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ATM Basics
ATM Basics
ATM Basics
Training Document
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Contents
1 Objectives..............................................................................................4
2 ATM technology.....................................................................................5
3 ATM connection.....................................................................................7
3.1 ATM virtual connections..........................................................................7
4 ATM cell..................................................................................................9
4.1 Fields in the ATM cell header.................................................................11
6 Statistical multiplexing.......................................................................16
7 Review questions................................................................................17
Abbreviations......................................................................................19
1 Objectives
After completing this module, the student should be able to:
Describe the main characteristic of an ATM network in terms of function
and capacity as opposed to more traditional methods.
At an overview level, explain how the ATM connection is structured and
how routing is achieved in an ATM network.
List the ATM interfaces in 3G network.
2 ATM technology
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), also known as cell relay, is a fast packet
switching and multiplexing technology. ATM was developed as part of the work
on broadband ISDN to support the universe of services (for example, voice,
data and video over public network).
Nowadays, ATM is extended for use over public and private network. In ATM
technology asynchronous multiplexing, is used which is more efficient than
synchronous multiplexing technologies, such as Time Division Multiplexing
(TDM).
With TDM, each user is assigned to a time slot or time slots, and no other
station can send in that time slot or those time slots. If a station has a lot of data
to send, it can send only when its time slot comes up, even if all other time slots
are empty. If, however, a station has nothing to transmit when its time slot
comes up, the time slot is sent empty and is wasted. With asynchronous
multiplexing nature, the ATM offers 'bandwidth on demand', that is, the user
traffic can be sent at any available time slot according to the agreement between
the user and the network.
A A
C B B A C B B A C B B A
B B B B Synchronous
Multiplexing
C C C C
A A
C C C B B A C B B A
B B B B Asynchronous
Multiplexing
C C C C
3 ATM connection
ATM is a connection-oriented technique. The end-to-end route is defined
through the network in the beginning of the connection and that remains the
same throughout the connection. ATM cells are routed on the same route to both
directions. This guarantees that the cells arrive in the receiving end in the same
order that they are sent. Furthermore, cell delay variation is also minimised.
VC VP
Transmission path
VC VP
Virtual paths help to reduce the control cost by grouping connections that share
common paths through the network into a single unit. Network management
actions can then be applied to a small number of groups of connections instead
of a large number of individual VCC connections.
Segregation of traffic
A form of priority control can be implemented by segregating traffic types
requiring different quality of service (QoS).
4 ATM cell
The user traffic is split and delivered in fixed length packets called ATM cells.
The size of the cell is 53 bytes, which is divided into a 5-byte header and a
48-byte payload field. The ATM cell is relayed by a label at the header:
Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) and Virtual Path Identifier (VPI).
53 bytes
Header Payload
5 bytes 48 bytes
There are two formats of an ATM cell (depending on the type of the interface):
ATM UNI (User-Network Interface) cell, that is used for
communication between ATM endpoints and ATM switches.
ATM NNI (Network-Node Interface) cell, that is used for
communication between ATM switches.
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There is a slight difference between the first byte of the UNI and NNI header.
The NNI header does not include the Generic Flow Control (GFC) field.
Additionally, the NNI header has a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) field that
occupies the first 12 bits, allowing larger trunks between public ATM switches.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
GFC VPI VPI
VPI VCI VPI VCI
Header VCI VCI
(5 bytes)
VCI PT CLP VCI PT CLP
HEC HEC
Figure 7. VP switching
RNC
VC1/VP1 THROUGH-CONNECTED IN AXC2
BTS 1 BTS 2
VC2 / VP2
VC1 / VP1
AXC AXC ATM
switch
VC1 / VP1
BTS 3 BTS 4
VC3, VC4 / VP4
VC3 / VP3
AXC Standalone
AXC
AXC
BTS 5
VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6 / VP7
VC5 / VP5
AXC
6 Statistical multiplexing
Statistical multiplexing is one of the main benefits of ATM. Operators can
utilise statistical multiplexing to take advantage of the inherently bursty nature
of applications. Users of ATM networks generate numbers of cells according to
the amount of information they want to transfer. The amount of network
resources required by the users changes as a function of time. When these
resources are shared among users, like in ATM, it is very unlikely that all users
send at their peak cell rate simultaneously. This means that the network operator
can either reduce the amount of resources required for a fixed load or it can
accommodate more load with the same amount of resources. This phenomenon
is called statistical multiplexing. The network resources are shared among users
with either VCCs or VPCs.
Figure 9 shows an example of statistical multiplexing. The picture on the left-
hand side shows required amount of bandwidth when the capacity of each
connection is reserved according to the peak cell rate. The picture on the right
hand side shows the so-called statistical multiplexing gain, when principle of
statistical multiplexing is used in the bandwidth reservation.
When virtual paths are used, two levels of multiplexing exist: VC level and
VP level. At the VC level, VCs are statistically multiplexed on a VP. At the VP
level, VPs are either deterministically or statistically multiplexed on a physical
link.
If VPs are deterministically multiplexed, they do not share the bandwidth
reserved for them with the other VPs on the same link. The sum of the reserved
bandwidths of the VPs cannot exceed the bandwidth of the link. If VPs are
statistically multiplexed, they do share the bandwidth nominally reserved for
them with the other VPs on the same link. VPs do not have strictly reserved
bandwidths.
7 Review questions
Please take some time and use the material in this module as a reference to
answer the following questions.
4. Fill in the following figure to present the structure of the ATM virtual
connection, as well as the relation between AAL2 connection, VP, VC,
and transmission path.
5. The routing in an ATM network achieved by VPI and VCI at the ATM
cell header.
True False
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Abbreviations
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer
ABR Available Bit Rate
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AXC ATM cross-connect
B-ISUP Broadband ISDN User Part
BS Base Station
CAC Call Admission Control
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CDV Cell Delay Variation
CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance
CID Channel Identification
CLP Cell Loss Priority
CLR Cell Loss Ratio
CPS Common Part Sublayer
CS Convergence Sublayer
CTD Cell Transfer Delay
EPD Early Packet Discard
GFC Generic Flow Control
HEC Header Error Control
IMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATM
LAN Local Area Network
MBS Maximum Burst Size
MCR Minimum Cell Rate
MGW Media Gateway
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
MT Mobile Terminal
MTP3b Broadband Message Transfer Part lever 3
nrt-VBR non-real time Variable Bit Rate
NBAP Node B Application Protocol
NNI Network-Node Interface
NPC Network Parameter Control