S5 - Noise Measurements

Aircraft Noise
Session 5: Noise Measurements

Adrian Harwood & Antonio Filippone
The University of Manchester
adrian.harwood@manchester.ac.uk
a.filippone@manchester.ac.uk
AF-AERO-NOISE-2016-06-V1.0
Items in This Chapter
1. Reminder of Aircraft Noise Standards
2. Airport Noise Measurement
3. Measurement Procedures and Devices
4. Noise Measurement Campaign Examples
A. Filippone (2017)
A. Filippone (2017)
Reminder of Aircraft Noise Standards
• Certification standards:
– In the US: FAR Part 36
– Elsewhere: ICAO Annex 16
– Levels in EPNL (dB)
Cutback / Flyover
Approach Lateral
A. Filippone (2017)
• What is EPNL?
– First, apply correction based on human ear sensitivity
--> A-weighting.
• Perceived Noise Level (PNL) considers:

– Amplitude
– Frequency
• Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) considers:

– Tonal content
– Duration
A. Filippone (2017)
• Measurement flights are:
– conducted at maximum weight;
– corrected for standard atmospheric conditions.
• The standards are functions of the take-off weight

and number of engines (flyover only).
• Cannot exceed single point by 2 EPNdB.
• Sum of excess cannot exceed 3 EPNdB.

A. Filippone (2017)
EPNL Reminder of Aircraft Noise Standards
Maximum Take-off Weight (tonnes)
Chart taken from: N. Cumpsty, “Jet Propulsion: A simple guide to the aerodynamic and thermodynamic design and performance of jet engines"
A. Filippone (2017)
Second Ed., Cambridge University Press (2003).
EPNL Reminder of Aircraft Noise Standards
A. Filippone (2017)
EPNL
A. Filippone (2017)
• Only really a challenge for older aircraft.
• Tightening of noise standards since their 1971

introduction has always been behind industry
capability.
A. Filippone (2017)
A. Filippone (2017)
Airport Noise Measurement
• Straightforward to
measure controlled test
cases at a small number of
points.
– E.g. certification tests
Cutback / Flyover
Lateral
Approach
A. Filippone (2017)
• However, impact on communities is much
more widespread.
Urban Area
Approach Lateral Cutback / Flyover
A. Filippone (2017)
• What about mapping airport noise
footprints?
A. Filippone (2017)
• Arrays of unattended measurement stations
and some mobile or handheld units.
A. Filippone (2017)
• Impact of noise on communities described in
terms of annoyance
– Sounds occurring between 10pm and 7am significantly
increases annoyance1
– Arbitrary + 10dB on Day-Night (24hr average) level
• In addition to certification standards there are

local noise regulation in regions around airports
protecting communities.
– Quota-count system.
– Only certain quota of aircraft with given certification
EPNL allowed to flyover area.
A. Filippone (2017)
[1] T.J. Schultz, "Synthesis of Social Surveys on Noise Annoyance," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 64(2) (1978), pp. 377-405.
• In the UK use Noise and Track Keeping (NTK)
– Matches air traffic control data to noise station
measurements.
– Data captured automatically.
– Extracted remotely.
– Still supplemented by handheld measurements.
A. Filippone (2017)
Source: ERCD 0406, “Techniques used by ERCD for the Measurement and Analysis of Aircraft Noise and Radar Data”, CAA, UK
• In the UK use Noise and Track Keeping (NTK)
A. Filippone (2017)
• How to choose sites?
– Distance along flight path
– Particular area
– Particular address
• Data used to ensure local regulations are being

met.
A. Filippone (2017)
A. Filippone (2017)
Measurement Procedures and Devices
• Attended versus Unattended
Advantages Disadvantages
Only measures events of interest Labour intensive
Attended
Contaminated data easy to identify Likely to be near a road

No need for a secure site for equipment Limited number of
readings is practical
Relative position of aircraft can be noted
Advantages Disadvantages
Cost effective for lots of readings Unwanted events included
Unattended
Best for infrequent events Closely space events can be

interpreted as single event
Many sites can be monitored simultaneously Secure location required
24/7 operation
A. Filippone (2017)
• Devices for noise measurement
6m Unattended Monitor 3.5m Unattended Monitor

A. Filippone (2017)
• Devices for noise measurement
4m Attended Monitor 1.2m Attended Monitor

A. Filippone (2017)
• Sound Level Meter (SLM)
Brüel & Kjær Type 2250

sound level meter
Microphone
Pre-amplifier
Integrating
data logger Windscreen
A. Filippone (2017)
• Calibration
– Pistonphone Brüel & Kjær Type 4231 calibrator
– Calibrators
• Emits a continuous signal

– 94dB or 114dB @ 1kHz
– EN/IEC 60942 (2003) Class LS / Class 1 and ANSI
S1.40 compliant
A. Filippone (2017)
• There are standards for general noise
measurement procedures:
– ISO 1996/1
• Aircraft specific procedures:

– In the US: CFR title 14, Part 36.
– In the UK: ERCD 0406 (supersedes CAP 544).
– ISO 20906:2009 for unattended monitoring near
airports.
A. Filippone (2017)
• Airport-related noise can be measured from:
– Single events e.g. Individual aircraft take-off or
landing.
– Multiple events e.g. Average level of noise
exposure over time.
Single Event
Multiple Events
SPL
Time
Passing Aircraft Event A. Filippone (2017)
• Aircraft noise is typically recorded as single
event measurements
– Integral metrics are computed for single event.
– Maximum 90s window allowed per event1.
Max. 45s Max. 45s
SPL
Time
A. Filippone (2017)
[1] ERCD 0406, “Techniques used by ERCD for the Measurement and Analysis of Aircraft Noise and Radar Data”, CAA, UK
• Typical Metrics
– LA,max (A-weighted maximum SPL)
– 1/3 Octave Band levels (LA,eq)
– SEL1 (Sound Exposure Level, A-weighted integral)
– LA,eq (A-weighted energy-equivalent)
– LAS (A-weighted, slow-integrated signal)
A. Filippone (2017)
[1] Sometimes written as LAE
• Typical Metrics
SEL, 1/3 Oct. Bands
LA,max
LAS
SPL LA,eq
Time
A. Filippone (2017)
[1] Sometimes written as LAE
• Standard practice
– 1.2m above the ground.
– Oriented for grazing incidence i.e. 90 degrees to
plane.
– Calibrated using 94dB or 114 dB @ 1kHz.
– Note atmospheric conditions and GPS location.
– Note contamination events.
– See
• CFR 14 Part 36 A36.3.5.2
• ICAO Annex 16 Chapter 3
• CAA ERCD report 0406 section 3.3.
A. Filippone (2017)
• However, consider
– Location (in)accessibility
– Permissions
– Local noise sources
– Local surfaces
A. Filippone (2017)
Need to be at least 2km away
A. Filippone (2017)
Avoiding trees, buildings and surrounded by preferred ground characteristics of grass.
A. Filippone (2017)
A. Filippone (2017)
LA,max – peak SPL but no

info about duration
LAS – filters rapid fluctuations

from the signal, cleaner
interpretation
SEL – total sound energy

averaged over 1s includes
intensity and duration
A. Filippone (2017)
1/3 Octave Bands defined by the standards:

BS2045:1965; ISO 3-1973; ISO 17-1973; ISO 497-1973; ANSI Z17.1-1973
A. Filippone (2017)
• Contamination events
– Passing road/rail vehicles
– Wildlife calls
– Farm equipment
– Trailing vortex noise
• Example recordings available
A. Filippone (2017)
• Landing
- Good coherence at
peak for all
measurements as
landing conditions
vary little between
flights
- Vortex noise
contamination in
measurement 012
A. Filippone (2017)
• Take-off
- Peak noise is
variable
- Rise and fall also

variable
- Due to operating
conditions, weight,
climb angle, track all
possibly different.
A. Filippone (2017)
Questions
A. Filippone (2017)

S5 - Noise Measurements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

S5 - Noise Measurements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aircraft Noise

Session 5: Noise Measurements

• Perceived Noise Level (PNL) considers:

• Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) considers:

• The standards are functions of the take-off weight

• Cannot exceed single point by 2 EPNdB.

• Sum of excess cannot exceed 3 EPNdB.

Maximum Take-off Weight (tonnes)

Maximum Take-off Weight (tonnes)

Maximum Take-off Weight (tonnes)

• Tightening of noise standards since their 1971

Approach Lateral Cutback / Flyover

• In addition to certification standards there are

• Data used to ensure local regulations are being

Contaminated data easy to identify Likely to be near a road

Best for infrequent events Closely space events can be

6m Unattended Monitor 3.5m Unattended Monitor

4m Attended Monitor 1.2m Attended Monitor

Brüel & Kjær Type 2250

• Emits a continuous signal

• Aircraft specific procedures:

Avoiding trees, buildings and surrounded by preferred ground characteristics of grass.

LA,max – peak SPL but no

LAS – filters rapid fluctuations

SEL – total sound energy

1/3 Octave Bands defined by the standards:

• Example recordings available

- Rise and fall also

You might also like