8 Conditionals/Wishes/Unreal Past It-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result clause) Use Type 1 If + any present form Future/Imperative true or likely to real present (Present S., Present Cont. can/may/might/must/should _ happen in the or Present Perfect) + bare int/Present Simple _ present or future if the weather is nice, we will go on an excursion, if you have done your homework, you can watch TV. if you have a headache, take an aspirin. Type 2 It + Past Simple would/could/might + bare _untrue in the unreal ‘or Past Continuous infinitive present; also used present to give advice if |were you, | wouldn't speak to him again. (advice) It he didn't eat so many sweets, he wouldn't have a problem with his teeth. (but he eats a lot of sweets - untrue in the present) Type 3 If + Past Perfect or would/could/might + have —_ imaginary situation unreal Past Perfect Continuous —_ + past participle contrary to facts in past the past; also used to express regrets or criticism If she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn't have broken it, © When the if-clause precedes the result clause, we separate the two clauses with a comma. If he had been more careiul, he wouldn't have caused the accident. but: He wouldn't have caused the accident ithe had been more careful. (no comma) © Conditionals are usually introduced by if. Other expressions are: unless (=if not), providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for + -ing form/noun, otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if. Unless you work more efficiently, you'll be fired. | will do it only if you promise not to tell anyone. © After “if” we normally use were instead of was for all persons in conditionals type 2 in formal English. if! were/was you, ! would tell her everything. ‘© We do not normally use will, would or should in if-clauses. If you want this, you can have I, (notEyeu -~wilLawant:) However, will, would or should can be used in if-clauses to make a request or express annoyance, doubt/uncertainty or insistence. i he should come, show him in. (doubt/uncertainty - | doubt that he will come...) If you willjwould be more patient, I'l be with you in a minute. (request - Will you please be more patient?) RD. ur the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals. Ifyou ...don't put up... (not/put up) this shelf, you won't have anywhere to put your books. (Ist type) tthe . (Change) jobs, he would be a lot happier. If were you, | - (tell) her how you feel Ifyou continue to shout so loudly, you .... (wake up) the baby. Even if he ... (ask) them, they wouldn't have agreed to come. Unless you .. (fee!) any better, you can take the rest of the day off, itshe .. (not/threaten) him, he wouldn't have left. notitrust) him if | were you I you're patient for a few minutes, | s (not/go) with her if he had kr (be able) to finish this. n she would behave so irresponsibly. SeorvousenasDC —_ 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 11 | wouldn't have been able to do it unless she (help) me. 12 Sometimes it you sonnnunn (take) a chance, it pays off, 13 ithe. (wake up) earlier, he wouldn't have been late for work. 14 Ifthey will go on making so much noise, | (have to) punish them. 15 ifwe (intend) to spend the day in London, we would have bought a day pass. 16 Keep your voice down in case he .. (overhear) us. 17 Ifshe. (be) more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job. 18 Ifthe food .. {not/be) so bad, we wouldn't have complained, 49. Sales will ncrease provided that the advertising campaign . (be) successful. 20 Ifyou. ‘ (spend) less on clothes, you would be able to save some money. AXBO. Rewrite the following as conditional sentences. 1 You need to go to Egypt to see the Sphinx. It ..you go to Egypt, you can see the Sphinx. 2. John didn’t leave early so he didn't get there on time. It. : 3. She used factor 12 suntan lotion as she gels sunburnt easily. If... 4 The fax machine is broken so I'l have to send it by post. If i 5 Calling her might make her feel better. if > 6 Therell be an election if the president resigns. Providing... 7. More tickets need to be sold, otherwise the concert will be cancelled. i. 8 You'll have trouble selling your house if hyou' re not prepared to > accept a lower offer. Unless i 9 He cancelled his trip because he had run out of money. it ac 40 Tom didn't wear a coat and caught a cold. Wis 11. You need to study to pass this exam. Unless 42. You really ought to go somewhere sunnier to get a suntan. Unless . eat nsdn ¢ BD complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, If were world leader, | 1) ...would try... (try) to stop the destruction of the earth and | 2) sss: (MaKe) the world a better place for all people. If the world's problems had been tackled sooner, the quality of life 3) (improve) long ago. First of all, | would try to bring about peace in the world, As long as there Is fighting between nations, millions of people 4) ... (continue) to suffer and die. If wars continue, children §) «1... (be left) without parents and 6)..... (grow up) in a world of misery and fear. But as long as people disagree over land and possessions, the fighting 7) . ... (go on). Therefore, | would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same opportunities in ife. It would also help if all countries 8)... (stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight. In addition, | would introduce laws to reduce pollution, If pollution levels had been controlled earlier, life 9)... .. (nol/become) so unbearable. If! 10) . seen (have) the power, | would ban all cars from city centres and increase public transport. If there were more trees, the air we breathe 11). (be) cleaner. Unless measures are taken Soon, it 12)... (be) too late both for ourselves and our children. 123Ne 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past Rephrase the following in as many ways as possible using the words from the list below. only if, otherwise, as long as, unless, providing, on condition that, if 1 Should you go to Rome, you must see the Colosseum. You can swim but there must be an adult with you. Drive carefully so that you won't have an accident. He will get a bonus if productivity increases. Vil lend you the money, but you must pay me back soon. anon if can be omitted in if-clauses. In this case should, were and had (Past Perfect) come before the ‘subject. if he should win the race, he'll be very happy. = Should he win the race, he'll be very happy. If were you, | wouldn't tell him. = Were I you, | wouldn't tell him, If Thad known the truth, I'd have called the police. = Had | known the truth, I'd have called the police. UD rewrite the following sentences omitting “if”. 1 If | were you, | would think twice before accepting his offer. Were | you, | would think twice before accepting his offer. 2 If you had brought more money with you, we could have gone on holiday. 3. If were you, I'd leave an hour earlier to be sure of getting there on time. rs If you get through to the theatre, could y ve four tickets for tonight's performance? a If you had paid the telephone bill on time, your phone wouldn't have been cut off All types of conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible ifthe context permits i Itclause Main clause Type 2 If they were working all day, _they will be tired now. Type 1 (They were working all day so they are tired now.) If} were you, I would have accepted the job. (You are not me ‘80 you didn’t accept the job.) Type 2 if he were a better driver, he wouldn't have crashed the car. Type 3 (He is not a good driver 0 he crashed the car.) Type 3 If she had finished earlier, she would be going to the party tonight. (She didn’t finish earlier 80 she isn't going to the party.) Type 2 QED ise te: init szec atti bein a example: 1 He is not an honest person so he didn't tell the truth. «lf he were an honest person, he would have told the truth. 2 They were awake all night so they are tired now. pis8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 3. You didn’t tell me earlier so we are not going to the cinema tonight. 4 She didn’t cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering it. 5 The ship left Plymouth yesterday so it will be in Spain now. 6 They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paint now. 7. She didn't do her homework so she’s in trouble with her teacher. 8 She's i so dsorgeised tht she missed the deadie, ABS: complete the following sentences with an appropriate conditional clause. 1. Should you go to London, you ... must visit the Houses of Parliament. 2 If he doesn't practise more, he ..... 3. Unless you get permission, ....... 4. Only if we ban the hunting of whales 5 If! could afford it, 6 I youhad booked a table in the restaurant, 7 8 9 10 Should you meet George, Were she in my shoes, ... The fire wouldn't have started But for his money, she .. 11 Had you followed my advice, .. 12. Only if we stop cutting down trees . 13 Were she more sincere, 14 If you had watered the plants, .... es Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 I would have lent you my car but I didn't know you needed to borrow it. had If wl had known you.. needed to borrow my car, | would have lent it to you. 2. As long as you are very careful, you can use my CD player. provided You can use my CD player .. soos VOrY Careful 3. Iithore isn’t an interpreter at the conference, she won't be able to understand the speakers unless She won't be able to understand the Speakers «0c» swe t the conference. 125-4OO 8 Conditionals / Wishes /Unreal Past 4 He didn't get the job because he was late for the interview. would If he hadn't been late for the interview, he 5 I only learnt to drive because you taught me. never |. sees 6 You'd better see a doctor. were if : 7 Tim will be able to operate the machine but somebody must show him how. only Tim will be able to operate the machine .. e 8 She didn’t take an umbrella so she got completely soaked. have If she had taken an umbrella, she ... bes 9 I will buy a new car but | must save enough money first. save Provided ........ 10 She broke her leg so she couldn't go skiing. broken If... .. 18g, she could have gone skiing, 11. Kay can't be at home, otherwise she would have answered the phone. would If Kay 42. | would be grateful to receive any information you may have. could | would be grateful . 13. Karen can make the pie but she must have the recipe job. .. drive if you hadn't taught me. see a doctor. have answered the phone. .. any information you may have. long Karen can make the pie ... the recipe. 14 If you see Miles, can you ask him to contact me immediately? see Should ... . ask him to contact me immediately? 15 Chris wants to on his boss but he hasn't got the number. would If Chris .. 4 phone his boss. I wish (if only) + Past tense wish/regret about a present (wish/regret about the present) situation we want to be different I wish (if only) + could + bare infinitive wish/regret in the present — (wish/regret about the present) concerning lack of ability 1 wish (if only) + Past Perfect regret that something (regret about the past) happened or didn't happen in the past I wish (if only) + subject + would + bare int —_wish for a future change (impossible wish for (a. “wish” and “would” should have unlikely to happen or wish a future change) a different subject. We never say: = : is used to express the speaker's hope. | lack of hope or disappointment ¢ After | wish we can use were instead of was in all persons. / wish she were/was more patient. 126———— eee ee 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past asl Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Dear Mum, 1 feel really unhappy! | wish | 1) ...hadn’t taken... (not/take) this job. If only 1 2) = Give) it more thought before | made the decision to come here. | wish the people here 3). .. (be) more friendly - that would make it much better. If only | 4) (have) longer breaks, Looking at a computer screen all day is tiring and sometimes | find myself wishing it 5) . (explode)! | wish my boss 6) ..... (give) me something different to do. | wish there 7) (be) someone here | could talk to but I haven’t made any friends. If only 1 8) (make) some, but it’s very difficult. | wish you y.. suse (live) nearer write. | miss you! = sere! elas Jenny Write sentences as in the example: 1 You felt sick and you missed your friend's birthday party. I wish | hadn't felt sick. If | hadn't felt sick, | wouldn't have missed my friend's birthday party. 2 You got up late and you missed the train. 3 You weren't offered the job because you weren't qualified, 4. You're not a senior staff member so you can't use the car park. You damaged the video because you didn’ 9 You like chocolate but you're on a diet. 40 You enjoy playing tennis but you have twisted your ankle. AES complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 It's a pity | can’t go to the beach today, but | have to stay at home and study. could — I wish ...! could go to the beach ... today, but | have to stay at home and study. 2 fit weren't raining, we could go on a picnic. stop —_I wish sc so we could go on a picnic. 3 It's a shame we didn't see the exhibition. had We wish .. sone the exhibition. 4 George needs a new car but he can't afford to buy one. could George wishes x ‘i oe NeW car. 5 I's a pity Jenny wasn't invited to the party. been —_Jenny wishes .... afte 6 I've been offered a job in Paris but | can’t speak French. speak — | wish . ses to the party ecause I've been offered a job in Paris. nz8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 7 George never arrives on time when we arrange to go out. only I ion on time when we arrange to go out. 8 | would really like to be lying on the beach now. were | . .. on the beach now. Igo. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form. Mary was telling Julie about her planned trip to a tropical island. It sounded wonderful. “If | were you, | 1) {come) with me. We 3) . er, you planning to take with you?" “Well, I'm hoping to buy some new ones. If you 6) (fini Id you get there?” “Sunbathe, swim and go for long walks on the beach. ~-would be... (be) so excited,” Julie said. “I am,” replied Mary," but I wish yOu 2) ....:ssee (have) such fun!" "I know. If only | 4) (know) earl. . (not/spend) all my money on redecorating the kitchen. Anyway, what clothes are 15). ish) work early today, we 7) (go) shopping in town.” “If 18) “ see (B@) YOU, make sure | took light clothes and lots of insect repellent. What 9) . (youdo) when lake sure you 10) (send) me a postcard and take lots of pictures.” “Don't worry, | will.” 19) a2 Rewrite the letter using wishes or if-clauses as in the example: Dear Christine, {just had to drop you a line and let you know what a terrible day I've had today Welt, first of all, | thought | would let the canaries out of their cage to fly around for a while. What a mistake! They flew straight out of the open window and I haven't seen them since! Then | decided to surprise my husband by putting up some new bookshelves in the lounge. Oh dear! | drilled a hole straight into the wiring in the wall and cut off the whole street's electricity supply, What a disaster! The neighbours are furious with me. On top of that, when my husband came home from work he tripped over the bucket | had left in the middle of the floor. Unfortunately, he hurt his ankle and he was angry with me. | shouldn't have left the bucket there, Anyway, hopefully tomorrow will be better than today, With love, Elise Wish I hadn't had such a terrible day yesterday. ... Complete the following sentences. wouldn't have toothache now.. BRSRIScavoaaona ifonly | had kept my appointment with the dentist yesterday, Iwish | had paid my electricity bil, : If were Prime Minister, | Ifitrains tomorrow, . Pete wishes he had worked harder at school, ... Sarah will go to the party if. Honly | had more money, Liz wishes she had got up earlier, tf only Jo hadn't locked her keys in the car, lt John gets a promotion at work, lf the goverment bans smoking in publ if only | hadn't shouted at Julie, . if Jenny had locked the front door, .. I you are late for a job interview, ... Ifyou have a headache, > 128CE EEE << Past Simple Conditionals Type 2 (unreal in the present) If were you, | wouldn't do that. wish (present) I wish she were more cooperative. . 'd rather/sooner sb ... (present) I'd rather you paid me today. ‘Suppose/Supposing Suppose your father caught you smoking, what would you do? as if/as though (untrue situation in the present) She behaves as if she were the Queen. it's (about/high) time ... It's time you started work. 8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past The Simple Past can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present and the Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is called Unreal Past. Unreal Past is used as follows: Past Perfect Conditionals Type 3 (unreal in the past) ‘the had wamed me, this wouldn't have happened. wish (past) Hfonly | hadn't lost all my money last night. 'd rather/sooner sb ... (past) I'd rather you had not told everyone. ‘Suppose/Supposing Suppose he had left before the boss came, what would have happened? as i/as though (untrue situation in the past) Soon after being introduced, they were talking to each other as if they had been friends for years. © when the subject of would I'd rather + rather is also the subject of the following Vd rather sb + when the subject of would rather is different from the I preter to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea. Present bare infinitive (present/future reference) Perfect bare infinitive (past reference) 'd rather play tennis. I'd rather not have gone out with nn ‘yesterday. Past Simple (present/future reference) Past Perfect (past reference) ‘subject of the following verb I'd rather you stopped smoking. Id rather you had mentioned that before. preter + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun (general). | prefer (drinking) tea to (drinking) coffee. prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference) ‘© would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference) Id prefer to live in London rather than (live in) ‘Swansea. ‘® would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive. /'d rather fly to Munich than go there by car. © [had better + present bare inf (present/future reference) He had better consult ¢ lawyer. (= He should consult a lawyer.) It would have been better if + Past Perfect (past reference). It would have been better if you hadn't talked to James last night, (= You shouldn't have talked to James last night.) 129-<@8 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past 1 2 Hf 2 3 4 iG 6 7 8 9 0 BE tintin the gaps with the appropriate auxiliary verb. gs Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1 Suppose they ...had cancelled... (cancel the fight. How would you have got home? We'd rather you... .. (take out) separate holiday insurance. I hate it when you speak to me as if | (be) a child. She'd rather siege {not/show) him her passport. It's high time he (face) up to his responsibilities. ifonly! {notleave) the window open! If they .... “.(g0) out less, they'd have more money. Chris prefers (work) mornings rather than evenings. Suppose Helen .. 5 (ov) Your excboyiriend, would you sil go tothe party? I'd rather Sam . (notiplay) his music so loud. ‘Sylvia wishes she .. (have) long hair. She had only lived there three months but she spoke the language asifshe (live) there longer. Tom's mother made him go to school although he would rather .. | feel a bit sick now. I wish | He much prefers: 'd prefer "'d rather... .. (Stay) at home. (eat) so much. -+: (go) to live concerts. . (take) the bus. sun (listen) t0 CDS to .. (ide) my bicyole to the shops rather than .. (live) alone than (share) a flat with a stranger. tak) with friends rather than .. (watch) television. (work) harder, she wouldn't have failed her exams. (go) to bed as we have to be up early tomorrow. QD. compiete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. ‘Your mother's worried about you. You should phone her. better You ...had better phone... your mother as she's wortied about you. Will you ever think about finding a flat of your own? time it's . Look at how he lives - he thinks he's a millionaire. it He lives This summer, | would rather book a holiday in Monaco than Lyons. prefer — This summer, | ... a holiday in Monaco rather than Lyons. Why didn’t you tell me yourself that you were leaving? rather 1D cee She wants to be more like her mother. wishes She | should have taken that job in Canada last year. only Hes You should have checked the oil before you set out. better it. i about finding a flat of your own. .. a millionaire, me yourself that you were leaving, more like her mother. that job in Canada last year. you had checked the oil before you set out. He hasn't got a yacht but he wishes he ... had. She can’t afford a maid but she wishes she | didn’t pay attention in class but | wish | He had his hair cut really short but now he wishes he . He's going to the dentist this afternoon but he wishes he .. She made a terrible mistake but now she wishes she They probably won't change their minds but | wish they .. He always brings his dog to my house but | really wish he forgot to enclose the cheque but I wish I... He won't let me leave early but | wish he 130Bc hes /| s ac AS. put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Dear Jenny, Sorry | didn’t answer your last letter. if | 1) ...had realleed... (realised) how serious the situation was, I would have writen to you straightaway, You obviously need my advice. only wish 12) (be) with you now to help you. | think it’s about time you 3) .. £ (leave) your job and 4) wiaccrcnnsn (start) to look for a new one. if your boss 5) (insist) on treating you so unfairly, then you have very little choice. You say that you'd rather biases (have) ajob you hate than no job at all, but is that really true? If you Diss. ~ (be) worried about money, don’t be. You can come home and live with your father and me for a while. 'd rather you 8)... live) nearer home aruwaus Your od boss ot the itary, Me Gree, 8 you could have your old job back if you 9. 5 . (want) it. You could have been Head Librarian by now if you 10) .. (not/leave)| Anyway, Pll let you know if 1 » (hear) about any other suitable jobs. Take care and let me know if you 12) .. -» (make) any decisions. Saves Mum dae Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 I didn't pass my exams and now | can't go to university. wish |..Wish | had passed.. my exams; then | could go to university. 2. Iwas about to'buy the painting, when | realised it was a fake. it | would have bought the painting ...... i it was a fake. 3. I didn't see the TV programme because | didn’t know it was on. known If .. the TV programme was on, | would have seen it. 4 I think you should go on holiday. were if i . I would go on holiday. 5 You shouldn't have told Sally my secret. told Ud .. elt . Sally my secret. 6 You'd think he was a politician. though — He behaves .. 7 You should be in bed now. I's late. went it's 8 It would have been better if you had passed on the message. only f.. “4 . the message. 9 Ifthe teacher asked you to answer that question, what would you say? asked Suppose ...... to answer that question, what would you say? 10 It's. pity it's raining. stop | . raining. 114. She couldn't tell you because she didn't know. would — Had .. told you. 12. Why did Ilisten to John? He always tells lies. listened |... to John. He always tells lies. 43 We should have left by now if we don't want to miss the bus. time t's... .. if we don’t want to miss the bus. 44 | would have liked you to have informed my parents about my change of plan. rather | jvvnes MY Parents about my change of plan. 45_It would have been better if they had got the earlier tin. only If. .. the earlier train. 16 You ought to have set a we time It's. a wedding date. 118 Conditionals / Wishes / Unreal Past D3. rind the word which should not be in the sentence. eCoronsens 10 "1 12 13 4 6 16 7 18 19 20 Unless you not know the details, you can't reach a decision. 1f they will finish this assignment on time, they'll be rewarded. Even if he offered to make up for the damage, otherwise | wouldn't accept. itwere | had accepted the job, | would be earning a lot of money now. If she were be me, she would have done exactly the same. ‘You won't be allowed to attend the reception unless you will receive an invitation, | wish if they would stop criticising our efforts to change things. I'l give them my new address in case they will want to forward my post. If only he had been taken our advice, ‘As long as you will promise to behave yourself, you can stay overnight at your friend's. | wish for Sarah would give up her dream of becoming an opera singer. He looked as if that he hadn't slept for days. It's time they had decided what they want to do. ‘She'd better to take a course in French before she moves to France. 1'd rather they had stayed at a hotel the next time they're in town John would rather to buy a new car than a second-hand one. ‘She would prefer to have invest the money rather than spend it. Unless we will have the car repaired, we won't be able to make our journey. Don't you wish you were being someone famous? Had if | waited longer, | would have seen the parade. > Oral Development 12 Students look at the pictures below then, in turns, make sentences using conditionals or Wishes to say what the man is thinking. $1: I wish the wind would change direction. $2: If the wind changes direction, we'll avoid the rocks. ete 132