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Animaltissues PDF
Animaltissues PDF
Tissues
There
are
four
types
of
tissues
found
in
animals:
epithelial
tissue,
connective
tissue,
muscle
tissue,
and
nervous
tissue.
In
this
lab
you
will
learn
the
major
characteristics
of
each
tissue
and
examine
various
types
of
each
tissue
under
the
microscope.
I.
Epithelial
Tissue
Epithelial
tissues
line
body
surfaces
and
cavities,
as
well
as
form
glands.
The
cells
of
the
tissue
are
closely
connected
to
each
other
via
cellular
junctions
and
because
epithelium
is
found
on
the
edges
of
organs,
it
has
two
distinct
surfaces.
The
apical
surface
is
exposed
to
the
body
cavity
or
exterior,
while
the
basal
surface
is
adjacent
to
the
underlying
tissue
(see
the
figure
below).
Epithelia
contain
no
blood
vessels
(they
are
non-‐vascular)
and
are
dependent
upon
the
underlying
connective
tissue
for
nutrients.
Epithelial
cells
can
be
one
of
three
shapes:
squamous
(flattened),
cuboidal,
or
columnar.
If
the
epithelium
consists
of
one
cell
layer
it
is
called
simple
epithelium.
Stratified
epithelium
has
more
than
one
layer.
The
combination
of
cell
shape
and
the
number
of
cell
layers
is
used
to
classify
epithelial
tissue.
(i.e.
simple
columnar
epithelium
would
consist
of
a
single
layer
of
column
shaped
cells).
Cell
shape
in
stratified
epithelium
can
vary,
but
the
shape
of
the
cells
at
the
apical
surface
determines
the
name.
The
function
of
epithelial
tissue
varies
depending
on
its
location.
As
you
explore
the
types
of
epithelial
tissues
below,
think
about
how
the
structure
of
each
tissue
fits
its
function.
**Hint:
Many
of
the
slides
you
will
examine
contain
other
types
of
tissue
in
additional
to
epithelium.
Keep
in
mind
that
epithelial
tissues
line
either
the
outer
or
inner
surfaces
of
organs
and
will
thus
be
found
on
the
edge
of
the
tissue.
Simple
squamous
epithelium
Blood
vessels
(artery,
vein,
and
nerve
slide):
Simple
squamous
epithelium
comprises
the
inner
lining
of
blood
vessels,
where
it
provides
a
smooth
surface
that
reduces
friction
as
blood
travels
through
the
vessels.
The
blood
vessel
slide
shows
a
cross
section
of
an
artery
and
a
vein.
The
wavy
lining
of
the
vessel
lumen
(interior)
is
simple
squamous
epithelium.
Lung
slide:
The
walls
of
lung
air
sacs
(alveoli)
are
also
composed
of
simple
squamous
epithelium.
Air
sacs
are
the
location
of
gas
exchange
between
the
air
and
blood.
How
does
the
structure
of
this
epithelial
type
allow
for
efficient
gas
exchange?
(hint:
the
gases
have
to
travel
through
the
epithelial
cells
to
move
between
the
air
and
the
blood)
_______________________________________________________________________
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Esophagus/stomach
slide:
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
consists
of
multiple
layers,
with
squamous
cells
at
the
apical
surface.
The
primary
function
of
this
type
of
epithelium
is
protection.
Areas
subject
to
abrasion,
like
the
mouth,
esophagus,
and
skin,
have
stratified
epithelium.
Cells
at
the
apical
surface
can
be
scraped
away
(for
instance,
by
food
particles
traveling
down
the
esophagus),
but
the
layered
nature
of
the
epithelium
ensures
that
the
underlying
tissues
are
protected.
Note
the
thick
layer
of
epithelium
on
the
esophagus
slide.
(*This
slide
also
contains
stomach
tissue,
which
has
a
simple
columnar
epithelium)
Keratinized
stratified
squamous
epithelium
Palmar
Skin
(Human
skin
corpuscle)
slide:
The
epidermis
(most
superficial
layer)
of
the
skin
is
composed
of
stratified
squamous
epithelial
cells
that
contain
large
quantities
of
the
protein
keratin.
Keratin
is
a
tough
fibrous
protein
that
offers
protection
from
abrasion
and
water
loss.
New
cells
are
produced
at
the
basal
surface
of
the
epithelium
and
are
gradually
pushed
towards
the
apical
surface.
As
they
move
upwards,
they
become
filled
with
keratin
and
eventually
die,
forming
a
layer
of
dead,
keratin
filled
cells
on
the
apical
surface
of
the
epidermis.
Examine
the
palmer
skin
slide,
noting
the
entire
epidermis
and
the
layer
of
dead
cells
at
the
apical
surface.
The
dermis,
which
lies
deep
to
the
epidermis,
is
composed
of
connective
tissue.
Compare
the
skin
and
esophagus
slide.
How
are
they
similar?
How
are
they
different?
II.
Connective
Tissue
Connective
tissues
vary
widely
in
their
form
and
function,
but
they
are
all
characterized
by
the
presence
of
extracellular
matrix.
The
extracellular
matrix
is
nonliving
material
composed
of
protein
fibers
and
ground
substance.
The
protein
fibers
are
composed
of
collagen
(which
gives
strength)
or
elastin
(which
gives
flexibility).
The
number
and
type
of
fibers
differs
between
the
various
types
of
connective
tissue.
The
ground
substance
fills
the
spaces
between
the
cells
and
the
fibers.
It
contains
interstitial
fluid
(tissue
fluid)
and
large
polysaccharide
molecules.
The
consistency
of
the
ground
substance
can
vary
from
liquid
to
gel-‐like
to
a
solid.
**Hint:
Because
connective
tissue
consists
largely
of
extracellular
matrix,
the
cells
that
are
present
will
be
scattered
among
the
matrix
components.
For
most
of
these
slides
(adipose
tissue
is
an
exception),
you
will
not
see
cells
directly
adjacent
to
other
cells
as
they
are
in
epithelial
tissue.
Dense
connective
tissue
Palmar
Skin
(Human
skin
corpuscle)
slide:
The
layer
of
skin
that
lies
deep
to
the
epidermis
is
called
the
dermis
and
is
composed
of
dense
connective
tissue.
This
tissue
contains
densely
packed
bundles
of
irregularly
arranged
collagen
fibers.
It
is
found
in
areas
of
the
body
that
are
subject
to
tension
from
many
different
directions.
Note
the
thick
layer
of
dense
connective
tissue
that
lies
deep
to
the
epithelium
on
the
skin
slide.
Nuclei
of
the
connective
tissue
cells
are
scattered
throughout
the
collagen
fibers.
Adipose
tissue
slide:
Adipose
tissue
consists
of
adipocytes,
or
fat
storage
cells.
It
functions
in
energy
storage,
insulation,
and
cushioning.
Small
pockets
of
adipose
tissue
can
be
found
all
over
the
body,
but
accumulates
under
the
skin
(subcutaneous
fat)
and
around
certain
organs,
such
as
the
kidneys.
Unlike
other
connective
tissues,
it
has
very
little
matrix
and
the
cells
are
closely
packed
together.
Each
cell
contains
a
large
fat
droplet,
which
pushes
the
nucleus
to
the
side.
Note
the
clear
cytoplasm
and
the
peripherally
located
nuclei
of
the
fat
cells
in
the
slide.
Hyaline
cartilage
slide:
Hyaline
cartilage
is
the
most
abundant
type
of
cartilage
in
the
body
and
is
found
in
the
rib
cage,
the
nose,
the
trachea,
and
the
ends
of
long
bones.
It
provides
structural
support
(but
is
more
flexible
than
bone)
and
has
cushioning
properties.
Hyaline
cartilage
has
a
firm
matrix
with
abundant
collagen
fibers,
but
the
individual
fibers
cannot
be
seen
under
the
microscope.
When
viewed
under
the
microscope
the
matrix
an
amorphous
quality
(no
discernable
structures).
The
cells,
which
are
known
as
chondrocytes,
reside
in
small
cavities
within
the
matrix
called
lacunae.
Bone
tissue
slide:
Bone
tissue
forms
the
skeletal
system.
It
functions
in
structural
support,
protection,
and
mineral
(calcium)
storage.
The
extracellular
matrix
of
bone
tissue
contains
abundant
collagen
fibers
as
well
as
a
hard,
calcified
ground
substance.
Mature
bone
cells,
called
osteocytes,
reside
in
cavities
within
the
matrix
called
lacunae.
As
bone
tissue
is
formed,
channels
remain
in
the
hardened
matrix
that
provide
passageways
for
blood
vessels
and
nerves.
The
larger
channels
are
called
central
canals
(Haversian
canals).
Bone
tissue
forms
in
rings
(lamellae)
around
these
canals,
creating
a
structure
called
an
osteon.
Examine
the
bone
tissue
slide,
noting
the
osteons
with
their
lamellae
and
bulls-‐eye
like
central
canals.
The
lacunae,
which
contain
the
bone
cells,
are
visible
as
small
dark
patches
in
the
lamellae.
III.
Muscle
Tissue
Muscle
tissue
is
specialized
for
contraction.
The
cells
are
elongated,
and
are
also
known
as
muscle
fibers.
They
contain
the
contractile
proteins
actin
and
myosin,
which
interact
to
shorten
and
elongate
the
cells.
There
are
three
different
types
of
muscle
tissue:
skeletal,
cardiac,
and
smooth.
Examine
each
type
of
tissue
using
the
muscle
composite
slide.
(*The
skeletal
and
smooth
muscle
are
shown
as
part
of
organs,
so
they
are
not
the
only
tissue
present)
Skeletal
muscle
(muscle
composite
slide)
Skeletal
muscles
are
attached
to
bones,
and
contraction
of
these
muscles
generates
body
movements
(limb
movement,
jaw
movement,
breathing,
etc.).
The
skeletal
muscle
fibers
are
long
and
cylindrical,
with
multiple
peripherally
located
nuclei.
The
cells
have
striations,
alternating
light
and
dark
bands
that
result
from
the
ordered
arrangement
of
actin
and
myosin
within
the
cell.
Cardiac
muscle
(muscle
composite
slide)
Cardiac
muscle
is
present
in
the
heart.
Cells
are
striated,
but
the
striations
are
much
less
obvious
than
in
skeletal
muscle
tissue.
The
cells
are
shorter
than
skeletal
muscle
fibers,
have
a
single
nucleus
and
are
often
branched.
Individual
cells
are
connected
via
gap
junctions
and
desmosomes.
These
cellular
connections
are
visible
under
the
microscope
as
dark
bands
called
intercalated
disks.
These
cellular
communication
junctions
are
necessary
for
the
coordinated
beating
of
the
heart.
Smooth
muscle
(muscle
composite
slide
&
artery/vein/nerve
slide)
Smooth
muscle
tissue
is
found
in
the
walls
of
hollow
organs,
such
as
the
gastrointestinal
tract,
blood
vessels,
and
the
urinary
bladder.
Contractions
of
these
muscles
propel
fluid
or
materials
through
the
organs
(i.e.
food
through
the
GI
tract,
blood
through
blood
vessels,
urine
pushed
out
of
bladder).
Smooth
muscle
cells
are
not
striated
(hence
the
name
“smooth”
muscle);
they
have
a
single
nucleus,
and
have
tapered
ends.
Examine
the
smooth
muscle
on
the
muscle
composite
slide
as
well
as
the
blood
vessel
slide.
In
blood
vessels
there
is
a
layer
of
smooth
muscle
deep
to
the
epithelial
layer.
It
is
thicker
on
the
artery
than
on
the
vein,
but
can
be
seen
in
both.
IV.
Nervous
Tissue
Nervous
tissue
is
specialized
for
communication
and
composes
the
brain,
spinal
cord,
and
peripheral
nerves.
The
tissue
consists
of
two
major
cell
types:
neurons
and
glial
cells.
Neurons
communicate
with
each
other
via
electrical
and
chemical
signals.
They
have
nucleated
cell
bodies
and
two
types
of
elongated
cellular
processes:
dendrites
–
which
receive
signals,
and
axons
–
which
send
signals.
Glial
cells
are
the
support
cells
of
nervous
tissue.
There
are
several
different
types
with
various
functions,
including
maintaining
proper
ion
concentrations
in
the
fluid
surrounding
neurons,
generating
myelin
(an
insulating
material
that
surrounds
some
axons),
and
cleaning
up
debris.
Examine
the
slide
of
nervous
tissue
(giant
multipolar
neuron
slide).
Note
the
large
neurons
with
their
elongated
cellular
processes
and
the
smaller,
more
numerous
glial
cells.