Extract Inside Umts PDF

Inside UMTS – Technology & System Operation
(1) Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems
• Multiple access capability
© INACON GmbH 1999 - 2004. All rights reserved. Reproduction and/or unauthorized use of this material is prohibited
and will be prosecuted to the full extent of German and international laws. Version Number: 2.37 - 153 -
(1) Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems

Multiple access capability
• Transmitter
The transmitter encodes the information with the assigned spreading code. Since the bandwidth of the spreading code is much larger than the bandwidth
of the information signal, the bandwidth of the information signal is increased. This process also distributes the signal power over the entire bandwidth.
Hence, the power per hertz (power spectral density) of the spread signal is much lower than the power spectral density of the narrow band signal.
• Air Interface
The signals of multiple users are transmitted simultaneously over the air interface. At the input resistance of the receiving antenna all signals will be
superimposed.
• Receiver
At the receiver side, the sum of all transmitted signals is received. Each receiver knows the spreading code of the desired user (transmitter) and decodes
the received sum signal with this code. The decoding process despreads only the signal of the desired user, the signals of the other users will be
unchanged. Thus the power of this signal will be increased in relation to the other users signal.
Hence, the common medium shared in a CDMA scheme is power. It is the spreading process that gives the CDMA scheme multiple access capability.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)
F_011_RZSK_DS-SS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)

In a DS-SS, the narrowband data signal is multiplied (XOR) with a special code. These codes are orthogonal to each other and thus in an ideal
environment they don’t interfere with each other. In this way the orthogonality between codes (users) can be used to separate different users within one
cell.
The code properties which are necessary for maintaining orthogonality between the users will be explained later.
By multiplying the narrowband user signal with the (much) more frequent spreading code, the bandwidth transmitted on the air interface is “spread”. For
CDMA systems such spreading factors are in the range between less than 10 and up to 1000.
To differentiate the bits in the data signal from the bits in the spread signal, the bits in the data signal are called (Data-) Symbols and the bits in the spread
signal are called Chips. (Be aware, the word symbol here has a different meaning than a modulation symbol).
As opposed to assigning a defined frequency channel as in FDMA systems or a defined timeslot as in TDMA systems, a defined code is assigned to each
user in a CDMA system.
(1) Spreading Codes
Walsh Tree
(1) Spreading Codes

The spreading codes used for UTRA are taken from the Walsh tree. Codes taken from different branches of this tree are absolutely orthogonal, which
means that in a ideal environment, they do not interfere with each other.
This can be checked by using the crosscorrelation function. If the correlation between two codes is zero (zero interference), these codes are called
orthogonal.
Each code is uniquely described as CSF,k, where SF is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number (ranging from 0 to SF-1).
These codes are generated by using the Hadamard matrix. The generation of the codes is defined as:
C 1,0 = 1
C2,0  C1,0 C1, 0  1 1 
 = =
C2,1  C1,0 − C1,0  1 − 1
User data which are spread with e.g. code C8,2 may also be de-spread using code C4,1 since code C8,2 is nothing more than two times code C4,1. (N.B. code
C16,4 is also nothing else than four times C4,1, and hence, data spread using code C16,4 can also be despread using code C4,1). Therefore, these codes are
also called Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes.
However, if one user is assigned code C8,2, no other codes from its branch may be used (i.e. C16,4, C16,5, C32,8, …). These subtree codes would not be
orthogonal with the parent code C8,2. Since code C16,4 is nothing more than two times code C8,2, these two codes correlate perfectly and the user signal
could not be recovered at all. In addition, the code C4,1 may not be used since it would (at least partially) interfere with all code of this branch with higher
spreading factors (C8,2 and C8,3; C16,4 until C16,7; etc.)
For UTRAN FDD the minimum permitted spreading factor is SF 4. This means that each data symbol is represented by 4 chips. As illustrated, only 4 codes
with SF=4 may be assigned. Then, no other orthogonal codes are available, although with 4 chips in total 16 codewords could be constructed!
This means that only four users can be assigned with spreading factor 4, which allows the highest data rate. In this case, no codes are left for all other
users.
[TS 25.213 (FDD) / TS 25.223 (TDD)]
“Please spread the three Data Signals

Practical Exercise: using the specific Spreading Code and
work out the Composite Signal!”
“Please recover the original Data transmitted
for User C back from the Composite Signal
and check what an intruder, using code C4,0,
would receive!”
Practical Exercise:
(1) Data Transfer on Transport Channels
F_o11_rzdn_data transfer on transport channels
(1) Data Transfer on Transport Channels

Transport Channels are unidirectional resources.
MAC is responsible for the mapping of data to the physical layer via Transport Channels.
The data transfer on Transport Channels is performed via Transport Blocks.

The Physical Layer operates in 10 ms time slices (radio frames), which are filled up with the data received by MAC for processing and transmitting.
Therefore MAC generates (a) new transport block(s) every 10 ms (or a multiple of that) and sends it to the Physical Layer.
In order to support variable bit rate connections it is also possible to transmit several transport blocks via the same Transport Channel within the same
frame (10ms or a multiple of 10 ms).
Transport Channel Processing Chain
F-011-DL_TrCh_multiplexing
TFCI:
Transport Format Combination Identifier
TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator

Transport Channel Processing Chain

If several Transport Channels are active simultaneously in a given connection (e.g. one or several dedicated traffic channels and one dedicated control
channel), these channels are multiplexed together by layer 1. After multiplexing, the various Transport Channels are mapped to Physical Channels.
Since each of the Transport Channels may carry a different service (e.g. speech and web browsing), multiplexing of Transport Channels is also denoted as
Service Multiplexing.
For each transport channel one or more Transport Format Indicators (TFI) are defined. All combinations of the TFIs of all transport channels to be
multiplexed form the Transport Format Combination Set (TFCS). The actually selected combination within a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is referred to
as the Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI).
To indicate which Transport Formats are transmitted within the Physical Channel, each Physical Channel includes the TFCI. The TFCI describes the actual
used combination of transport formats per radio frame.
The TFCS includes all possible combinations of Transport Formats from Transport Channels to be multiplexed.
The TFCI indicates which Transport Formats are active within this Physical Channel.
Uplink Data Processing Path
Note: The Processing Path

differs between UL and
DL!
Uplink Data Processing Path

CRC Attachment
For each arriving Transport Block a CRC is calculated and added. The use of CRC bits enables error detection at the receiving entity.
Transport Block Concatenation / Code Block Segmentation
After the CRC attachment all Transport Blocks in a TTI are concatenated serially. If the number of bits after concatenation is larger the maximum number
of bits of a code block allowed for the channel coding scheme, code block segmentation is carried out. Therefore, the concatenated transport blocks are
segmented into equally sized code blocks.
Channel Coding
After CRC Attachment and Transport Block Concatenation / Code Block Segmentation, the Channel Coding is performed.
Radio Frame Equalization
Radio Frame Equalization ensures that the channel coded data string can be segmented into N data segments which all have the same size (N = TTI /
10ms). Therefore the input bit sequence is padded with the necessary number of bits (in UL only).
1st Interleaving
st
1 Interleaving is executed over the length of the TTI if the TTI is longer than 10ms. Interleaving is used in order to randomize transmission errors on the
air interface.
Radio Frame Segmentation
st
After 1 Interleaving, the data is segmented into N 10 ms segments (N = TTI / 10ms). Since Radio Frame Equalization has been performed, the sequence
length of the input bit is guaranteed to be an integer multiple of N.
Rate Matching
Rate Matching means that bits on a Transport Channel are repeated or punctured. The Rate Matching Process ensures that the total amount of data after
Transport Channel Multiplexing is identical to the required amount of data per radio frame (before spreading).
[3GTS 25.212]
Data Processing Path for 28.8 kbps bearer
Data Processing Path for 28.8 kbps bearer

Example of the processing steps for a 28.8 kbps Radio Bearer.
[3GTS 25.944]
Data Processing Path for 3.4 kbps signaling bearer
Data Processing Path for 3.4 kbps signaling bearer

Example of the processing steps for a 3.4 kbps Signaling Radio Bearer.
[3GTS 25.944]
Transport Channel Multiplexing
Transport Channel Multiplexing

After both the Channel Coding and the Rate Matching process, the coded Transport Channels are multiplexed together to a single Coded Composite
Transport Channel (CCTrCh).
Since the Rate Matching process ensures that the bit rate of the CCTrCh is identical to the total bit rate of the Physical Channel, the bit sequence can be
mapped exactly onto the Physical Channel.
Frame Structure of UL DPDCH / DPCCH
Frame Structure of UL DPDCH / DPCCH

DPDCH
The DPDCH carries the DCH. The number of bits that can be mapped on the DPDCH is variable and depends on the SF. The rate matching process
matches the number of bits in one frame to fit one DPDCH exactly.
The bit rate of the DPDCH is variable and may change every 10 ms (1 radio frame). The SF ranges from 256 down to 4.
DPCCH
The DPCCH is required for system operation and for indicating the bit rate of the DPDCH. It carries all the information, which is relevant to the physical
layer.
⇒ Pilot
The pilot bits are a defined bit pattern. They are used by the NodeB to estimate the channel conditions and to calculate the Signal to Interference Ratio
(SIR) for the power commands.
⇒ TFCI
The Transport Format Combination Identifier informs the NodeB about the Transport Formats, which are active within the simultaneously transmitted
DPDCH
⇒ FBI
The Feedback Information bits are used to support transmission techniques requiring feedback from the UE to the UTRAN (e.g. SSDT).
⇒ TPC
The Transmit Power Control field carries the power commands for the downlink fast closed-loop power control (1500 Hz).
The SF for the DPCCH is always 256, i.e. there are always 10 bits per uplink DPCCH slot # data rate of 15 kbps.
The DPDCH and the DPCCH are transmitted simultaneously in a code division manner.
[3GTS 25.211]
Data rates on Uplink DPDCH

Mind: The number of bits on the DPDCH depends on the
Spreading Factor!
Chiprate 3.84 Mcps
Bitrate = =
SF SF
Data rates on Uplink DPDCH

The data rate on the DPDCH is variable. The SF ranges from 256 down to 4.
[3GTS 25.211]
Open Loop Power Control
F_011_RZSK_OpenLoopPowerControl
Open Loop Power Control

For Open Loop Power Control, the output power (TX power) of the UE is dependent on the received (RX) power.
The NodeB transmits the parameters which are needed by the UE to calculate the adequate output power via the system information. The lower the RX
power, the higher the TX power of the UE.
⇒ For open loop power control, the output power of the UE is solely based on the received power from the NodeB.
The problem is that the interference level is frequency selective. If, for example, only the downlink frequency has interference, the output power of the UE
would be higher than needed resulting in unnecessarily high interference on the air interface.
⇒ Since the TX and RX signals in FDD use different frequencies (190 MHz shift), this method gives the right output power only on average.
The advantage of the Open Loop Power Control is that no feedback channel is required.
⇒ This method is used if no feedback channel is available, i.e. initial network access.
[3GPP TS 25.214 (5), 25.101 (6.4)]
Closed Loop Power Control
F_011_RZSK_ Closed Loop power control
Closed Loop Power Control

In contrast to open loop power control, closed loop power control is based on measurements performed by the receiving entity. Closed loop power control
is used both in the uplink and in the downlink.
Closed loop power control is based on two measurements:
Outer Loop Power Control
The outer loop power control is located in the SRNC (UL) and in the UE (DL).
In the UL, the SRNC sets the SIR target for the UL inner loop power control which is located in the NodeB according to the target channel quality value.
The DL outer loop power control works in a similar way except that the UE estimates the DL channel quality. However, the DL channel quality target is also
set by the SRNC.
The Outer Loop Power Control sets the SIR target for the Inner Loop Power Control according to the desired channel quality. The outer loop power control
is more quality control of the radio channel than power control.
Typically, the outer loop power control is updated 10 – 100 times per second (10 – 100 Hz).
Inner Loop Power Control

The inner loop measures the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) on the air interface. The SIR target is determined by the Outer Loop Power Control.
The receiving entity sends a Transmit Power Control (TPC) command to the transmitting entity to either increase or decrease the transmission power.
The Inner Loop Power Control is based on the SIR received. Since the receiving entity controls the output power of the transmitting entity, one speaks
about closed loop power control.
The Inner Loop Power Control is also referred to as fast-closed loop power control since the transmission power is updated each 0,667 ms (1500 Hz).
(1) Cell Search Procedure
(1) Cell Search Procedure

CPICH
The CPICH is a continuous loop broadcast of the NodeB scrambling code. Since no additional spreading is applied to this signal, it is quite easy for the UE
to acquire a lock to this reference. The total number of different scrambling codes in downlink direction is limited to 512 organized in 64 code groups with 8
codes each.
P-SCH
The P-SCH is an important channel used by the UE for cell search. It is time multiplexed with the P-CCPCH. The P-SCH transmits the primary
synchronization code (PSC), which is common to all cells and is known by the UE.
S-SCH
The S-SCH transmits the SSC (Secondary Synchronization Code). It is transmitted simultaneously with the P-SCH and is also time multiplexed with the P-
CCPCH.
P-CCPCH
The P-CCPCH carries the BCH and is off while the P-SCH and S-SCH are transmitted.
(1) Physical Layer Procedures
• RACH Access Procedure
(1) Physical Layer Procedures

RACH Procedure Access
The random access procedure in a CDMA system has to cope with the near-far problem since there is no exact knowledge of the required transmission
power. The initial power is estimated by the open loop power control.
The UE sends the RACH preamble at the initial power level. If the terminal receives no AICH, the UE sends the next access preamble with increased
output power.
When the AICH is detected, RACH transmission starts.
The RACH transmission can last either 10 ms or 20 ms.
[3GPP TS 25.211, 25.133 (6.3), 25.303 (6.7.2)]
(1) Mobile Originated Call Establishment
(1) Mobile Originated Call Establishment

RRC Connection Setup
It is assumed the UE is in idle state, it is attached to the network but no radio connection exists.
Initiated by an UE internal primitive for service request which could be a request for a call setup or a location update the UE will start with a RRC
connection request message. This message will be transferred using the RACH transport channel and relayed in the node B on the Iub RACH port.
Based on the cause for this request the RNC decides to allocate a dedicated or a common transport channel for this transaction over the air interface and
allocates the resources. The cause already includes first information about the request itself (registration, MOC or MTC, QoS class (conversational,
streaming, interactive or background), emergency call, signaling transfer, etc.).
[3GPP TR 25.931 (7.3)]

Iub Bearer Establishment
An Iub bearer will be set up to provide the connection between the node B and the RNC. Therefore the node B is informed about the transport channel and
physical parameters (radio link setup request) and will reserve and configure the requested resources. It is assumed the RNC will setup a dedicated
channel on the air interface and the received transport blocks will then be relayed over the Iub bearer to the RNC.
After configuration, the node B will start reception to obtain uplink synchronization. The resource reservation is confirmed together with returning the node
B transport layer address in the radio link setup response message. Next, the RNC will establish the Iub bearer using the ALCAP protocol in the transport
network control plane.
[3GPP TR 25.931 (4.6), 25.303]
Note: For each message the first line shows the initiating layer and – if applicable - the different channel types used including the RLC transmission mode.
The message name is in the second line and major information elements of this message are given in the last line.
This scenario shall provide an understanding of the message sequence flow during MOC. For an better view less important messages and simple
acknowledgement messages are suppressed.
Radio network messages are shown in green color, transport network messages in red color.
Inside UMTS
! Index:
3 C
3GPP ............................................................................................................24 Call Detail Record.........................................................................................78
3GPP2 ..........................................................................................................24 CAMEL Application Part ...............................................................................84
CAMEL Subscription Information .................................................................86
Carrier-to-Interference ratio ........................................................................176
A CD/CA-ICH .................................................................................................258
AAL .............................................................................................................286 CDG ..............................................................................................................24
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel........................................258 Cdma2000 ....................................................................................................16
Access stratum .............................................................................................32 CDR ..............................................................................................................78
Acquisition Indicator Channel .....................................................................258 Cell Breathing .............................................................................................119
Adaptation Layer ........................................................................................286 Cell Search Procedure................................................................................316
Adaptive Antenna .......................................................................................142 Channel Coding ..........................................................................................240
AICH ...........................................................................................................258 Channelization ............................................................................................188
ALCAP establishment request....................................................................372 Charging ...........................................................................................66, 74, 78
AMR Speech codec ....................................................................................121 Charging Gateway ........................................................................................78
AP-AICH .....................................................................................................258 Charging ID...................................................................................................80
Architecture Model........................................................................................30 Chip.............................................................................................................164
ARIB .............................................................................................................24 Chip rate .....................................................................................................170
ATM ............................................................................................................284 Closed Loop Power Control........................................................................305
ATM Adaptation layer .................................................................................286 Code Division Multiple Access ...................................................................151
Autocorrelation ...................................................................................168, 186 Code Division Multiplex ..............................................................................218
Code group .................................................................................................320
Code Properties..........................................................................................186
B Coded Composite Transport Channel ........................................................248
Backbone......................................................................................................76 Collision Detection / Channel Assignment Indicator Channel ....................258
Background class .......................................................................................352 Common Control Physical Channel............................................................254
Billing ............................................................................................................78 Common Id .................................................................................................376
BMC............................................................................................................288 Common Packet Channel...................................................................212, 254
Broadcast Channel .....................................................................................210 Common Pilot Channel...............................................................................258
Broadcast Multicast Control........................................................................288 Control Channel..........................................................................................206
Inside UMTS
Control plane ..............................................................................................292 Forward Access Channel ...........................................................................210

Conversational class ..................................................................................352 FPLMTS..........................................................................................................8
Core Network................................................................................................52 Frame synchronization ...............................................................................318
Correlation Receiver ...................................................................................173 Frequency Division Multiple Access ...........................................................145
CPCH Access Procedure ...........................................................................324 Frequency Hopping ....................................................................................161
CPCH Status Indicator Channel .................................................................258 Frequency Spectrum ....................................................................................22
CPICH.........................................................................................................258
C-RNTI........................................................................................................338
Crosscorrelation .................................................................................166, 186
G
CS Domain ...................................................................................................52 Gateway Location Register ....................................................................40, 82
CSICH.........................................................................................................258 G-CDR ..........................................................................................................80
CWTS ...........................................................................................................24 GERAN .........................................................................................................38
GGSN ...............................................................................................70, 72, 74
D Global Positioning Satellite ...........................................................................98
GMSC ...........................................................................................................60
Dedicated Channel .....................................................................................212 Guaranteed Bitrate .....................................................................................354
Dedicated Physical Control Channel..........................................................258
Dedicated Physical Data Channel ..............................................................254
Delivery of erroneous SDU.................................................................354, 362
H
Delivery order .............................................................................................354 HLR.............................................................................................................340
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ............................................................163 Hybrid TDMA / FDMA .................................................................................149
Direct transfer message .............................................................................376
Discontinuous transmission........................................................................122
Domain .........................................................................................................30 I
Downlink Shared Channel ..................................................................210, 254 I/Q Code Multiplex ......................................................................................272
DPCCH .......................................................................................................258 IMT-2000 ......................................................................................................10
DPDCH .......................................................................................................254 IMT-DS .........................................................................................................14
Drift RNC ....................................................................................................314 IMT-FT ..........................................................................................................18
IMT-MC.........................................................................................................16
E IMT-SC .........................................................................................................16
IMT-TC..........................................................................................................14
ETSI..............................................................................................................24 Initial UE message......................................................................................376
Inner Loop Power Control...........................................................................306
F Interactive class ..........................................................................................352
Interception .................................................................................................155
FBI ..............................................................................................................260 Interference rejection ..................................................................................159
Inside UMTS
Interleaving .................................................................................................242 MWIF ............................................................................................................24

Interworking Function ...................................................................................60
IP Multimedia Subsystem .............................................................................38
ISDN 2B+D .....................................................................................................8
N
ISDN H0..........................................................................................................8 NBAP ..........................................................................................................290
ISDN H1..........................................................................................................8 Near-Far effect............................................................................................299
Iu Bearer Establishment .............................................................................380 Network Subsystem....................................................................................106
Iu interface ....................................................................................................54 Node B ..................................................................................................28, 106
Iu release command ...................................................................................386 NodeB Application Part ..............................................................................290
Iu UP...........................................................................................................288
Iub FP .........................................................................................................288
Iub interface ..................................................................................................54 O
Observed Time Difference of Arrival ............................................................98
L Open Loop Power Control ..........................................................................303
Operators Harmonization Group ..................................................................12
Location Area..............................................................................................332 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor .......................................................166
Location Services ...................................................................................40, 92 Outer Loop Power Control ..........................................................................306
Logical Channel Mapping ...........................................................................214 OVSF ..........................................................................................................168
Logical Channels ........................................................................................206
P
M
Packet Data Convergence Protocol ...........................................................288
M3UA..........................................................................................................286 Page Indication Channel ............................................................................258
Ma. SDU size..............................................................................................354 Paging Channel ..........................................................................................210
MAC............................................................................................................292 P-CCPCH ...................................................................................................254
Macrodiversity.............................................................................................113 PCPCH .......................................................................................................254
Max. Bitrate.................................................................................................354 PDCP ..........................................................................................................288
M-CDR..........................................................................................................80 PDSCH .......................................................................................................254
Media Access Control.................................................................................292 Physical Layer ............................................................................................235
MExE ............................................................................................................88 PICH ...........................................................................................................258
MExE Service Environment..........................................................................88 Pilot .............................................................................................................260
Mobile Location Center...............................................................................100 PN code ......................................................................................................186
Mobile originated call..................................................................................372 Positioning Method .......................................................................................96
Mobile Originated Call Establishment ........................................................369 Power Control .............................................................................................300
Mobility Management State Model .............................................................342 PRACH .......................................................................................................254
MSC..............................................................................................................56 Privacy ........................................................................................................157
Inside UMTS
PS Domain....................................................................................................52 RRC Connected mode................................................................................346

RRC connection establishment ..................................................................372
RRC connection release.............................................................................386
Q RRC connection request ............................................................................372
QoS.............................................................................................................350 RRC connection setup................................................................................374
QoS attributes.............................................................................................354 RRC Idle mode ...........................................................................................346
QoS class ...................................................................................................352 RTP...............................................................................................................36
Quality of Service .......................................................................................350
S
R S-CCPCH ...................................................................................................254
RAB assignment request............................................................................386 S-CDR ..........................................................................................................80
RACH Procedure ........................................................................................322 SCH ....................................................................................................258, 316
Radio Access Network Application Part .....................................................290 Scrambling..........................................................................................188, 191
Radio Bearer...............................................................................202, 234, 244 Scrambling Code ........................................................................................196
Radio Bearer Establishment.......................................................................380 SCTP ..........................................................................................................286
Radio Frame Equalization ..........................................................................238 SDU error ratio............................................................................................354
Radio Link Control ......................................................................................292 Security mode command............................................................................378
Radio Network Controller ...........................................................................106 Service Control Function ..............................................................................84
Radio Network System .................................................................................28 Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol..........................................286
Radio Network Temporary Identities ..........................................................338 Service Specific Coordination Function......................................................286
Radio Resource Control .............................................................................292 Service Switching Function ..........................................................................84
RAKE Receiver...........................................................................................115 Serving RNC...............................................................................................314
RANAP .......................................................................................................290 SGSN......................................................................................................62, 66
Random Access Channel ...................................................................212, 254 Shared Networks ........................................................................................131
Rate Matching.............................................................................................238 Signaling connection establishment ...........................................................376
Release 1999................................................................................................34 Signaling Radio Bearer...............................................................202, 234, 246
Release 4......................................................................................................36 Silence Descriptor.......................................................................................122
Release 5......................................................................................................38 Simple Control Transmission Protocol .......................................................286
Release 99 attributes..................................................................................358 SIP ................................................................................................................38
Relocation...................................................................................................314 Site Selection Diversity Transmission ........................................................312
Residual bit error ratio ................................................................................354 Slot synchronization....................................................................................318
RL restore indication...................................................................................374 Soft Handover.............................................................................................308
RLC.............................................................................................................292 Softer Handover..........................................................................................310
Routing Area...............................................................................................332 Source controlled rate.................................................................................122
RRC ............................................................................................................292 Space Division Multiple Access..................................................................137
Special Resource Function...........................................................................84
Inside UMTS
spread spectrum .........................................................................................152 Transport Block Size...................................................................................222

Spreading Code..........................................................................................165 Transport Channel ......................................................................................208
Spreading factor .........................................................................................166 Transport Channel Multiplexing..................................................................248
Spreading gain ...................................................................................170, 174 Transport Format ........................................................................................224
S-RNC Identifier .........................................................................................338 Transport Format Combination Indicator....................................................232
SRNS Relocation........................................................................................314 Transport Format Indicator .........................................................................228
S-RNTI........................................................................................................338 Transport Format Set..................................................................................226
SSCF ..........................................................................................................286 transport layer.............................................................................................284
SSCOP .......................................................................................................286 TTA ...............................................................................................................24
S-SMO-CDR .................................................................................................80 TTC...............................................................................................................24
S-SMT-CDR..................................................................................................80 Turbo-charger ...............................................................................................40
Stratum .........................................................................................................32
Streaming class ..........................................................................................352
Super-charger...............................................................................................40
U
Symbol........................................................................................................164 UMSC ...........................................................................................................68
Synchronization Channel............................................................................258 URA ............................................................................................................332
U-RNTI........................................................................................................338
T User Equipment ..........................................................................................108
User Equipment Registration......................................................................340
Terminal Technology ..................................................................................109 User plane ..................................................................................................292
TFCI............................................................................................................232 UTRAN Areas .............................................................................................332
TFCS ..........................................................................................................232 UTRAN Registration Area ..........................................................................332
TFI ..............................................................................................................228
TIA ................................................................................................................24
Time Division Multiple Access ....................................................................147
V
Time Division Multiplex ...............................................................................218 Variable Bit Rate.........................................................................................263
Timing at UE ...............................................................................................270 Virtual Home Environment......................................................................40, 90
TPC.............................................................................................................260 Virtual Network Operator ............................................................................129
Traffic Channel ...........................................................................................206 VLR ...............................................................................................................58
Traffic Class................................................................................................354 Voice Activity Detector................................................................................122
Transfer Delay ............................................................................................354
Transmission Time Interval ........................................................................222
Transmit Power Control..............................................................................306 W
Transport Block ..........................................................................................222 Walsh tree...................................................................................................166
Transport Block Set ....................................................................................222 WMF .............................................................................................................24
Transport Block Set Size ............................................................................222

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Inside UMTS – Technology & System Operation

(1) Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems

• Multiple access capability

(1) Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS)

(1) Spreading Codes

(1) Spreading Codes

[TS 25.213 (FDD) / TS 25.223 (TDD)]

“Please spread the three Data Signals

(1) Data Transfer on Transport Channels

F_o11_rzdn_data transfer on transport channels

(1) Data Transfer on Transport Channels

The data transfer on Transport Channels is performed via Transport Blocks.

Transport Channel Processing Chain

TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator

Transport Channel Processing Chain

Uplink Data Processing Path

Note: The Processing Path

Uplink Data Processing Path

Data Processing Path for 28.8 kbps bearer

Data Processing Path for 28.8 kbps bearer

Data Processing Path for 3.4 kbps signaling bearer

Data Processing Path for 3.4 kbps signaling bearer

Transport Channel Multiplexing

Transport Channel Multiplexing

Frame Structure of UL DPDCH / DPCCH

Frame Structure of UL DPDCH / DPCCH

Data rates on Uplink DPDCH

Data rates on Uplink DPDCH

Open Loop Power Control

Open Loop Power Control

[3GPP TS 25.214 (5), 25.101 (6.4)]

Closed Loop Power Control

F_011_RZSK_ Closed Loop power control

Closed Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control

(1) Cell Search Procedure

(1) Cell Search Procedure

(1) Physical Layer Procedures

• RACH Access Procedure

(1) Physical Layer Procedures

When the AICH is detected, RACH transmission starts.

The RACH transmission can last either 10 ms or 20 ms.

[3GPP TS 25.211, 25.133 (6.3), 25.303 (6.7.2)]

(1) Mobile Originated Call Establishment

(1) Mobile Originated Call Establishment

[3GPP TR 25.931 (7.3)]

[3GPP TR 25.931 (4.6), 25.303]

Control plane ..............................................................................................292 Forward Access Channel ...........................................................................210

Interleaving .................................................................................................242 MWIF ............................................................................................................24

PS Domain....................................................................................................52 RRC Connected mode................................................................................346

spread spectrum .........................................................................................152 Transport Block Size...................................................................................222

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