cat asain The lumped mater discipline for hmped cements incest ellowing 1. The bounds ofthe dct ements must be chosen so that 39% ‘hecugh any dosed path outset element for al is 2. The dements mst nt ince any net ne varying change orl ne nother words, oy ‘where gis the sot de within the element 53. Wem operate the ene in which imescaes fimerest ae much Langer than the propagation deayofeleiemagetic waves hgh he denen The lumped mutter dine for lump circuits inches the flowing 1. The sate of change of magni hx inked wth any portion ofthe rut be zero for al ine 2. The este ofchange of the charge st any ne in he cat mt he 20 focal tine. 3. The sgl inescales mus be much Inger han the propagation delay of lectoragneti waves thigh the or "The associated vars convention defines current to ow wat the device terminal assigned wo be psitvein vole “The inwantaneous power oma by a devices given by pd = wi where 4 and if ae deived using the asocated varatles dsapline Sik, the insananecns power dered by a device is given by =i The una power i te wate hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 rno0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted + Theamoun of enengy 1 comsone by a device over an itera f tine fh Risghen by win= [rine where anf are defined sing the associ vas dpe. The tnt enemy the ole > Ohm'saw states that resitorsthat obey Ohm's aw satis the eatin I, where Risconte. The eatnc ofa piece ofhomenetetes ate is proportional tots kngih and inves peoporonal tos croseseconal The mance of pla ise of mal wih gh and with Wie fveniy 2 Ro, we Rote ms fae ps fms The for ied cat lets ae he tel conden, he el net ‘eso the slag oe an the ener sce The cn or teal connie forthe resistor wih sesiance Ris vie forthe volage source upping a wolage Vis and forthe current source supplying ace His The representation of pastes physica ystems by thei egaent _desnl ceout parameters his ben iscsed. + "The sere of fora in i of analog ad dig denial siqals is been disused In the process of tnoducing the element andthe elaret Laws, we defined there sad uns Fr varioun pysc siti. These debi arestnmaredin Table 1.2. The nie canbe fret model wih engine, ‘mules Sever common mp and hi eonesponing rte symbols and vals ae gen in Table 13 hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 raN00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted EXERCISES Tol 1 Sal i Freon ' Hera We Gare i Aree a Vote . Vor v Power ’ wie w zy ” Joe 1 Resse k tm a Conve ie Sees s = e oF pe cS a sees M 108 bo K 1) a = w se ® wt = e wt feo ‘ ws EXERCISE 1.1 Que teat a ritedasontig to the segs power daa fos 2 120° AC 6s oliage oc. Exit the sane when open) 1200.8 quit hea NOTE: The vlage wana fora 120.V ACO neers Mh= V2 eae, The fact of VE he peak ample canes when the average power em cd. One ei tho the pak apo thevolags fon 120k wall okt Baton 70 vos hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 731100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 7400906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 751100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘71100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 28354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 T700906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 28354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted RESISTIVE NETWORKS A simple clear network made from a voltage source and fr estos is shown in Figur 2-1 This might he an alse representation of some el ‘ccna network, oF a mde of some ther physical system, fo example, a heat fw par ina Bouse. We wish to devel stem gence methods for analyzing ccs such thi, so tha eeu of aca complet ean Ie sled wth pth Solr or anaeomy ore goer aes fing the voit aos, and arent trough of the erat erent. Strate ‘general metho wl alo enable ts to automat the olution tecrguts 0 tht ‘Computer can be wed to anal crits, Later on this chaper and he heat, we wl show how our probe fomulaton fost duet computer ana To make the problem specifi, suppose that we wish 4 fin the cuen 4 im Fygure 21, gen the sales ofthe vltage source ad he restos. fs ‘ener we can so to Maxwel's Equations co slve the cee But dis Sppenach realy impracea. Inte, whan crits hey the ped mater ‘topline Mawes Equations can bedeanatically simple toro alee reatonhips wate as Kirchhoff vole (KVL) and Kieren ae (KL).This chapter introdaces thes alga relcnshps and hen wes thems to develop asstemabe appeoach sling cect heey nding the cue isin ur specie exam “Tas chaper ft eviews sone teminolgy tht wil beusefl in curds sions, We wil the ito Kixhhofs lan and work ov some examples te develop ou faity with thse ws. We wal then mtr 4 sstrntic method fr obing saat bod en Kickofslws wang a very imple, hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 3 7eN00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted sé cnapten two ‘hagrave cect, We wl dha apply the same systema methedw sobe ‘more compliced exp, ching the one shown n Fe 21, 21 TERMINOLOGY Limped dest laments ae the anderen biking blocks of electronic ‘tt Virwaly all of our analyses willbe conducted on iat contining ‘entemialclemens teria ema wil be model ung ce tations of twotemina demeat, We have away sen sever two-toial seme sich as restr, vlogs sures, and eet sources, Eletonic ‘es an emerge hog is frre ‘Aneleconic arcu comsruted by connecting tetera election of separate elements a the tennis show sn agure 22. The anc ps st whi the eminals of two or more clement are connect are rele 8 {he odes of esi. any he connections betwee the nos axe eed tora the oes or hunches ofa rat Note that cach element in Figure 2.2 ocr sine brinch Ts sn kement and a Bran are the sae for res ‘ompasing only neo terminal ements. nal ar lop ate dened to Be ‘dosed paths dough a cro slong te brinch Several noe, banhes, alopecia Figure 22-tn the dict fn Figure 22 thee ae 10 branches nd thos, 10 lments) and 6 nodes As another example, 4 a node inthe cree depicted i Fg 2.1 at ‘which thre branches met Ser, bs a node at which two bance met sb and e are exarpls of branches in the eit. The cic as ive branches nd ow nodes. Since weasmue that the etecrnctions betwee the caeatsa a creit separate, the wires areal, hen is oe newesary fora set of detneats to fe pied together a singe point in pace for thr nteconnestion to be ‘consdered a sige nose. An example of ths shown st Figure 23. While the four elem the figure are connected! waht, thee conpecion does fot occ at a single postin space. Rater sty 3 dttd eonnecion hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘an00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 201100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited ‘without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted, s6 224 KL ‘Lecus star with Kiehl's curent aw (KCL}- Pt another way, KCL. states ha the net current dat Bows ito a nde through some of ie beaches mine Rew ce for that node abou is remain branches Refring to Figure 2S, fe cuenstvegh the thee chs ono star al thea KCL states hat itithno, Simi, the cures into node mast sum to 290. According, we rust hive KCL as simple innate justfcaton, Refoing wo the dosed boxe surface depicted in Figure 25, i ey t see tha the ees yi abi ‘must sum to 20, fr others hee would he a contin charge Pap toda. Ths, KCL is simpy a statement of the cooseason of care. {ea us now iusrate the diferent introns of KCL with the help fof Fue 26 Which ivereaion ye use depends ypon envenicnce and the specie cat you are eying to anaze Figure 2.6 shows node ining Nibeanches. Each ofthe benches contains some two-ermina dement,the speci of whic are not rlerant to our discussion. Note that ll bandh cur ‘ents ae defied co be postive ito the node. Since KCL stats th not hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 airt00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 821100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 831100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 84100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 851100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 61100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 8700906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 881100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 89100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 201100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ont00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 921100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 931100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 941100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 951100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 961100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited ‘without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted, n cwanten rao. ormrelincgle FIGURE 229 Artery nents ‘We wil sat the use ofthe fis method sing few exams in this section an Section 9.5 in Chapter 9 wl gig examples sing the send seth EXAMPLE 244 ENERGY CONSERVATION Det the we ‘of inthe cat nig 2.28 sng he ef ener comet. ‘Wess how har themathonsgngefthe heme can he insted sing the ene hd and seme tion fn Fpne 2.28, he ier source masa fret = 0002 A thigh the et. To determine we eqn he poe sped bythe war wo she power dept bythe rena Soe he rt source ad he rect shir emia, te vlage ape et the ce nase 8 wel Tig ‘Be per the soe by (00m = 00020, Inter wo the power sia he sores 0.003 [Nee the pc thereby = nooue Fmt, equsing the power spe by the sous he power dsp by the rotor ne ve omy 00012, thr wer OSV. EXAMPLE 245 USING AN ENERGY-BASED APPROACH TO VERIFY A RESULT A smdent apps the Base mando the det Fre 229 an cbtane# = Sm Deen wether hs anoer corey i Bemethodof erry censor By every cores tbe omer sap by she sure mst hee othe power sdosporad hy the restr, Ung the veo th aren cand by the se. the hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 9700906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. 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No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 so1nio0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 so2ni00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s0sr100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 so4nto0806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted *0 cnapten two so om Eton 275,05 = 1V. (8) Ung he slag vir elation, we cn wate by ington he vol a aa Sanction of he oe ong flow ora? Site n= give. Goren Dividers Acuent vier isa crc wiht wo nodespiningrwo or more pare resins fal acre source Two cent dvs re shoe Figs 2.57 an 2-38 the fist with tw restore and the second with Nestor. In these css the esto shar, od, the cent rom the soi n propoon fo thes feonducancen I turns out tht the equations for valage dividers comping ‘olages and estances, and those for cureet dividers compesing cures Sin once ae trys Tero, to igh the ly betwen these two peo ara, we wel ater to naor he steps rou lage Sree dissin. ‘Consider the two-resstor aurent der shown in Figure 2.37. Wa thre elements or branches, an hence sx urknown brah varbls To find ‘hese ranch vaubles we aga ass the element laws and the appeopate Anpkatons of KCL and KVL, aa! then simulanoony solve the reing ‘inst the tec ements ze e769) eit en, b= Ro 7) ‘Neste apliaion of KCL either ode ye btitn=0 a7) an! he aplsaton of KVL to the two itera ops is wan 280) nan. est) hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s0s/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 08/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. 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Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 soart00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 st0r100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sn1t00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 st2rt00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 131100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 141100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘151100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 st61100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s17t00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 181100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 191100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +20r00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s21n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 22/00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s28n00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’ prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s2anio0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 25/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 26/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s27n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +28n100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s2an00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 90/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sa1n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s92n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 93/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s9ant00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 95/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 98/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s97/00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +98rt00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +9ar100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 40/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s41n00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +42ni00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 43/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +4anio0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 45/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 1487100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s47n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 + 48/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95f0S@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 49/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s0rt00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ss1no0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ss2ni00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s3r100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘sanio0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 55/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘58/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placeholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ss7n100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘58/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +sart00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95f0S@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishes prior permission. Vilators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘60/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se1n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s62"100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 63/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘s64ni00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘65/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 68/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se7n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘68/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s6art00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sronio0806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sr1no0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 srano0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s73n00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’ prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sraniooe06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 75/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +78n00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 srmn00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘raniooe06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 sranooe06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘e0rt00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2he95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se1rio0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se2ri00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +se3r100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘seaniooe06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS(@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +e5r100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘88/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se7n00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘e8ri00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘seari00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +se0r100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se1no0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 se2ni00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 9/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 +s94nto0906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 95/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 96/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators willbe prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s97/100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 ‘98/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 s9r100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2001100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2011100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2o2i100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2031100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 228354b2e95fbS @placeholder 8016 edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission, Violators willbe prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(9781558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2081100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2051100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2he95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2061100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 271100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2081100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2091100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission, Violators willbe prosecuted. B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2101100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2tnioo06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 22100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2131100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS(@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2rar100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 21si100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2181100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder 80 16.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2rrit00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95f0S @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 28i100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 291100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2201100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placeholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2211100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2221100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2231100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2241100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2he95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2251100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2281100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2he95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private se only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2arii00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 28354b2be95fbS @placeholder 8016 edu. Printing is for personal, private se only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators willbe prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2291100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private we only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 201100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 211100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 221100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2251100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2381100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2281100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2srit00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, privat ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 291100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 201100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 211100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 221100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 231100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2aar100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2481100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2481100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2arii00906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2481100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2491100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 201100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2511100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 221100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 251100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 241100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2581100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2581100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2sri100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2581100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2591100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2601100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2611100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2621100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2651100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2641100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2651100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, privat ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2681100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 26r1100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2681100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2691100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2701100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2rii100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2721100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2731100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2741100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2751100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2781100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 arri00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2781100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2h¢95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 291100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2801100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2811100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2221100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No pat of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2251100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2ear100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2881100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Vitators will be prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 28r1100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 281100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2291100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2201100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced ortransmited without publishe’s prior permission. Vitators willbe prosecuted. & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2011100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 221100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2e95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2251100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2e8r100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2251100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95fbS @placeholder8016.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher’ prior permission, Violators will be prosecuted B hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2961100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2eri100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 20981100906-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 2091100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators willbe prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 00/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 so1nioo06-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Cieuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted & hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 02/00806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 2e8354h2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private wse only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. 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No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publishe’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted ‘Sac Andy Usgthe SAM! cvaerER six an For ¥en 5 Vand R= 14k, we he Kos < 4581 ‘ice Rom = Rhy Ge Eguion 6 and ening Re = 5k for our MOSFET, tok, 82 wl edn an xp okage fora ogra th oye tan 02 V. 681 STATIC ANALYSIS OF THE NAND GATE USING THE SR MODEL Wecin ato anaeoher gain mane. igre 2 showsthe alent rot oe the NAND fate shown nF 20 bed on the SR MOSFET vd Tn eth xp vohags when bth npr ae igh pen by oor our = Vo RO asim BM Rox +R ecw deteine whether out NAND gate with Ve= SVR, = 14 2, ny and MOSFET peeperics Roy = 1 kStand Vp = 1Vysisicezecdipine = Hh with the folowing voltage thresholds Vour=45 V, Vou =O5 V, Var =4 Vand Va Recall that our inverter with characteristics shown in Fgue 60 sai fed thie sti dhcpline. Now lets check out ue NAND gate. gure 6-43 shows the vole tess fo the given sta dpe suppose on the inverter tanger fncton. As befor, et us check each of he cup and npr shold Tike the ener, the NAND gat proces an ouput high ofS Vand ‘thorore stsis the oupur high vlge thes of 4.8 V. Sma, the AND gate satis hot the Uy = 4 and the Vp, = 0.9 V threshold since interes wokages above 4 V at inp a a logical 1 and velages below (09 V as inputs asa geal 0. {Let ws nov bok at Vou. When outputng a logis 0 dhe NAND ate prodoes volage 2 ¥. FIGURE 642 Scrat moa hitpssloex. vtalsource.convtbooks(978558607364/cN1008i4/4@0.00:47.0 96/100806-08-2018 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Ceuts PRINTED BY: 208354b2be95foS@placcholder8016.edu, Printing is for personal, private ws only. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmited without publisher’ prior permission. 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