1.

ex·is·ten·tial·ism
a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual
person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through
acts of the will.
2. Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its
identity and function. In early Western thought Plato's idealism held that all things have
such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form".
3. Pragmatism is an educational philosophy that says that education should be about life
and growth. Two important elements of pragmatism include practical learning, which
focuses on the real-world applications of lessons, and experiential learning, which involves
learning through experience, not through simple ideas.
4. Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human
development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with
others.

1. In humanism, learning is student centered and personalized, and the educator's role is
that of a facilitator. Affective and cognitive needs are key, and the goal is to develop self-
actualized people in a cooperative, supportive environment
2. CognitivismThe cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the “black box" of the mind should
be opened and understood. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer).
3. Behaviorism is a learning theory that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors
and discounts any independent activities of the mind. Behavior theorists define learning
as nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior based on environmental conditions