CHAPTER 4

CALCULATION
Data of Experiment
The experiment involves only 2 factors, say pH and type of liquid. There are 2 level of factor of
type od liquid (salt liquid and pure water) and 2 levels of factor pH when 10, 20, 30 (minutes).
This two-factor factorial is shown in Table 4.1. The experiment has 2 replicates.
Table 1 Data of Experiment

Liquid pH (Factor B)
Type Totals Averages
10 20 30
(Factor A)
Salt liquid 7.0 7.1 8.4 7.2 7.2 7.3 49.9 8.3167
Pure water 7.8 8.4 7.9 9.4 7.4 9.0 44.2 7.367
Total 14.8 15.5 16.3 16.6 14.6 16.3 93.1 15.683
Averages 7.4 7.75 8.15 8.3 7.3 8.15 46.65 7.8418

In performing the experiment, the abn observations would be run in random order.

Statistical Analysis of the Fixed-Effects Model

Tabel 4.2. ANOVA for experiment

Analysis of Variance

Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

Model 5 3,65417 0,73083 1,32 0,367

Linear 3 3,63417 1,21139 2,19 0,190

A 1 2,70750 2,70750 4,90 0,069

B 2 0,92667 0,46333 0,84 0,477

2-Way Interactions 2 0,02000 0,01000 0,02 0,982

A*B 2 0,02000 0,01000 0,02 0,982

Error 6 3,31500 0,55250

Total 11 6,96917
From examining these expected mean squares, it is clear thar the null hypotheses about main
effects.

 Effect of factor A

Hypotheses :

𝐻0 ∶ 𝜏1 : 𝜏2 = ⋯ = 𝜏𝑎 = 0

𝐻1 ∶ 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝜏𝑖 ≠ 0

Criteria Rejection :

𝐻0 is rejected at the ∝ level of significant if 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,𝑎−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1)

To test the row factor effects are all equal to zero (𝐻0 ∶ 𝜏𝑖 = 0) we would use the ratio:
𝑀𝑆𝐴
𝐹0 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝟐, 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟎
𝐹0 = = 4,9004
𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎

𝑓∝,𝑎−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) = 𝑓0.05,2−1,2 ×3(2−1) = 𝑓0.05,1,6 = 5.99

So, we get 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,𝑎−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) it means that 𝐻0 was rejected. The conclusion of this is no
interaction main interaction effect of factor A

 Effect of factor B

Hypotheses :

𝐻0 ∶ 𝛽1 : 𝛽2 = ⋯ = 𝛽𝑏 = 0

𝐻1 ∶ 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝛽𝑗 ≠ 0

Criteria Rejection :

𝐻0 is rejected at the ∝ level of significance if 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,𝑏−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1)

To test the hypotheses that all coloumn factor effect are equal to zero (𝐻0 ∶ 𝛽𝑗 = 0 ), we would
use the ratio:
𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝐹0 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸
 𝟎, 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝐹0 = = 0,8386
𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎

𝑓∝,𝑎−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) = 𝑓0.05,3−1,2 ×3(2−1) = 𝑓0.05,2,6 = 5.14

So, we get 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,𝑏−1,𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) it means that 𝐻0 was rejected. The conclusion of this is no
interaction of factor B

 Effect of factor AB

Hypotheses :

𝐻0 ∶ (𝜏𝛽)11 : (𝜏𝛽)12 = ⋯ = (𝜏𝛽)𝑎𝑏 = 0

𝐻1 ∶ 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝜏𝛽)𝑖𝑗 ≠ 0

Criteria Rejection :

𝐻0 is rejected at the ∝ level of significance if 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,(𝑎−1)(𝑏−1),𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1)

To test the hypotheses that all coloumn factor effect are equal to zero (𝐻0 ∶ 𝛽𝑗 = 0 ), we would
use the ratio:
𝑀𝑆𝐴𝐵
𝐹0 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐹0 = = 0,01809
𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟓𝟎

𝑓∝,(𝑎−1)(𝑏−1),𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) = 𝑓0.05,(2−1)(3−1),2 ×3(2−1) = 𝑓0.05,2,6 = 5.14

So, we get 𝑓0 > 𝑓∝,(𝑎−1)(𝑏−1),𝑎𝑏(𝑛−1) it means that 𝐻0 was rejected. The conclusion of this is
no interaction.
Minitab Output

Table 4.2 shows some of the output from the Minitab analysis of variance procedure for pH test
for electrolysis experiment.

The upper portion (blue line) of the table gives the result pH of pure water, and the lower portion
(red line) of the table gives the result pH of salt liquid. The results are identical to the actually
experiment that’s the pH of pure water is higher than salt liquid.

Model Adequacy Checking

Probabity plot of Residual

The figure below that the residual of the data of experiment is normal distribution. Could be see
on the data is close to the trendline (red line). P- Value results 0.596, it means that P-Value greater
than significance level (0.05) and say normal probability plot of the experiment.

Observation (response vs residual)

The figure below that the residual of the data of experiment is randomly observation order. Could
be see on the data is randomly of the zero line. It means that the data could be done with ANOVA.

Fitted value of response

The figure below that fitted value of residual data of experiment.

Test for equal of variance

Tests
Test
Method Statistic P-Value
Bartlett 6,28 0,280

Test for Equal Variances: C7 vs B; A

B A

Bartlett’s Test
10 water P-Value 0,280

salt

20 water

salt

30 water

salt

0 50 100 150 200

95% Bonferroni Confidence Intervals for StDevs

The figure show that the data of experiment has variance that same. P-value by Barlett’s Test say that 0.280
it means that 𝐻0 was fail to reject, so the data has same variance.