ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɇɉɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ɇ. ɉ.

Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ

9. Ʉɢɫɟɧɶ  ɛɟɡɛɚɪɜɧɢɣ ɝɚɡ, ɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɢ ɤɢɫɧɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ

ɳɨ ɞɜɨɯ ɚɬɨɦɿɜ [7].
Ɉɬɠɟ, ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɜɲɢ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ”, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɚ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ, ɦɢ ɞɿɣɲɥɢ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɫɚɦɟ
ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɭɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ
ɬɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɽ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ
ɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɭɱɧɿɜ ɡɚɫɜɨɸɜɚɬɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ iɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɨ-
ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ iɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿʀ.

ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ:
1. ɍɤɚɡ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ʋ 344/2013 ɉɪɨ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ
ɞɨ 2021 ɪɨɤɭ ɜɿɞ 25.06.2013 ɪɨɤɭ. – www.president.gov.ua/ru/documents/index.php?start=20&cat=-1&sea.
2. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɤɨ Ƚ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɋɒȺ: ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɟ ɣ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ / Ƚ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɤɨ, Ɇ. Ȼɭɝɪɿɧ,
ɘ. Ɇɿɥɨɜ // ɒɥɹɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. – 1996. – ʋ 2. – ɋ. 49-53.
3. Ȼɭɥɚɯ ȱ. ȯ. ɋɬɜɨɪɸɽɦɨ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɣ ɬɟɫɬ : ɧɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. / ȱ. ȯ. Ȼɭɥɚɯ, Ɇ. Ɋ. Ɇɪɭɝɚ.  Ʉ. : Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ-ɤɥɚɫ. 
2006. – 160 ɫ.
4. ɂɧɝɟɧɤɚɦɩ Ʉ. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ / ɋɟɪɢɹ “Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ” / Ʉ. ɂɧɝɟɧɤɚɦɩ.
– Ɇ. : ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ, 1991. – 239 ɫ.
5. Ⱥɜɚɧɟɫɨɜ ȼ. ɋ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ / ȼ. ɋ. Ⱥɜɚɧɟɫɨɜ. – Ɇ. : ɐɟɧɬɪ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, 2002. –
105 ɫ.: ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
6. Ɉɥɿɣɧɢɤ Ɇ. Ɇ. Ɍɟɫɬ ɹɤ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɨʀ ɞɿɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹɯ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ : ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɡɿ ɫɩɟɰɤɭɪɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ
ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɿɜ / Ɇ. Ɇ. Ɉɥɿɣɧɢɤ, ɘ. Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ. – Ⱦɨɧɟɰɶɤ : Ⱦɨɧɇɍ, 2001. – 84 ɫ.: ɢɥ., ɬɚɛɥ.
7. Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ ɘ. Ⱥ. Ɍɟɫɬɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ: 7-8 / ɘ. Ⱥ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ, Ɇ. Ɇ. Ɉɥɿɣɧɢɤ. – Ʉɢʀɜ; ȱɪɩɿɧɶ :
ȼɌɎ “ɉɟɪɭɧ”, 2007. – 224 ɫ.

Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɨ ɘ. Ⱥ. Ɍɟɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢ ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ.

ȼɵɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ “ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ”, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ
ɯɢɦɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ, ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ,
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

Romanenko Y. Ⱥ. Tests in chemistry in the aspects of the state standarts.

The essence of the concept “standardized test”, disadvantages of test tasks in Chemistry for
comprehensive secondary schools are cleared up, special attention is paid to the rules and principles of
design of the test of the closed and open formats, tasks like matching, coherention, cause-and-effect
relationship.
Keywords: standard, standardized test, test, testing.

ɍȾɄ 371.14

ɋɚɥɬɚɧɨɜɫɶɤɚ ɇ. ȱ.
ȼɿɧɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɣ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨʀ
ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ

ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ȼɂɄɈɊɂɋɌȺɇɇə ɋɍɑȺɋɇɂɏ ɈɋȼȱɌɇȱɏ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽȱɃ

ɍ ɉɊɈɐȿɋȱ ȼȾɈɋɄɈɇȺɅȿɇɇə ɉɊɈɎȿɋȱɃɇɈȲ ɄɈɆɉȿɌȿɇɌɇɈɋɌȱ ȼɑɂɌȿɅə
ɍ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɭ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɜ. Ȳɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ

234
ȼ ɂɉɍɋɄ 42’2013 ɋɟɪɿɹ 5. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ: ɪɟɚɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ

ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ

ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɦɟɬɨɞ
“ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”, ɜɟɛ-ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ.

ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɿɣɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ

ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɧɚɛɭɬɢɯ ɭ ɜɢɳɨɦɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɿ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ
ɞɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɠɢɬɬɹ. ɉɟɪɲɢɦɢ ɫɯɨɞɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɨ
ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɽ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɨɸ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɚɽ ɰɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɨɦ
ɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɿ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɪɜɧɢɣ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɡɧɚɧɧɹ
ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɸ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɭɯ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ʀʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ
ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɿɜ.
Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɡɚ
ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ ȼ. ɀɚɞɶɤɨ, ɋ. ɒɟɜɰɨɜɚ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ”; ȱ. ȯɪɦɚɤɨɜ, ɋ. ɒɟɜɰɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɭɡɿɤɨɜ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɝɚɥɭɡɶ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɸɞɫɬɜɚ; ȱ. ȯɪɦɚɤɨɜ, ɋ. ɒɟɜɰɨɜɚ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɣ, ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɿɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ; Ɉ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɟɧɤɨ
ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ-ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɧɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɞɨ
ɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ “ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ”, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-
ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɨɳɨ [1].
Ʌɸɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɡ ɞɚɜɧɿɯ-ɞɚɜɟɧ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɽɝɢɩɟɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɿɪɚɦɿɞ,
ɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʀ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ – ɰɟ ɬɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ, ɳɨ ɭ ɫɜɿɣ ɱɚɫ ɛɭɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢɦɢ, ɚ
ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɜɿɣɲɥɢ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ
“ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɚɛɨ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ, ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ
“ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ Ɉ. Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɿɯ, ȱ. Ɂɚɝɚɲɟɜ, ɋ. Ɂɚʀɪ-Ȼɟɤ,
ȼ. Ɇɚɤɫɚɤɨɜɚ, ɋ. ɉɟɣɩ, Ɇ. ɑɨɲɚɧɨɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɇɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɋ. Ȼɟɪɟɠɧɨʀ, Ʌ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɧɤɨ, Ƚ. ȯɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨʀ, ȼ. Ɇɚɫɥɨɜɚ,
ȼ. Ɉɥɿɣɧɢɤɚ, Ȼ. ɉɚɥɶɱɟɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ, Ɇ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɟɧɤɚ, ɋ. ɋɢɫɨɽɜɨʀ, Ɍ. ɋɭɳɟɧɤɨ, Ɍ. ɋɨɪɨɱɚɧ
ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɟ ɿɡ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ
ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɣ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” [6-7].
Ɇɟɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ,
ɹɤɿ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɜ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɚ
ɦɿɠɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɿɜ.
ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧi ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥiɬɬɹ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ, ɫɨɰiɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦiɱɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɥiɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ
ɠɢɬɬi ɫɜiɬɨɜɨɝɨ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ, ɫɭɫɩiɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜiɞɛɭɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɬiɣɧi ɡɦiɧɢ,
ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧi iɧɬɟɪɧɚɰiɨɧɚɥiɡɚɰiɽɸ, ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰiɽɸ ɜ ɝɚɥɭɡi iɧɮɨɪɦɚɰiɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɭɧiɤɚɰiɣɧɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝiɣ [6, ɫ. 11].
ɍ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚ 2012–2021 ɪɨɤɢ ɰɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ
ɝɚɥɭɡɶ ɩɪɨɝɨɥɨɲɟɧɚ ɪɭɲiɣɧɨɸ ɫɢɥɨɸ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ. “Ɉɫɜɿɬɚ – ɰɟ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ
ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɭɬɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ,
ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɧɚɲɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ,
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ. [3, ɫ. 2]. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɡɦiɫɬɭ, ɨɛɫɹɝɭ

235
ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɇɉɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ɇ. ɉ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ

ɬɚ ɪiɜɧɹ ɨɫɜiɬɧɶɨʀ i ɮɚɯɨɜɨʀ ɩiɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧi ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ

ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɨɫɜiɬɢ. əɤiɫɬɶ ɨɫɜiɬɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɱɨɦɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧiɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɪiɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫiɣɧɨʀ ɞiɹɥɶɧɨɫɬi ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ, ɹɤɿ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɭɱɧɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɝɨ ʀɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ [7].
ȼɢɞɚɬɧɢɣ ɧɿɦɟɰɶɤɢɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ Ɏ. Ⱦɿɫɬɟɪɜɟɪɝ ɩɿɜɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɢɫɚɜ: “Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿ
ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɠɨɞɧɿɣ ɥɸɞɢɧɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɿ. Ʉɨɠɧɢɣ, ɯɬɨ ɞɨ ɧɢɯ
ɞɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ, ɦɚɽ ɞɨɫɹɝɬɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ, ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ, ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦ
ɧɚɩɪɭɠɟɧɧɹɦ…”
ɇɟ ɜɬɪɚɱɚɽ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɰɟɣ ɜɢɫɥɿɜ ɿ ɜ ɧɚɲ ɱɚɫ. ɍ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ ȼɫɟɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ “ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ” ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ,
ɳɨ “ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɫɢɜɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɚɥɟ ɧɚɜɩɚɤɢ,
ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɿɣɦɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ” [2; ɫ. 40]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ i
ɡɦiɫɬ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɩiɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧiɣ ɨɫɜiɬi ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ iɧɧɨɜɚɰiɣɧɚ
ɞiɹɥɶɧiɫɬɶ. Ȳʀ ɫɭɬɧiɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧi ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝiɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧi ɧɨɜɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɶ
ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰiɣɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɫɜiɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɪɨɫɥɢɯ. ɍ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ʀʀ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ
ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-
ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ: ɲɥɹɯɨɦ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɞiɜ iɧɧɨɜɚɰiɣɧɨʀ ɞiɹɥɶɧɨɫɬi ɭ ɩiɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧiɣ ɨɫɜiɬi ɜɢɞiɥɢɦɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧi:
1) ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞiɹɥɶɧiɫɬɶ; 2) ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥiɨ”.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞiɹɥɶɧiɫɬɶ ɜiɞɩɨɜiɞɚɽ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɨɫɜiɬɢ ɜ
ɰiɥɨɦɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩiɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨʀ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ. ȼɨɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɬɚɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧiɡɚɰiɸ ɩiɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ
ɤɜɚɥiɮiɤɚɰiʀ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤiɣ ɜɱɢɬɟɥi ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɸɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɸɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫi
ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ – ɬɜɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ, ɹɤɢɣ ɽ
ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧiɣ ɞiɹɥɶɧɨɫɬi, ɡɚɪɨɞɢɜɫɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝiɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧi ɏIɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɋɒȺ.
ɍ 20-ɢɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɪiɱɱɹ. ɐɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɡɚɰiɤɚɜɢɥɢɫɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ
ɋɨɸɡɭ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɸ ɐɄ ȼɄɉ(ɛ) ɭ 1931 ɪɨɰi ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɟɧɨ.
ɉɨɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏI ɫɬɨɪiɱɱɹ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ ɛɚɱɚɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ
ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ-iɧɲɨɦɭ ɹɤ ɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɢɯɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫi ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɨɫɜiɬɧiɯ
ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɬɚɤ i ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩiɞɜɢɳɟɧɧi ʀɯ ɮɚɯɨɜɨʀ ɩiɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
ɇɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩiɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥiɮiɤɚɰiʀ ɜɱɢɬɟɥiɜ ɜɢɛiɪ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ
ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜiɞ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɭɪɫiɜ ɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪiʀ ɜɱɢɬɟɥiɜ. ɑiɥɶɧɟ ɦiɫɰɟ ɳɨɞɨ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ ɜɿɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɧɨ-ɡɚɨɱɧɢɯ, ɨɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰiɣɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩi ɜɨɧɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɸɬɶ ɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ ɡ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɫɿɜ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ
ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɜiɞ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɪɚɧɨɸ ɬɟɦɨɸ, ʀʀ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧiɫɬɶ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜiɫɬɶ ʀʀ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ
ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫi, iɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɨ ɰiɽʀ ɬɟɦɢ ɭɱɧiɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɰiɽʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.
ȼɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ,
ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɬɜɨɪɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ. ȱɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚ
ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɪɚɧɨɸ ɬɟɦɨɸ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɿɫɹɰɿɜ, ɚ ɨɬɠɟ, ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɽ
ɩɟɪɲɨɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ, ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɟɝ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ (ɦɿɫɬɚ), ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɜ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ. ɍ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɿɞɛɨɪɭ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɟ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɦɢ, ɹɤɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶ, ɬɚ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɟɝ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɲɤɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ.
ɇɚ ɨɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɹɤ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɜɨɪɱɿ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɦɨ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ: 1) ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ; 2) ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ; 3) ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɪɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɸ ɧɚ
ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ; 4) ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɿ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ; 5) ɦɿɠɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ: ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɹ ɿ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ (ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ); 6) ɡɨɥɨɬɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɿɡ; 7) ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɫɨɮɿɡɦɢ;
8) ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɰɿ ɬɨɳɨ.

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ȼ ɂɉɍɋɄ 42’2013 ɋɟɪɿɹ 5. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ: ɪɟɚɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ

ɇɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɫɶɤɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ, ɧɚ ɹɤɨɦɭ

ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ: ɚ) ɤɨɪɨɬɤɚ iɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɞɨɜiɞɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ; ɛ) ɨɫɧɨɜɧi
ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ; ɜ) ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝiɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ; ɝ) ɟɬɚɩɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ: ɹɤ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɬɟɦɭ, ɹɤ
ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ, ɞɟ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ ɬɨɳɨ. ɍ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɬɚ ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɸɬɶ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ, ɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɝ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜi ɚɧɚɥiɡɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝiɱɧɨʀ ɥiɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɜɨɧɢ ɨɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝiɸ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬiɜ:
¾ Ɂɚ ɞiɹɥɶɧiɫɬɸ, ɞɨɦiɧɭɸɱɨɸ ɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬi: ɞɨɫɥiɞɧɢɰɶɤɢɣ, ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɢɣ, ɬɜɨɪɱɢɣ,
ɪɨɥɶɨɜɢɣ, iɧɮɨɪɦɚɰiɣɧɢɣ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ.
¾ Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ-ɡɦiɫɬɨɜɨɸ ɝɚɥɭɡɡɸ ɡɧɚɧɶ: ɦɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ (ɭ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧiɽʀ ɝɚɥɭɡi
ɡɧɚɧɧɹ), ɦiɠɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ.
¾ Ɂɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰiʀ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ: ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧiɣ (ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɣ, ɝɧɭɱɤɢɣ),
ɨɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
¾ Ɂɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬiɜ (ɫɟɪɟɞ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤiɜ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɪɚɣɨɧɭ,
ɨɛɥɚɫɬi).
¾ Ɂɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥiɫɬɸ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ (ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜi; ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɨɫɬi;
ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɤɨɜi).
¾ Ɂɚ ɤiɥɶɤiɫɬɸ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤiɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ (ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬiɫɧi; ɩɚɪɧi (ɦiɠ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɝɪɭɩɢ); ɝɪɭɩɨɜi) [4].
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɜiɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ:
1) ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɢɣ; 2) ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɢɣ; 3) ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɣ; 4) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ; 5) ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɸɱɢɣ;
6) ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫi ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɬɚ ɩiɞɫɭɦɤɨɜɢɣ (ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ) ɟɬɚɩɢ.
ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɱiɬɤiɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧiɫɬɸ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɚ ɩiɞɫɭɦɤɨɜɢɣ
– ɹɤiɫɬɸ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɧɚɹɜɧiɫɬɸ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰiʀ ɬɨɳɨ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɣ ɬɚ ɬɪɟɬiɣ
ɟɬɚɩɢ – ɰɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪiɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩi ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬiɣɧɨ ɜiɞɛɢɪɚɽ
iɧɮɨɪɦɚɰiɸ, ɬɜɨɪɱɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɽ ʀʀ ɬɚ ɜɢɛiɪɤɨɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬi. ȼiɞ ɜɦiɧɧɹ
ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɩɟɪɲɨɞɠɟɪɟɥɚɦɢ, ɜ iɧɬɟɪɧɟɬi ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɡɦiɫɬ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ. ɇɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɽ
ɬɪɟɬiɣ ɟɬɚɩ, ɧɚ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡiɛɪɚɧɚ iɧɮɨɪɦɚɰiɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ.
ɑɨɬɜɟɪɬɢɣ ɬɚ ɩ’ɹɬɢɣ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɽ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ,
ɹɤiɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜiɞɛɨɪɭ iɧɮɨɪɦɚɰiʀ, ɜiɞɩɨɜiɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ
ɱiɬɤɢɯ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤiɜ. Ⱦɨɫɜiɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɭɽ, ɳɨ ɜiɞ ɪiɜɧɹ ɜɨɥɨɞiɧɧɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɨɦ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧiɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ
ɧɚɞ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ.
ɒɨɫɬɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɬɢɦ, ɳɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ, ɹɤɚ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɡɦɿɫɬ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɬɚ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɨɤ, ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.
ɍ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɣɩɨɜɧɿɲɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɡɞɿɛɧɨɫɬɿ,
ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɸ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɶɤɨɸ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɿɽɸ.
ɋɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ
ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɚɯɿɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɿ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɪɿɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɭɽ: ɧɟ ɜɫɿ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ. Ɉɞɧɚɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ ɞɚɽ
ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɞɥɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɬɢɦɢ, ɯɬɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ.
ɇɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɛɭɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ, ɽ ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”. “ɉɨɪɬɮɨɥiɨ” ɜ ɨɫɜiɬɭ ɩɪɢɣɲɥɨ ɡi ɫɮɟɪɢ

237
ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɇɉɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ɇ. ɉ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ

ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ i ɩiɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɯiɜɰi

ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɢ i ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ [6, ɫ. 163].
ȱɞɟɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ 80-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɭ ɋɒȺ. ɉɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɸ ɿɞɟɽɸ ɜ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɿ əɩɨɧɿʀ. ȼ ɡɚɤɨɪɞɨɧɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ, ɩɪɢɱɨɦɭ ɦɟɠɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ: ɜɿɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɞɨ
ɜɢɳɨʀ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ. ȼɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ –
“ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿ ɰɿɥɿ – “ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɣ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ”. ɍ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɜ ɪɭɫɥɿ Ȼɨɥɨɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɽɞɢɧɿ
ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿ ɡɪɚɡɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɧɢɯ ɽ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɣ Ɋɚɞɨɸ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ “ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ
ɦɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” [5].
ȼ 90-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ.
ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɊɎ ɜɿɞ 24 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 2010 ɪ. ʋ 209 “ɉɪɨ
ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ” ɭ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨ ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ.
Ɂ’ɹɫɭɽɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɿ ɡ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɦɨɜɢ “portfolio” – ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶ,
ɩɚɩɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, “ɩɚɩɤɚ ɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ”. ɉɨɪɬɮɨғɥɿɨ, ɚɛɨ ɡɛɿɪɤɚ,
ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶ ɮɿɤɫɭɽ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɨɤɪɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɹ (ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ), ɬɚɤ ɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
(ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ). Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɹɤ ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɦ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦ ɥɢɲɟ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ
ɫɜɿɬɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɿɜ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ. Ɍɨɞɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɜɟɛ-ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ.
ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɚɯ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɬɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ.
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɦɨ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɡ ɧɢɯ: ɚ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ (ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ
ɪɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ); ɛ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ (ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ); ɜ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ (ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɯ ɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ);
ɝ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ (ɰɟɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ, ɹɤɿ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɿ ɜɢɳɟ, ɬɚ
ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɲɤɨɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɨ ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿʀ).
ɋ. Ɂɚʀɪ-Ȼɟɤ, ȱ. Ɂɚɝɚɲɟɜ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɜ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɰɿ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ
ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ: ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ);
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨ-ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɪɨɡɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ); ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ
ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɿɜ ɬɟɦɢ).
ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɧɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɦɨ ɬɚɤɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ:
1) ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ; 2) ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ; 3) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ; 4) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɫɿɦ’ʀ; 5) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ
ɭɱɧɹ ɬɨɳɨ. ɍ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɦɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ: ɚ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɲɤɨɥɢ; ɛ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ; ɜ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ;
ɝ) ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɝɨ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ – ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɿ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ʀɯ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ, ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɬɶ ɬɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɽ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɶ ʀɯ ɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɧɭɽ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɳɨɞɨ
ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂ ɰɿɽɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ.
Ⱦɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ: ɚ) ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ (ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ
ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ); ɛ) ɨɰɿɧɨɱɧɨ-ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɸɱɚ (ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɹ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ); ɜ) ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɜɧɚ (ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ
ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ).
ɇɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɈȱɉɉɈ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ, ɹɤɿ
ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ. ɇɚ ɨɱɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ – ɰɟ

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ȼ ɂɉɍɋɄ 42’2013 ɋɟɪɿɹ 5. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ: ɪɟɚɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ

ɤɪɭɝɥɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ, ɡɚɯɢɫɬɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɨɳɨ, ɚ
ɧɚ ɨɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɢɯ – ɰɟ ɱɚɬ-ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɢ, ɨnlinɟ – ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɢ. ȼɱɢɬɟɥɿ ɞɿɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ,
ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɿ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɭ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ”. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɿɞɟɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ – “ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɟɛɟ ɹɤ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɟ”.
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɮɿɥɨɫɨɮɿɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɿ “ȼɿɡɶɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɸ
ɮɚɯɨɜɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɪɭɤɢ”. Ɉɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ
ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɛɚɝɚɱɭɽ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ, ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ
ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɝ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬɭɽ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ.
ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɢ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɹɤ ɨɞɧɭ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɦɢ ɧɟ ɡɜɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɞ
ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɞɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ “ɧɚɝɪɨɦɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ” ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ, ɚ ɪɨɡɤɪɢɜɚɽɦɨ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ
ɰɿɽʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɜ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɢɯɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ
ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɯɨɜɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ
ɹɤ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ
ɦɿɠɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɿ.
Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ – ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ
ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɜ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ
ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɹɤ ɭɱɧɹ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɸ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ
ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɨɫɬɿ, ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ.
ɉɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ ɽ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɶ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ. ɐɟɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɚɜɱɚɽ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɡɿɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɛɚɠɚɧɟ ɬɚ ɞɿɣɫɧɟ,
ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɦɟɬɭ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɫɩɪɢɹɽ
ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ. Ⱦɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ
ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɜɦɿɧɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɿɛɪɚɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɬɢ
ɫɜɿɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɭɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ:
1) Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ
ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ;
2) ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ
ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɲɤɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ, ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɬɜɨɪɱɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ,
ɲɤɨɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɳɨ;
3) Ɇɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” – ɰɟ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɿɹ ɮɚɤɬɿɜ, ɡɛɿɪ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɨ
ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿʀ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ
ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ;
4) əɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɞɥɹ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɚɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɉɪɨɬɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɹ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɿɨ” ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɤɭɪɫɿɜ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽ ɭ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɟ ɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ,
ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɽ ɜɦɿɧɧɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ, ɭɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥ,
ɡɛɚɝɚɱɭɽ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɫɚɦɨɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɭ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɞɨ
ɫɚɦɨɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɭɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɨɤɪɟɫɥɟɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ
“ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿɣ ɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣ” ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ, ɹɤ
ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɹɤɚ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɹɤɿɫɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ.

ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ:
1. ȯɪɦɚɤɨɜ ȱ. Ƚ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɟ ɛɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɿɫɧɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨʀ 12-ɪɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɲɤɨɥɢ
/ ȱ. Ƚ. ȯɪɦɚɤɨɜ, Ⱦ. Ɉ. ɉɭɡɿɤɨɜ. – Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɹ : ɐɟɧɬɪɿɨɧ, 2005. – 112 ɫ.

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ɇɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɇɉɍ ɿɦɟɧɿ Ɇ. ɉ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚɧɨɜɚ

2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɤɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ 12-ɪɿɱɧɨʀ ɲɤɨɥɢ

/ Ɉ. ȿ. ȼɚɥɥɶɽ, Ɉ. ɉ. ɋɜɟɬɧɨɣ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ȼɫɟɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿʀ
“ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ” (ɉɆɈ – 2005). – ɑɟɪɤɚɫɢ. – ɑɟɪɤɚɫɢ : ȼɢɞ. ɜɿɞ. ɑɇɍ ɿɦ.
Ȼ. ɏɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ, 2005. – 362 ɫ.
3. ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚ 2012–2021 ɪɨɤɢ, 2013. – 37 ɫ.
4. ɉɨɪɬɮɟɥɶ ɭɱɧɹ // ɇɨɜɿ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɣ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ. – Ɇ., 2001. – ɋ. 123-132.
5. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɿ / ɭɩɨɪɹɞ. Ɇ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɟɧɤɨ. – Ʉ. : ɒɤ. ɫɜɿɬ, 2007. – 128 ɫ.
6. ɉɿɫɥɹɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɨɫɜɿɬɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ: ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ : ɧɚɭɤ.-ɦɟɬɨɞ. ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ
/ ɡɚ ɡɚɝ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ. ȼ. Ɉɥɿɣɧɢɤɚ, Ʌ. ȱ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɧɤɨ. – Ʉ. : Ɇɿɥɟɧɿɭɦ, 2005. – 230 ɫ.
7. ɋɢɫɨɽɜɚ ɋ. Ɉ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ / ɋ. Ɉ. ɋɢɫɨɽɜɚ // ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɚ ɿ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɹ. – 2005. – ʋ 4. – ɋ. 60-66.

ɋɚɥɬɚɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɇ. ɂ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɢɨ”ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ. ɂɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɬɨɞ “ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɢɨ”, ɜɟɛ-ɩɨɪɬɮɨɥɢɨ.

Saltanovska N. I. Features of the use of modern educational technologies in the process of

ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɧɹ of professional competence of teacher.
The article deals with the using of modern technologies, such as project and “Portfolio” methods
in the system of In-service teachers training Institutes. Their usage activates the self education of a
teacher and provides the growth of their professional competency.
Keywords: modern educational technologies, pedagogical project activity, method “Portfolio”,
Web-Portfolio.

ɍȾɄ 378.147

ɋɟɪɟɞɧɹɤ Ɇ. Ɇ.
Ɇɿɠɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ

ɆȿɌɈȾɂɑɇȱ ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ɇȺȼɑȺɇɇə ɎȱɁɂɄɂ ɋɌɍȾȿɇɌȱȼ-ȱɇɈɁȿɆɐȱȼ

ȼ ɍɄɊȺȲɇɋɖɄɂɏ ȼɂɓɂɏ ɇȺȼɑȺɅɖɇɂɏ ɁȺɄɅȺȾȺɏ
ɍ ɫɬɚɬɬɿ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɡɢɤɢ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɜ
ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ, ɪɨɡɤɪɢɬɨ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɡɢɤɢ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ-ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ.

ȼɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ-ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ

ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ɍɭɬ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɿɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ.
“ȯɜɪɨɩɚ ɡɧɚɧɶ” ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɜɿɞ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɧɶ, ɭɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɰɟɦ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɜɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɠɢɬɬɹ. ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ
ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɡ ɮɿɡɢɤɢ.
Ɏɿɡɢɤɚ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɳɨɛ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ
ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɣ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ.
ȼɿɞɛɨɪɭ ɚɛɿɬɭɪɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɮɿɡɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɪɹɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɿɣ ɬɚɥɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿʀ ɜɱɢɬɟɥɹ-
ɮɿɡɢɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ
ɧɚɯɢɥɿɜ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɹɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ

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