Surveying‐I (130601)

CHAPTER ‐4
CHAPTER  4

CURVES

20 September 2013
Question asked in GTU‐Theory
Question asked in GTU Theory
1)) Describe
esc be tthee p
procedure
ocedu e o
of sett
settingg out o
of ssimple
pe
circular curve by (i) Perpendicular offset from
tangent, and (ii) Rankine’s method of tangential
angle..
l Dec‐2009
2) Why transition curves are introduced on
h i t l curves off highways
horizontal hi h or railways?
il ? Dec‐
D
2009
3) Describe the method of setting a circular curve
by the method of offsets from the long chord.
Dec‐2010
20 September 2013
Question asked in GTU‐Theory
Question asked in GTU Theory
4)) Discuss the method of settingg out a circular curve
with two theodolite. What are its advantages
and disadvantages over Rankine’s method Dec‐
2010
5) What are the elements of simple circular curve?
Define with figure and give their relationship.
March‐2010
6)  Why are curves provided? State various types of         
curves with sketch
curves with sketch.
7)  Draw the neat sketch of simple circular curve 
g
showing various elements of it. Dec‐2011
20 September 2013
Question asked in GTU‐Theory
Question asked in GTU Theory
8) Enumerate the parts of a compound curve
and describe the relationship between them
Jan 2013.
Jan‐2013
9) What is vertical curve? Explain different types
of vertical curves.
curves Jan‐2013.
Jan 2013
10) Explain following terms (i) Compound curve
(ii) Point
P i off intersection
i i (iii) Tangent
T Di
Distance
(iv) Mid Ordinate May‐2012.

20 September 2013
Lecture outline
Lecture outline
• Introduction
• Theory and setting out methods of simple 
circular curve
circular curve
• Elements of compound and Reverse curve.
• Transition curve
Transition curve
• Types of Transition curve
• Combined curve
C bi d
• Types of vertical curve.

20 September 2013
What is curve?
What is curve?
• Why Curve?
Why Curve?

• Use of Curve.
fC

20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
 Components of Highway Design

Horizontal Alignment
Plan View

V ti l Alignment
Vertical Ali t

Profile View

20 September 2013
 Horizontal Alignment
Today’s
T d ’ Class:
Cl
• Components of the horizontal alignment
• Properties of a simple circular curve

20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
20 September 2013
 Types of Curve
Types of Curve
• Curves

• Horizontal Curve Vertical Curve

Circular Curve Transition Curve Summit Curve Valley Curve

1) Simple curve 1) Cubic parabola
2) Compound Curve 2 ) Spiral Curve
3) Reverse Curve 3) Lemniscate
20 September 2013
Types of Circular Curve

20 September 2013
Types of Circular Curve

20 September 2013
Types of Circular Curve

20 September 2013
Definition and Notation of Simple Curve

20 September 2013
20 September 2013
Definition and Notation of Simple Curve
• 1) Back tangent or First Tangent ‐ AT₁
– Pervious to the curve
2) Forwardd Tangent or Second
d tangent‐ B T₂
‐ Following the curve.
3) Point of Intersection ( P.I.) or Vertex. (v)
If the tangents AT₁ and BT₂ .are produced they
will
ill meett in
i a point i t called
ll d the
th point i t off
intersection
4)Point of curve ( P.C.)
P C ) –Beginning
Beginning Point T₁ T of a
curve. Alignment changes from a tangent to
curve.
20 September 2013
Definition and Notation of Simple Curve
• 5)) Point off Tangency ‐ PT
– End point of curve ( T₂ ) is called..
6)) Intersection Angleg (Ø )
‐ The Angle AVB between tangent AV and tangent VB is
called...
7) Deflection Angle (∆ )
The angle at P.I. between tangent AV and VB is called..
8)Tangent Distance –
It is the distance between P.C. and P.I.
9) External Distance – CI
The distance from the mid point of the curve to P.I.
It is also called the apex distance.
10) Length of curve – l
I is
It i the
h totall length
l h off curve from
f P C to P.T
P.C. PT.
20 September 2013
Definition and Notation of Simple Curve
11) Long Chord
– It is the chord joining P.C. to P.T., T₁ T₂ is a long chord.
12) Normal Chord:
A chord between two successive regular station on a curve is
called normal chord. Normally , the length of normal chord is 1
chain ( 2o mt).
13) Sub chord
The chord shorter than normal chord ( shorter than 20 mt) is
called sub chord)
14) Versed sine – Distance CD
The distance between mid point of long chord ( D ) and the apex
point C, is called versed sine. It is also called mid‐ ordinate ( M).
15) Right hand curve:
If the curve deflects to the right of the direction of the progress
of survey.
16) Left hand curve
If the
th curve deflects
d fl t tot the
th left
l ft off the
th direction
di ti off the
th progress
of survey.
20 September 2013
Designation of curve
The sharpness of the curve is designated by two 
ways.
( 1 ) By radius ( R)
( 2) B D
( 2) By Degree of Curvature ( D ) 
fC t (D)

( 1 ) By radius ( R)
Curve is known by the length of its radius‐ R
Curve is known by the length of its radius

20 September 2013
Designation of curve
( 2) By Degree of Curvature ( D )

Chord Definition Arc Definition     
The Angle subtended at The Angle subtended at
the centre of curve by a the centre of curve by an
chord
h d off 30 or 20 mt. is
i arc of 30 or 20 mt.
called degree of length is called degree of
curvature. curve.

If an angle subtended at Used in America, canada,

the centre of curve by a India etc.
etc
chord of 20 mt is 5° , the
curve is called 5° curve
20 September 2013
Relation between Radius and degree of curve.
( ) By chord definition
(a) B h d d fi iti
The angle subtended at the centre of curve
by a chord of 20 mt. is called degree of curve.

R = radius of curve.
D = degree of curve.
PQ = 20 mt. = Length of chord.
g

From Triangle PCO 

20 September 2013
Relation between Radius and degree of curve.

When D is small,           may taken equal to

20 September 2013
Relation between Radius and degree of curve.
(b) By Arc Definition :
The angle subtended at the centre of curve by
an arc of 20 mt. length is called degree of
curve.

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve

20 September 2013
 Elements of simple circular curve
Elements of simple circular curve

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve
• T₁ = P.C.= Point of tangency=Point of curve.
• T₂ = P.T.
T₂  P.T.= Second point of tangency.
Second point of tangency.
• V or I  = P.I. = Point of intersection.
• ∆ D fl ti
∆ = Deflection angle. l
• Ø = Intersection angle.
• R = Radius of curve.
• CD= Mid ordinate (M)
CD Mid ordinate (M)

20 September 2013
Example 1
• A circular curve has a radius of 150 mt and 60⁰
deflection angle. What is its degree(i) By arc
definition and 9ii) by chord definition.
• Solution:
(i) By arc definition Assuming chord length 30mt

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve
• 1) Length of curve ( l)
• * If curve is designated by Radius:
g y
l = Length of arc T₁ C T₂ 
= R * ∆          ‐ When ∆ is in Radian

‐ When ∆ is in degree.

* If curve is designated by degree:
• Length of arc =20 mt.
• Length of curve  

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve
2) Tangent length ( T):
• VT₁ and VT₂ are the tangents length Elements 
VT and VT are the tangents length Elements
of simple circular curve
• T = VT₁ = VT₂ = tangent length
T VT VT t t l th
• From ∆ VT₁O 

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve
3) Length of chord ( L ):Elements of simple 
circular curve
circular curve
• In the figure T₁ ,T₂ is a long chord.
• Length of long chord =L =T₁T₂ =  2 * (T₁ D).
L th f l h d L TT 2 * (T D)
• From triangle T₁DO,

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve
4) External Distance ( E ): or Apex 
distanceElements of simple circular curve
• In the figure VC  is an external distance.
• External distance = E= VC= OV –OC Length of
• From triangle VT₁O.

E= OV‐OC   ( OC = R)

20 September 2013
Elements of Simple circular curve

• 5) Mid ordinate ( M ): = Distance – CD
• Also known as versed sine of the curve.
• Mid ordinate =M= CD= OC‐OD
• From ∆T₁DO
From ∆T₁DO 

• M = OC‐ OD
•

20 September 2013
Setting out of single Circular curve
• First step‐ Locate tangent point
• ‐ By tape measurements.
‐Intersection of both tangents point V‐ Point   
of intersection.
‐ Set theodolite at V and measure angle Ø
‐ Ø ( Measure by theodolite)
Ø 
‐ Calculate tangent length
‐ Fix point  T₁T₂

20 September 2013
Setting out of single Circular curve
• Chainage of tangents:
• ‐ Point A is the starting point of chain line
• Chainage of point V, B, D are measured from        
p
point A.
• ‐ Chainage of T₁ = Chainage of V‐ T ( Tangent length)
• T Chainage of T₁ + Length of curve (l)
T₂ =Chainage of T + Length of curve (l)

20 September 2013
Setting out of single Circular curve
• Normal chord and Sub chord:
N l h d dS b h d
• ‐For alignment pegs are driven.
• The
h distance
di b
between two pegs is
i normally
ll 20m
20
• Peg station are called main stations.
• The chord joining the tangents point T₁ and the first
main peg station is called First sub chord.
• All the
th chord
h d joining
j i i adjacent
dj t peg stations
t ti are
called full chord or normal chord.
• The length of normal chord is 20 mt.mt
• The point joining last main peg station and tangent
T₂ is called last sub chord.
chord
20 September 2013
Methods of Setting out of single Circular curve
• Two Methods
• 1) Linear Methods
• 2) Angular Methods.

• 1) Linear Methods
• ‐ (i) By offsets or ordinate from the long chord.
() ff d f h l h d
• (ii) By successive bisection of arcs or chords.
• (iii) By offsets from the tangents.
• (iv) By offsets from the chord produced
(iv) By offsets from the chord produced.
20 September 2013
 (i) By offsets or ordinate from the long chord.

R = Radius of curve
R = Radius of curve
O0  = Mid ordinate
Ox = Ordinate at distance x
T1, T2 = tangents point
L = Length of long chord.

20 September 2013
(ii) By successive bisection of arcs or chords.

• T1‐T2= L
T1 T2= L
• T1‐C = L
• T2‐C = L
• C‐C1, C‐C2=L
,
• C1‐T1, C2‐T2=L

20 September 2013
(iii) By offsets from the tangents.
• Two types
• Radial offset Perpendicular
p offset

20 September 2013
Angular Method
• Used when length of curve is large
• More accurate than the linear methods.
methods
• Theodolite is used

• The angular methods are:

1) Rankine method of tangential angles.
OR
One theodolite method
2) Two theodolite method.

20 September 2013
Obstacles in setting out simple curves

• Case –I -When P.I. is inaccessible

• C
Case –II
II -When
Wh P.C.
P C iis inaccessible
i ibl
• Case –III -When P.T. is inaccessible
• Case –IV - When both P.C. and P.T. is
inaccessible.
• Case –V - When obstacles to chaining.

20 September 2013
TRANSITION CURVE

20 September 2013
 Requirement of transition curve
• Tangential to straight
• M t i l
Meet circular curve tangentially
t ti ll
• At origin curvature should zero.
• Curvature should same at junction of circular 
curve.
• Rate of increase of curvature = rate increase of 
p
super elevation.
• Length of transition curve = full super 
elevation attained
elevation attained.
20 September 2013
 Purpose
p of transition curve
• Curvature is increase gradually.
• Medium for gradual introduction of 
Medium for gradual introduction of
superelevation
• Provide Extra widening gradually
Provide Extra widening gradually
• Advantages
• Increase comfort to passenger on curve
Increase comfort to passenger on curve
• Reduce overturning
• Allow higher speed
• Less wear on gear, tyre

20 September 2013
Types of transition curve
• Cubic parabola
• ‐ For railway
For railway
• Spiral or Clothoid
‐ Ideal transition
‐ Radius α Distance
• Lemniscates
‐ Used for road
Used for road

20 September 2013
Vertical curve

20 September 2013
Length of vertical curve
Length of vertical curve
• Total change of grade
Total change of grade
• Length of vertical curve =‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• Rate of change of grade
Rate of change of grade
• g2 – g1
• =     ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
• r
• g1, g2  = Grades in %
• r = Rate of change of grade
20 September 2013