( 4 ) pb bndleo Guisoll Gurig!! auud apt ieeeFluid Mechanics Lecture, No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaaa_A. M. Al-Hashimi FLUID MECHANICS Introduction ‘A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flow, when subjected to shear stress. The matter in nature is classified as a three state: solid, liquid, and gases. The term fluid embraces both liquids and gases; a given mass of liquid will occupied a definite volume whereas a gas will fill its container. The two states are similar in many conditions and may be different in some of properties. Engineering Units There are two system of units (SI units and English units). In SI units (metric units), all physical quantities can be described by a set of three primary units, mass (kg), length (m), and time (s) designated by M, L and T respectively. The unit of force is called Newton (N) and_ Property | Symbol S1Unit | English Unit Force F N bo | Mass M Kg Shug Length L m, cm. ft, in Time T. s, min, hr s, min, hr ‘Therefore; there is two system of dimensions for each property: - FLT [Force, Length, Time] - MLT [Mass, Length, Time] de Note:- Newton's law of motion is, [F=M * g]/V then (E/V)-(M*.) /V therefore [y=p * g] The relation between two system of units can be represented as:~ ib = 4.448 N 1 ft= 0.3048 m Slug = 14.59 kg 1Ib = 0.4536 kg 1ft=12in | Slug = 32.2 Ib 1Ib/in* = 6894.4 N/m’ 1N =kg.m/s 1m? =1000 Liter Fluid Properties Mass Density (kg/m*:MLL"), p: is defined as the mass of fluid per unit volume; Yus p=M/V 2- Specific Weight or Weight Density (N/m*:ML7T), y: the force exerted of earth's gravity (g) upon a unit volume of the fluid; =F / V Or y =W/V.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaaz A. M. Al-Hashi: 3- Relative Density (r.d) or Specific Gravity (s.g): is the ratio of its mass density to that of water at standard temperature and its __ dimensionless. rd or 8.8 = Ye! 7 w= pr/Pw For water py= 1000 kg/m’ =1.94 slug/f@ and y= 9800 N/m? = 62.4 Ib/ft° and g=9.81 m/s’ = 32.2 ft/s* 4- Specific Volume (m*/ kg:L°M") , S.V=V/M=1/p 5- Velocity (m/s:LT"), v = Lit 6- Discharge (m*/s:L°T"), Q=U* A 7- Pressure (N/m?:FL”), P: is the normal force acting perpendicular on the fluid surface area; P= F,/A, the unit (N/m?) is called Pascal (pa). 8- Shear Stress (N/m’), t: is the tangent force acting tangentially on fluid surface area, t= FVA 9- Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (N/m’), K: all fluids are compressible under the application of an external force and when the force is removed they expand back to. their original volume exhibiting the property that stress is proportional to volumetric strain. The Bulk Modulus of Elasticity (K)=pressure change/volumetric strain P iP ave = av 10- Viscosity of Fluid: is the property of matter which represent a measure for the resistance offered by the fluid against to shear force deformation. Fluids with high viscosity such as mercury deform relatively more slowly than low viscosity fluid such as water. There are two types of viscosity: a- Dynamic Viscosity , 1 (N.s/m’:FL”T) or (pa.s). The smaller unit of dynamic viscosity is poise; so [1 N.s/m? = 10 poise] F b- Kinematic Viscosity , ) (m?/s:L?T") = / p; the smaller unit of kinematic viscosity is Stokes (cm/s), so [1 m’/s = 10° Stokes] Viscosity of any fluid depend on temperature only. In the case of gases, increased temperature makes molecular movement more vigorous and increases molecular mixing so that the viscosity increases. In the case of a liquid, as its temperature increases molecules separate from each other, decreasing the attraction between them, so the viscosity decreases. The relation between temperature and the viscosity is thus shown in Figure below:-Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaaz._A. M. Al-Hashimi x10" x10" 200 By 140 2.0 2 y 7 18 3 60 18 Heer fier | ur a2 406080100 ‘Temperature (°C) 41- Surface Tension and Capillary: Liquids posses the properties of cohesion and adhesion due to molecular attraction. Due to cohesion liquid can resist small tensile forces at the interface between the liquid and air; known as surface tension; 8, (N/g{FI'). If the liquid molecules have greater adhesion than cohesion, then the liquid sticks to the surface of container with which it is in contact resulting in a capillary rise of a liquid surface, a predominating cohesion on the other hand causes capillary depression. ‘The capillary rise or depression, h; of a liquid in a tube of diameter, d; can be written as; h = 4 8 cos0/ yd, where; h=height of water in pipe. Sl Lucan Qo C1 5D GAME ye Cuale as Ged 6 ys Leake pall all 5 pals ead GUS gabe alll 85 eds GulLall claw gle oLAE GS Lasse: Bale US Cini Gu dala 38 Ge Baie Cie yak Gath ld dy yall GUY! (98 5 aUlall obs a9 ullss.y -bitll go cla ¢ je alle Bf Qe pS) CAS 1 ag ail) CH So Oy AL 5 5 gle Gall Uo Ciba) Gla jelly and eas Gnas cella lanl) Ge iLall Sata gb Gsm Gig! lap Sales gill) cs ete 3 gape LS ade puay Vy Gates ikl 2Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa:. A. M. Al-Hashimi Newton Law of Viscosity As shown in Figure below, suppose that liquid fill the space between two parallel plates of area A for each and gap h, the lower plate is fixed and force F is needed to move the upper plate in parallel at velocity U, Laminar flow is occurred and linear velocity distribution is obtained as shown below. In this case, the force per unit area necessary for moving the plate, i.e. shearing stress, is proportional to U and inversely proportional to h. Using proportional constant i, it can be expressed as follows: = F/A=p (du/dy) = p (U/h) Where; (du/dy), velocity gradient or angular deformation. Types of Fluid ‘The laminar flow may be occurred in Newtonian or non Newtonian fluid depend on the relation of shear stress with angular deformation which is linear or nonlinear or which is constant or variable, as shown in Figure below. The ideal fluid, it’s the frictionless incompressible fluid with w=zero. Vaiosity gradient, SafaFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaaz_A. M. Al-Hashimi Exl: J: The density of an oil is 850 kg/m*. Find the relative density and kinematic scosity if the dynamic viscosity is 5*10° pa.s. rd =p of oil /p of water = 850/1000 = 0.85 W=p/p =5*109/ 1000 = 5*10% m/s. Ex2:- If the velocity distribution of a viscous fluid (u=0.9 pas) over a fixed boundaty is given by [u=0.68y-y"] in which u is the velocity in m/s at a distance y meters above the boundary surface, determine the shear stress at the surface and at y=0.34m. u=0.68y-y* then (du/dy)=0.68-2y (du/dy) y «9 =0.68-2*0=0.68 then t=p(du/dy) y -o.69=0.9*0.68=0.612 pa (du/dy), - 934 =0.68-2*0.34=0 t= (du/dy) , -9 =0.9*0=0 pa . Ex3: The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 Ib/ft’. Compute its density and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in KN/m*? p = y/g=78.6/32.2 = 2.44 slug/ft? 8. = Yr! Yw = 78.6/62.4 = 1.26 Ye 8.8 * Y= 1.26 * 9.8 = 12.36 kN/m? Exd;- A tank of oil weighs 1651b. Determine its mass in slug, and kg. W=M*g or M=W/g=165/32.2=5.12 slug In kg; M=(165*4.448)/9.81= 74.8 kg. Ex: A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4*10* m’/s flows past a fixed surface. The velocity profile near the surface is shown in figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and 8 in units of m/s and m respectively.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa_A. M. Al-Hashimi = (te) where B=Y, Tayrhose PUG jae Eases = g B= FF cos l(EZ AB 9°?) gu are Ke FEW Since, M2 where P* SE Pyro = 0.92 (1000 48) Teurtce = (EE) weno? )laraase’ 8, ) EZ = os7F i Wlm* acting to right on plate Ex6: A block of dimensions 300mm *300mm *300mm and weight 150 N slides down a plane inclined at 20° to the horizontal, on which there is a thin film of oil of viscosity 2.3*10° pa.s, Determine the film thickness if the speed of block is estimated to be 0.8 mis. S m/s wy *(duldy) or F=y*(du/dy)*A and F=W sin20°=150sin20" 150sin20°=2.3*10°*(0.8/dy)*(0.3*0.3) then dy= 0,0000032 m= 0.0032 mm Ex?: A large movable plate is located between two large fixed plates as shown in figure. Two Newtonian fluids having viscosities as indicated are contained between the plates. Determine the magnitude and direction of shearing stresses that act on fixed walls when the moving plate has a velocity of 4 m/s.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept: Dr. Shaymaaz_A. M. Al-Hashimi c “pdt ond so that Grae Gortsyte eat = 13.3%, cs iy 2 $2) Tea Z = Gor SN za N = 33 Stresses ack on tryed walls tn direction of moving plate . Ex8: Estimate the increase in pressure in (psi) required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%, if the bulk modulus of elasticity is 4.14*10° Ib/in’, K=-V (dP/dV) or dP=-K(AV/V) =~ 4,14*10°*(- 0.1/100) = 4.14* 10° Ib/in’ or (psi) Ex9: A slender glass tube is inserted into kerosene. Determine the capillary rise of kerosene in the tube. 6’ 20.00/92. Ib/ft , @=265, 2 =51-2 slug/ft® pa 27 88H 2(0,00192 Ibtift)(cos 26°) (32.2 Ibtit -ti’s? | PER (51.2 Ibusvitt? )(32.2 fi/s* (0.015 /12 ty) | bf = 0.0539 ft =0.65 in hb - Aust 4S b Kerosene ExlO0: Verify the dimensions in both the FLT and MLT system of the following quantities; a)-acceleration, b)-stress, ¢)-moment of a force, d)-volume and e)-work.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa,_A. M. Al-Hashimi . lect, x 2 C2) acceleration = Veleciiy 2 £, Lore. - ~2 stress = < & EL > sso Ts FZ Since Fer _. stress = SLT = ra C2) tnement of a ‘force force x Aistance sae DL = eer * CA) volume = Cength)7= LF C2) werk = force x dstince FL = OL VL = mere? Exl1: If P is pressure, v a velocity and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in MLT) system co Ba ee Ce) pps Gretr-)OLT~) Cd) = a a are fe = MLET? Cdimensrorlocs £g2 Ae Fae CLT* eer" Cal ee) Ex12: A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slug. a) Determine its weight in pounds and in Newton at the earth's surface. b) What would be its mass in slug and its weight in pounds if located on. the moon's surface where the gravitational attraction is approximately one-sixth at the earth's surface? car weight + amass x = (29 slugs) (3222 )= gork = (25 slugs) (59 Ea ) C8 H)= 38 aw 66) anass = 25 slugs Crmass dees pok depend on gravitutione! attraction ) weight = (27 slugs) (222 46) = 134 bb &Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.1 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa:__A. M. Al-Hashimi Ex13: A 25mm diameter shaft is pulled through a cylindrical bearing as shown in figure. The lubricant that fills the 0.3mm gap between the shaft and bearing is an oil having viscosity of 0.8*10% m’/s and a specific gravity of 0.91. Determine the force P require to pull the shaft at velocity of 3 m/s. feos mA ta ini ia 7 7 'D — x shee - has, Ps TA where Ax mx Cshatt length in bearing) = TOL and (velocity of shaft) 1 V Tif jap wramT ars so thet p: (A$ )(roa) Sine. fate = VEZ, oye), - C0, 000300 ) Pp: (x0nw ta Yoo = 10) 483 ‘ir (0, 025m lo. 5m) = agifie Tay, re abeMW 1a 1s 16. uw spin CHAPTER 1. Properties of Fluids Note: For many problems in this chapter, values of various physical properties of fluids are obtained from Tables A-1 through A-8 in the Appendix. A reservoir of glycerin (glye) has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952’. Find the gieerin’s weight (), mass density (p), specific weight (y), and specific gravity (5..). I F = W=ma=(1200)9.81)=11770N or 11,77kN p= m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m? y= W/V =11.77/0.952 = 12.36 N/m? 5:85 Yoel Yvon ne 12:36/9,81 = 1.26 ‘A body requires @ force of 100.N to accelerate it at arate of 0.20 m/s?. Determine the mass of the body in kilograms and in slugs. F=ma 100 = (m)(0.20) ‘m= 500 kg = 500/14.59 = 34.3 slugs , A reservoit of carbon tetrachloride (CCL) bas a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0(315 m?. Find the carhon tetrachloride’s weight, mass density, specifi weight, and épecife gravity, i (500)(9.81).=4905'N or’ 4.905, / = 500/0.315 = 1587 kg/m? e pees | pereae = W/V = 4,905/0.315 = 15.57 KN im? Sd iets 7 e Aug AUS Uta 5.8: = Yeeu/ Yrio ware # 15.57/9,81 = 1.59 ‘The weight of a body is 100 Ib.’ Determine (a) its weight in newtons, (6) its mass in kilograms,-and (¢) the rate of acceleration fin both feet per second per second (ft/s!) and meters per second per second (m/s*)] if anet force of 50 b is applied to the body. 1 00)(4448) = 444.8 Ye ere 2 =Weme = m= stug=t % 6) Faw = (MIB) m= ASI” SOD ec a Oe, © m= 45.34/14,59 = 3,108 stags Ys ety ANG 148 2 Be set es Fama °50=3.108a. - = 16.09 ft/s = (16.09)(0.3048) = 4.904 in/s PEL84 Sie /ch ‘The specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. Calculate its specific Weight (in both pounds per cubic foot and. kilonewtons per cubic meter) and mass deasity (in both slugs per cubic foot and kilograms per cubic meter) r 7 5 (0.79)(62.4) = 49.3 16/2 = (0.79)(9.79) = 7.73 kf? = (0:75)(1.94) = 1.53 lugs/t?, = (0.79)(1000) = 790 kg/m? ‘A. quart of water weigtits about 2.08 1b, Compute its mass in slugs and in kilograms, E F=We=ma— 2.08=(m)G2.2) 1m =0.0646 slug"! m= (0:0846) (14.59 One cubic foot of glycerin has a mass of 2.44 slugs, Find its specific weight in both pounds per cubic fd6tiing kilonewtons per cubfe meter. 943:kg IF =W = ma = (2.48)(32.2) = 78.6. Since the glycerin’ volume is 1£°, y =78.61b/tC = (78:6)(4.448)/40.3048)° = 12 350N/m?, oF 12.35 kN)?Le ror) Lu, 1a LB 116 qar CHAPTER 4 A quart of SAE 30 il at 65°F weighs about 1.$51b, Calculate the ol specific weight, mass density, and specific gravity 1 V=1/1(4)(7.48)] = 0.03342 40 1 W/V = 1.85/0.03342 = 55.4 1b/te? B= yg = 55.4/922-=1.72 ngc/t 56 .4/62.4 = 0.838 al Yoo’ ‘The volume of ¢ rock s found to be 0.00015 m?. Ifthe réck's specifi gravity is 260, what is its weight? a Yeour = (2.60)(9.79) = 25.5 kN/ma? ‘Wroce = (25.5)(0.00015) = 0.00382 kN or 3.82N. A certain gesoline weighs 46.01b/f°. What ae its mass density, specific volume, and specific gravity? i b= vig =46.0/32.2= 1.43 sugs/f?V, = 1/p = 1/43 = 0.699 fe /stug 5g, =1.43/1.940.737 If the specific weight of aliquid is 8000 N/m’, what is its mass density? ! Spe vig = 8000/9.81-2 815 kg/s An object at a certain location has a mass of 2.0 kg and weighs 19.0NN ou a spring balance. What isthe acceleration de to gravity at this location? i FeWe=ma 19.0=200 4=9.i0m/st” T€an object has mass of 2.0 slugs at sea level, what would its mass be a’ a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.00 ft/s? F Since the mass of an object doeé not change mass will be 2.0 slug: at that location. ‘What would be the weight of a 3-ke mass on a planet where the acceleration due ro gravity is 10.00 m/s*? ! F = W = ma (3)(10.00) =30.008 Determine the weight ofa mass of 3 slugs at a place where the acceleration due to gravity is 31:7 u/s? f P= Wena = (331.7) 295.116 12004 ‘ ye W/V = 10.520/200=52.61b/f pm y/g = 52.6/52.2 = 1.63 slags/tt? of oil weighs 105201, calevlate its specific weight. density, and specific gravity How high will the fre surface be if 1 f2.of water is poured into a containes that is right circular cone 18 in high with a base radius of 10in? How miuch additional water is required te fill the container? ' Veane = 2077/3 = (20)*(18)/3 = 1885in* Yayo = 1 t= 1728? Additional water ofl container = 1885-1728 = 157 in! From Fig. 1-1, 1/10 hu/18, of th, /18 Yeo) cone = H(Ho/ 1-8) hgf3™ 157; hy = 7.96 in Free surface will be 18 ~ 7.86, or 10.14 in ebove bottom of container. x a yslo iw167 2168 1.69 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS “0 8. ‘The fluid flowing in Fig.'1-3 has an absolute viscosity (1) of 0.0010 Ib «s/ft*and specific gravity of 0.913. ‘Calculate the-velocity gradient and intensity of shear stress at the boundary and at points 1 in, 2in, and 3 ia froni the boundary, assuming (a) a straight-line velocity distribution and (6) a parabolic velocity distribution ‘The parabola in the sketch has its vertex at A and origin at B. WF (a) Por the straight-line assumption, the relation between velocity v and distance y is ‘The velocity gradient = du/dy = 15, Since'u = t/(du/dy), x = 4 (du/dy), For y = O(je., at the boundary), v'=Oand du/dy = 15s"'; += (0,0010)(15) =0.015 lb/ft. For y=1in, 2in, and 3 int du/dy and t are also 15 and 0.015 Ib/f, respectively. (b) For the parabolic assumption, the parabola passes through the points uv when y= Oand v= 45 when y =3, The equation of this parabola is v = 45~ 5(3~y)?, du/dy .0010 (du/ dy), For y =Oin, uv =Oin/s, du/dy = 30S", and x= 0.0301b/f*. For y = Lin, 208°", and r= 0.020 b/ft, For y=2in, v= 40 in/s, du/dy =105"', and = 0.01010/fF in/s, du/dy =03"', and r= O1b/&, yy sini al =15y, du =15dy. For y =3in, SON ye rig, 13 A cylinder of 0.40-t radius rotates conctntially inside a Sed oyinder of 0:462-frdhus. Both eyfnders ave 1.00 ft long, Determine the, viscosity ofthe liquid thet fill the space betweéri the cylinders if @ torque of 9.650 Ib ft is required to maintain an angular velocity of 60 rpm. The torque is transmitted through the fielélayers to the outer cylinder. Since the gap between the cylinders is small, the calculations may be made without integration. The tangential velocity v, of the inner cylinder = re, where r= 0.40 ft and a = 27 rad/s. Hace, v, = (0.40)(2z) = 2.51 ft/s. For the small space between cylinders, the velocity gradient may be assumed to be a straight line and the mean radius can be used. Then, du/dy = (2.51 — 0)/(0.42 ~ 0.40) = 125,55", Since applied torque equals resisting torque, applied torque = (s){area)(arm), 0,650 = +{(1.00) @x)(0.40 + 0,42)/2]{(0.40 + 0.42)/2], + = 0,615 Ib/f? = u (duidv, 0.615 = (4)(135.5), u =.0.00490 tb see. ‘Water is moving through a pipe. The velocity profile at some’ section is shown in Fig, 1-4 and is’given mathemati¢ally'as v = (8/4u)(d"/4~ 1°), where v = velocity of water at any position r, B= a constant HL= viscosity of water, d-= pipe diameter, and r = radial distence from centerline, What isthe shear stiesé af the \wallof the pipe due to the water? What isthe shear strets at a position r = d/4? Ifthe given profile persists @ distance L along the pipe, what drag is induced on the pipe by the water in the direction of fow over this sistance? . 1 = (B/4uXe/4— 7) du/dr = (B/4u)(—21 t= 4 (du/dr) = (—28r/4u) ='~26r/4 28/4 At the wall, r= d/2, Hence, a 2B(ai4) _ Be 4 z 28 = (tu ted) = na) nL) = (BAM tL) = fe 4 sha Nelly profile10 7 UHAPIEH 1 + 1:70 A Jarge plate moves with speed vp over a stationary plate-on a layer of oil (see Fig. 1-5). If thé velocity profile is that of a parabola, with the oil at the plates baving the same velocity as the plates, what is the, shear stress on the moving plate from the oil? If linear profile is essumed, what isthe shear stress on the upper plate? I For a parabolic profile, v* = ay. When y = d;v= vj, Hence, ug ad, a =vs/d, Therefore, (8/d)(y) = O14) ueVyTd . duldy = (udaiva Qo Ii eu (dufdy) = ul(ve)( VAG = pllva)(UIV(8) (E91 = wal (Aa), For a linear profile, du/dy = veld, t= u(vo/d). For y= Assumed prfle Fig. 15 rL71 J A block weighing 1 kIV and having dimensions 200 mm'on an edge is allowed to slide down an ifcline on a film fol! having a thickness of 0,0080 mim (see Fig. 1-6) If we use a linear velocity profile in the oil. what isthe terminal speed of the block? The viscosity of the oil is 7 x 10™"N -/m’ i r= p(du/dy) = (7 * 107 )fup/(0.005/1000)] = 1400u; Fy = cA = (140007), fh)” = 56.08 6.Giy, Uy = G1 m/s. ‘At the terminal condition, equilibrium occurs. Hence. 1000 sin 20' * 0.6080 mm Fig, 1-6(a) Fig. 1-6(6) 1.72) Acylinder of weight 201b slides ina lubricated pipe. as shown in Fig. [-7, The clearance between cylinder and pipe is 0.005 in Tf the cylinders observed to decelerate ata rate of 2f/s* when the speed is 20 Us, whet is the Viscosity of the oil? Serra t =u (du/dy) = je{v/(0.001/12)] = 12, 000xv Bard = 20004) AE zr mma 20~(7854)(u)(20)(20/52.2(-2) w= 1.35 10T* ID sl ai ime Li Es ud} js in| Fig. 1-7 * 1.73 Arplunger is moving through a oylinder at « speed of 20 f/s, as shown in Fig, 1-8. The film of oll separating the jphiager fm the cylinder has @ viseosity of 0,020 b s/f. What isthe force required to maintain this motion? B Assume the thickness of the film is uniform over the‘entire peripheral surface of the plunger. Because the film is thin, assome a livear velocity profile forthe flow of oiLin the film. To Find the frietional resistance, comipute the shear stress at the plunger surface.PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 13 y.78 Carton tetrachloride at 20°C hes a viscosity of 0. (000967 N s/m?. What shear stress is required to deform this uid at a strain rate of 5000 s7'? t r= p (du/éx) = (0,000967)(5000) =4.84N/m? or 4.84 Pa 4419 SAE Ooi at 20°C is sheared between two parallel plates 0.01 in apart ith the lower plate fixed and the upper plate moving at 154s. Compute the shear stress in the oil. ' = jt (dufah) = (1.70 x 10°*)(15/(0.01/12)] = 30.6 Ib/ ee An S-kg flat block of metal slides down a 20" inclined plane while nbriated by a 2-mmc-thick film of SAE 30 oi 3t 20°C. The contact area is 0.2 m?, What is the terminal velocity of the block? e113. T See Fi EE=0 W sin 8 — tAictiom = 0 r= ut (dufdy) = (4.40 X 107 (vp /dy) = Quy {(8)(9.81) (sin 20°) ~ (220u,)(0:2)=0 vy = 0.610 m/s X Fig. 13 4.81. A shaft 8.00 cm in diameter is being pushed through a bearing sleeve 8.02 cm in dianieter and 30 cm long. The clearance, assumed uniform, is filled with oll at 20°C with v = 0.005 m*/s and s.g. = 0.9. If the shaft moves: axially at 0.5 m/s, estimate the résistance force exerted by the oil oa the shaft. Ferd fey (@u/dy) ~ a= py =[(0.9)(098)](0.005) = 4.49 ke/(m-s), 02 — 8.00)/2=0.01 em =0.0001m “= (4.49)(0.5/0.0001) =22 450 N/m? A= (1)(8.00/100)(80/100) = 0.07540 nm? F = (22450)(0.07540) = 1693 OC Haz Ifthe shaft in Prob, 1.81 is now fixed axially and rotated inside the sleeve at 1800 rpm, éstimate the resisting torque exerted by the oil and the power required to rotate the shaft, ' Tetdr | += (du/dr) ra = {(8.00/2)/100]{(1800)(2x/60)]=7.540 m/s.” dy = (8.02 ~8,00)/2 .49)(7.540/0,0001) = 338.6 x 10° N/m? A = (7e)(8,00/100)(#) T = (338.6% 10°)(0.07540)[(8.00/2)/100] = 1021 N-m P = @T = ((1800)(2/60)}{1021) = 192.5 x10 W or 192.5KW ).04 em = 0.0001 m 07540 183A steel (7850-kg/m’) shaft 3,00 cm in diameter and 40. om long falls of its. own weight inside a vertical open tbe14 K LBS 487 5.02em in diameter, The clearance, assumed unifurm, isa film.f glyerin at 20°C, How fest wil the evinder {fall at terminal conditions? a Weaan = TA = [(1850)(9.81)]{R)()(3.00/300)*/4) = 21.77 N d= ((3.02'+3,00)/2]/100 = 0.0001 mi: “ey (Ajldp) =(1.49)(1r/0.0001) = 14 90007 0.03770? 21.77 = (14900vr)(0.03770) uy = 0.0368 m/s A= (#)(3.00/100)(8) ‘Air at 20°C forms a boundary layer near a soifd wall of sine-wave-shaped velocity profile (see Fig. 1-14). The ‘Potndary-Jajer thickiess is 6 mm and the péak velocity is 10m/s. Compute the shear stress 18 the boundary lajer at y equal to (a) 0, (3) 3 mum, and (e) 6mm, f w(dvidy). © v= eyuasin [2p /(28)] = dldy = [2 pe! (283) 208 2 /(28)] = (Gx) C20) Ca) 008 (ny {2 aa} = 2618 cos (261.89) Note: 261.8)" in the above equation is in radians. ‘gm (1.81 x 10"4)[2618 cos (261.8))] = 0.04739 cos (261.8)) (a) ‘Aty =0, = 0.04739 cos ((261.8)(0)} = 0.0874 N/m*. (0) At = 3 mm, oF 0.0080. 7 FP gP8s os {(261.8},0.003)} = 0.0835 N/m? (6) Aty = 6 mm or 0.006 m, = 0.04739 cos (261 8)(0.006)] I 6mm t Vaux" 10 nls Peak Sine wave lppmmienrramn iam ‘Fig, 14 Acdisk of radius rp rotates at angular Helocity « inside an oil bath oF visecity H, #8 shown in Fig, 1-15, Assuming A Mnear velocity profile and neglecting shear'oa the outer disk edges. derive an expression for the viscous torgus con the disk, f (du/dy) =ia(retit) (on both sides) aT = iredA) = QM Nu(ra/t|eardr)) = quwer [Ye dev 7 7 Fig. 115 ‘A fot plate 30cm by 50cm slides on olf (1 0.SN -s/mt) over 2 large plane surface, Whar force fs required to ‘drag the plate at m/s ithe separating oil flm is 0.5 mm thick? f yu (dulée) = 0.8)12/(0.5/1000)] =3200Nie? FF = 0 2 pace of Lin (0.0833. width between two large plane surfaces is il a. 80°F (u = 0.0063 1b -5/f!), What force is required.to drag avery thin plate of 44 er at a speed of 0.335 Rs if this plate is equally spaced between the two suiTeces? §_e= yu (dude) = (0.0068){0.233,/(0.0833/2)] = 0.0504 10/4 1A = (0.0504)(4) = 0.2016 1b Since tnere are tivo SideS, Frguias = (2)(0-2046), oF 0.403 10 (3200) (CF) (HH)] = SAQA swith SAE 30 western lupricwtliisth"” ~ ite Sefie se Gilleall uc playd 4 ( 2 ) 5 bdo Aired] dusrig!! aid dul] Uo! Agbay) dell sil gsi / Lansigh Aas JSla yas) So of Aa gol / Auvaigtl ts Jute Y yaad] Gio Allis) Jule / By)alyFluid Mechanics Fluid Statics The science of fluid static will be treated in two parts!- a- the study of pressure and its variation throughout the fluid and b- the study of pressure force on finite surfaces. Since there is no motion of a fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer, there is no shear stress in the fluid. sing Vy La in 5 Say pam gl le aad pi gage gal dance le al os sng Slag bf a TSI sla gal li Oy 1S ja ag. pa Ua gal > Pressure at a Point Is the limit of ratio of normal force to area as the area approaches to zero size at the point, At a point of fluid at rest has the same pressure in all directions. - To demonstrate this, a body of unit depth is taken:~ ‘The equation of motion in x & y direction as; © LFx=M*a, Px dy —Ps ds sind =p dx dy * a ° EFy=M*a Py dx ~Ps ds cond —y dx dy =p dx dy * a,Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 way & transportation dept, Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Sin = dy/ds and cos® = dx/ds therefore; dy = ds sin8 and dx = ds cos6 No motion mean that a= ay = 0 [Px dy—Psdy=0]/dy then Px=Ps [Py dx—Psdx=0]/dx then Py=Ps ‘Therefore; Px = Py = Ps this mean that the pressure in static fluid at any point will be equaled in all directions. 1s Laks Cpa gaan ga peal daca Gail Lyle jy GSLull gill ala Ua gol shill Where; h: height from any point inside the fluid to the free surface of fluid, ex.; the pressure at point p = y h = (yo - y) as shown in figure: Pa (Atmosphere) 2st CUI gh cay pee all US og Jy all Lal Slo Ua og 8 call ol gin La Da cede coll ALi! ul 5 8 JL Types of Pressure Measurements The pressure at the earth's surface depends upon air column above it. A perfect vacuum is an empty space where the pressure is zero. Pressure may be classified into ‘two types depend on reference of any datum as: (absolute zero or local atm.) 1- Absolute Pressure:- it is expressed as a difference between its value and the complete vacuum. 2- Gauge Pressure:- it is expressed as a difference between its value and localFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi atmospheric pressure. © Standard Atmospheric Pressure: is mean pressure measured at sea level which equal 760 mm Hg or 10.332 m of water or 101.3 Kpa. + Local Atmospheric Pressure: is measured by a mercury barometer for any place. Pas. = Phar. + Peauge or Paps. = Phar. — Prva. Notes: Page may be negative value and then called suction or vacuum pressure. akc la gy pl cl os gla NI a uly CL lll og pa ca Sa AS US py a Hil ile ay ee GLI Ma pb ila ay I (SL) Diabial Gy yb le Wiel uly gp 5 Laie gl ce Ly ca I Lad oy ie Jal plaka Led tial Manometers Manometers are devices that employ columns for determining difference in pressure. The simple type is called piezometer which measure the pressure in a liquid when it is above zero gauge. There are two types of manometers:~Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashi 1 Open (Simple) Manometer 2- Differential Manometer * Type one used to determine the pressure over certain point ftom the vertical depth of liquid above it. © Type two used to determine the difference in pressure at two points ( ex. A&B) when the actual pressure at any point in system cannot be determined. gl Lay la ls yh all ane EL! INS a Le Ua hh aaa) sal padi Jl sil il dpc ne cay AsV al oll MS ey ‘ cl desl seal iy pine = og gal etal og gue datos (18s Cum 6 I al ASLy bialhd lis IS pate GS 1G iL! olail go dl yall any GISYI 4 al Macally Sal ib ASS Ss Cage) cg ste Ua ll geal Cn ll jaa y a diludl Haba A Saha irae al 4. Differential manometers ‘The manometer equation for each type shown in above figure as follow:- a Pyp=y*h be Ppt Ye = Yigg * = & Py-yw*h=0Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi de Py byw * he yng *h= Pr Exl: A U-tube containing mercury of r.d=13.6 has its right-hand limb open to atmosphere and the left-hand limb connected to a pipe conveying water under pressure as shown in figure. Find the absolute pressure in the pipeline in Kpa. Prt Yo * bi *Yug * ho = Pan P, +9.8 * (40/1000) ~ 13.6 * 9.8 * (200/100) = 0 P,= 22.76 Kpa. Pats™ Phar + Pgsuge = 101.3 + 22.76 = 124.06 Kpa. Ex2: A closed tank is patially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure in the tank is 6 Ib/in’ and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft. What is the pressure in Ib/ft? at the bottom of tank. _ 6 pst Berks & = Cee Bylo tt) + (6 pyre" ) f 4b = (650 75 aaa Z aFY Ex3: A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference in two pipelines as shown in figure. Oil with y = 53 Ib/ft is flowing in A and SAE oil with y = 57 Ib/ft* is flowing in B. Determine the pressure in B if the pressure in A equal 15.3 psi. 4 : 3, B+ Fa (2288) + y, (be)~¥, (BBa)+ 9, (aHep Thus, Gs fa) 2)» 6 ili) (ros) (228) = bist = (auch )GES)= 12 pt Be lisa BYie deFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi ‘Ae bubble Ex: A closed tank filled with water and connected to an inverted piping system as shown in figure. The liquid in the top part of piping has s.g = 0.8 and the remaining parts of system filled with water. a) Determine the pressure at B. b) the pressure head in mm Hg at point C. Hemispherical dome a) Pyt0.8*yy"3+ Yut2= Pa 60+0.8*9.8%3+9,8*2= Pp Pa=103 Kpa b) Pa=Po+Yw*3 60 = Po + 9.883 P.=30.6 Kpa Po=Yng * h= 30.6 /13.6*9.8 = 0.23 m= 230 mm 44 ExS: A U-tube manometer shown in figure, what is the pressure differential between points A and B? yoy = 57 Ib/ft? Pat You*(443)/12+ Yug* 12/12- yy(1243)/12=Pp Pa-Pp =~ 57*7/12 — 62.4*13.6*1 + 62.4*15/12 =- 802 Ib/ ft”Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.2 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. AFHashimi Ex6: A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank as shown in figure. The air pressure in the tank is 0.5 psi and the liquid is oil of y =54 Ib/ft’. The pressure at point A is 2 psi. Determine a) the depth of oil, z b) the differential reading, h. car Be hy 8 heer Thos, . trot . O Sil ~ 2 = 25) 0144) “2.4 U + ye L fe) t, Su fate) = (aN, 1d = Thus, , by + Beis [2 ft) Pinal a A= ~RaTK) (seer _ (2 Relies Gro BEM (3.05) (624 #,) = 2,08 ft Ex7: For inclined tube manometer in figure, the pressure at A 6 psi. What is the pressure in pipe B? rs ae ~ulbe lig ) Ga ft) Singe-—loq (where Hy “fwe specific weight of the gage Hurd ) Thus, = Py ~ Up Bf) sin 20° = (06 B)(ieit)- Gaears Vf allo) 913 . 323 Wf ihe lee = 0.224 se =anne Namen ene eminem oma hilthe atm jospherie pressure is 13.707 te pressure within the tank? Neglecting ‘The closed tank in Fig. 2 at point B? What percent error Topat Yadtac~ Pave = ((13.6)(62.4)](8.0/12)/144] = 3.93 lb/in* vacuum Pan = 13.10 + (-3.93) = 9.77 psia park is at 20° Yusohoc ~ Yudton = Poy 90 000+ (11.8)(4) ~ (9790)(4 ~ 2) — (11. ts pa = 90.000 ~ (9790}(4 ~2) = 70 420 Ns enror = (T0444 ~ 7042 ] a e 7 1m dm |e. Ae | : | gs 4m am Water | 4 1 #i “The system in Fig. 2-4 is at 70°F. If the pressure at point 4 is 2000 Ib", Cand D FLUID STATICS OD 27°! sia and a gage attached to a tank reads 8.0 inHg vacuum, what is the or -3.93!b/in* Ifthe pressure at point A is 90000 Pa abs, what is the absolute pressure do you make by neglecting the specific weight of therair? -8)(2) 444 Pa, 10)/70 444 = 0.00034, or 0.034%. ig. 2-3 determine the pressures at points B, i ‘Po = 2000 — (62.4)(3 — 2) = 1938 Ib/f pp = 2000 + (62.4)(5} = 2312 thf ft” pe = 2000+ (62.4)(5 2) ~ (0.075)(4+2)=2187 b/k on jaa ation | . iy, Aug AS F136 st 7 Water p\2t ll el rig. 24 ‘he spstem in Fig. 2-5 is t G°E)I atmosphere pressure is 101,33 KPa andthe absolute pressure atthe bottom of the tank is 237kPa, what is the specific gravity of fiuid X?~ 1 101.33 + 0.89(9.79)(1) + .79)(2) + (6-8-2)-79)(3) + (13.6)(9.79)(0) = 237 $B. 1.39 -tw 4. SAE3000 | 1™ War | 2m ruiax [3m Temary | 35 Wy Fig. 2528 0 CHAPTER 2 . @ - 2.18 ‘The container shown in Fig. 2-6 holds water and air as shown, What are the pressures at A, B, C, and D? py (62.4)(3 + 1) = 250 1b /f, pe = ~(62.4)(1) = ~62.4Ib/ft, Neglecting air, pe= py = ~62.4Ib/tts Po = ~ 624 ~ (62.4)(3 +1 +1) = ~3741b/t Fig. 26 2.19 The tube shown in Fig. 2-7is filled with oil, Determine the pressure head st A and at B in meters of water, FG Yao) = (ai Yo) = Gall -8-u)C Page Taetefore hyo = Ch EBral fig = (2+ 0.5)(0-85) = 2.125 m of water, ty = (—0.5)(0.85) = -0.425 m_ of water, 4 am iam i oi : at f-s.4- 085 Fie. ; 2.20 Caleulate the pressures at A, B. C, and Din Fig. 2-8, 2 Fp = (0.3 +0.3)(9790) = ~3874 Pa: (0.6)(9790) = $874 Pa, Neglecting air. pe = py = 5874 Par : S74 + (0,9)(979OK I + 0.6 0.3} Pi press a pressure of $ psi in (a) inches of mercury, (4) feet of water. (c) feet of acetylene tetrabromide e 221 (6g. = 2.94), and (d) pascals = (a) b= ply = {(8)(144)]/[(13.6)(62.4)] = 1.357 ft oF 16.28 inHg at (8)(144)]/62.4 = 18.46 ft of water 7 @) (e) = [(8)(144)}/{(2.94)(62.4)] = 6.28 f of acetylene tetrabromide (a) (8)(3.448)(144)/0.3048? = 55 155 Pa = 2.22 Expressan absolute pressure of 4 atm in meters of water gage when the barometer reads 750 minltg, 4) (001.3}/9.79 = 41.39 of water — Prom = (F)(13.6) = 10.20m of water Ppa 41.39 10.20 = 31.19 m of water i PamFLUID STATICS D 39 ‘configuration shown in Fig. 2-36, calculate the weight of the piston if the gage pressure reading is +t W = weight of the piston. W/{()(1)°/4] ~ [(0-86)(9.79)]( fet-m diameter —4 ot A manometer is attached to a horizontal oil pipe, as shown in Fig. 2-37. Ifthe pressure at point A is 10 ps, find the distance between the two mercury surfaces in the manometer (.e.. determine the distance y in Fig. 2-37). U (10)(144) + [(0.90)(62.4)](3 +y) -[43.6)(62.4)]Jy =O y= 203 ft or 24.4in { \ ee ct = 090 Fig. 2:37 [A vertical pipe with attached gage and manometer i shown in Fig. 238. What wll be the gage ring in pouudls pet square inch if there is no fow nthe pipe? FT Gage reading + {(0.85)(62.4)](2 + 8)/144 — [(13.6)(62.4))(H)/144=0 Gage reading = 5.16 pst ~ ‘A monometeris attached toa vertical pipe," shown in Fig. 239. Calealate the pressure diference between points A and B . 1 pax (62.45 +1) ~[(13.6)(62.4)1) + (62.4)2+1) =P Pa~po=18841b/f2 or 13.1 b/in® ‘A manometer is atached toa water tank, as shown in Fig. 240, Find the height ofthe free water surface above the bottom of the tank. i (9.79)(H — 0.15) - [(13.6)(9.79)](0.20)=0 H=2.87m .erect O CHAPTER 2 40 g : (yor (sg = 136) Fig. 2:39e\ 59 260 2.61 FLUID STATICS O 41 Het Water Mereuey a= 16) Fig. 240 |A differential manometer is attached to two tanks, as shown in Fig, 2-41. Calculate the pressure difference between chambers A and B. i a [(0.89)(9.79)](1.1) + [(13.6)(9.79)](0.3) ~ [(1.59)(9.79)](0:8) = pa Pa~Po=—37.1KNim? (1.8.5 pe >Pa) (Chamber 4 SAE 20 i | Chamber 8 Carbon evactorse | | 03 m =m Mereury Fig. 2-41 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-42. Trg (62.4)(66.6/12) — ((13.6)(62.4)](40.3/12) + (62.4)(22.2/12) ~ {(03.6)(62.4)}(30.0/12) ~ (62.4)(10.0/12)= pe Pa Pa=A562Ib/t2 or 31.7 Ib/in® Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-3. ! a (0.79) = [(0.83(9.79)}0.70) + (9.79)(e ~0.80) =P» Pa~Pa = 13.3KN/m* Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-H. 1 pat (62.4)(« +4) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)](4) + (62.4)(7 -) = Pe 7708 Ib/f? or 18.81b/in® Pampa42 0 CHAPTER 2 - fof evvnnovenrons sansnenas ae L seen Oil (se. = 089 Fig. 243B29 Big, 244 262 Vessels A and B in Fig. 2-45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 psi and 20.0 psi, respectively. What is the deflection of the mercury in the differential gage? 4H (40.0)(144) + (62.4) x + h) ~ ((13.6)(62.4))h + 62.4) hasan = (20.0)(144). Since x + y = 16.00 ~ 10.00, ar 6.00 Ft, Fig. 245 For a gage pressure at A in Fig. 2-46 of ~1.58 psi, find'thé specific gravity of gage liquid B. = 8)(L44) + [(1.60)(62.4)](10.50 ~ 9.00) ~ (0,0750)(11.25 — 9.00) + [68-8 9)(62.4)]{11.25 ~ 10.00) = 0 S.8:uq,0= 1.00Ne 10.00 FE Ligsid B SHR! Fig, 2.46 2.64 In Fig. 2-47, liquid A weights 53.5 b/ft' and liquid B weighs 78.8 lb/ft’, Manometer liquid M is mercury. TE the pressure at B is 30 ps. find the pressure at A. ! = pga (535){6.5 41.3) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.5) + (788)(6.5 + 10.0) = GON 14) pa=2B34ib/ft or 16.2 ibjin? wor 2.68” What woutd be the manometer reading in Fig, 247 if pa ~ pa is 150 &N/a0"? (Lise the unit weigh Prob. 2.64) B50 ef = (450)1000/4.448)(0.3088 2, or 3133 1b/. With pa ~ pa = 150 EN /re* level will se some amount, x, on the lett side of the manometer and will fall by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.48). Hence. py ~ (53.5)(6.5-+ 1.3 +) + [(13.6)(62.4)](0.3 +28) + (78.806.5 + 100-2) = pa. 1Gt: + 1986 = pp — py = 3133, x= 0.70 ft: manometer reading = 1.3 + (2)(0.70) = 2.708. Fig. 248, 2.66 InFig. 249, A and B are at the same elevation. Water is contained in A and rises inthe tube to a level 76 in above A, Glycerin i contained in B, The inverted U-tabe i filled with air zt 20 psi and 79°F, Atospherie( 2 ) $3 bdb0 dull als oll J9Y! E sill / Auusigil ls S19 asl] WiSo of co gill / Aaaigtt Als ude Y yy r8)] io ellis! Jule 3, talLecture, No.3 Fluid Mechanics Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A, M. Al-Hashimi FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES To obtain the magnitude, direction and location of the hydrostatic forces acting on vertical, horizontal and inclined submerged plane can be done by the derivation of formula, a. Horizontal surface . Vertical surface _¢. Inclined surface The define of water pressure forces on submerged plane can be compute as follow:- and Inclined Plane; as shown in figure below; 2 Cale is ola ree d- The Vel h, =the vertical distance from center of area to the surface of water. b,= the vertical distance from center of pressure of area to the surface of water. GP =P dA=yhdA=yxsind dA=y sind [x dAFluid Mechanics Lecture, No.3 ‘ Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M, Al-Hashimi If JxdA= moment of area around center= x, A Then, F=7x, sin A * F = 7h, A, magnitude of force on vertical or inclined surface. © The location of force is lie on the center of pressure which is lie at a distance below the centroid of surface. the direction of force down perpendicular on the surface. © Depth of center of pressure below free surface is, (I,/h, A) sin@ and h,=h, +e h, = h, + (1, /h, A) sine for vertical surface 0=90° and h, = h, + (1,/h, A) JS cal) Ayai (tyLoally eLall Sta By yetall Aiba) gf Ayagantl placa) ype Uabuall $8!) Guat OLpaly Wpalaty @ Alliaey pusall 5850 coe Ugh cogSt cgill Laicall 55 yo ALK CB Ugatioe Cissay pauall pall se gine 2- The Horizontal Plane The force exerted on horizontal submerged plane surfaces is; F = 7,* Volume of water over surface Fey*thta i" Where; h= depth of water above surface and T A-= surface area of plane.Fluid Mechanics Lecture, No.3 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi The location of force at mid distance of surface plane or at L/2. 3- Pressure Diagram Another approach to determine hydrostatic force and its location is by the concept of pressure distribution over the surface as shown in figures. = EA Oe ede mm ta kX es 4. Horizontal surface b. Vertical surface. Tnclined surface Total force on rectangular vertical surface subjected to water pressure on one side as in figure below by pressure diagram is; F = Area of pressure diagram = area of triangle*B eA F=12*yH *H*B ] Fa1/2*yH?B Center of pressure is centroid of pressure prism Or by eg, can be compute force on vertical plane, i FeyhA=y*H/2*H*B = 1/2 * HB the same results from pressure diagram. sR ce Yap ALLL y ARV y ya yaa iy gle Lal Lteca 3h ead Label lade plata Sag Ag sie Attell y Lal claw aie Aud Cilla gp Fhe debs all Gal ke peal gay Yael ABBY) CU gl Muay LA Ail yll le adh itil) dation iss Bil Lady ALL gf an gall 4 ul et Gig pees gall deleae BS oe the bial) bhid AdslFluid Mechanics Lecture. Nox. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. jashii Exl: A2 m * 2 m vertical gate submerged on oil of density 900 kg/m’ to a depth of 0.8 m and water to a depth of 1.2 m as shown in figure. Calculate the total hydrostatic force and its location on gate. 1-. By equation: The depth of oil equivalent to depth of water is, (S.8)ci * Yw * Boa = Yu * Bye (900/100) * 0.8 = Hye then hye = 0.72 m FL = Yoit *Beoit*A + Yo (Be + yy / 2 )*A F, = 0.9*9.8*0.8/2*0.8*2+9,8 * (0.72+ 1.2/2 )*(1.2*2) = 5.6448 + 31.0464 = 36.7 kN Tip = hey + (Tey Aes A)=0.44(2*0.8°/12)/0.4*(0.8*2)=0.533m. Iga = Hey + (leg Ahn AY=1.32+(2*1,2°/12)/1.32"(1.2*2)=1.411m. 2- By pressure diagram: Fi=12 we (boi)? B= 1/2*8829*0.8*0.8*2=5,650 KN Fo= 1/2 yy (hew)? A= 1/2*9.81*(1.2)*2=14,13 kN F5 = You hoi * Hy B= 8,829*0.8*1.2*2=16.95 kN F=F, + F)+F3 =5.650+14.13+16,95=36.73 kN Centre of pressure, ho: by moments, 36-73 x hy = 565 (1-2 + 0-8/3) + 16-95 x 1-2/2 + 14-13 x 1-2/3 = 8:29 + 10-17 + 5-65 = 24-11 hy = 2411/36-73 = 0:656 m above the base.’ Fluid Mechanics « Lecture. No.3 Highway & transportation dept Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Ex2: A circular gate of 4 m diameter is subjected to hydrostatic force on one side and counterbalanced by a force F applied at bottom as shown in figure. Determine the force F required to keep the gate in position. P= pghcA = 10° x 9:81 x 3 x Lea? _ 2 Water = 369.83 kN. and the distance, CG = Ig/Ahe | 4m Dia. = gal = 2 ating? Hint x3 = 0333 m. Taking moments about G, 369-83 x 0-333 = F x 2 F = 61-64 kN. Ex3: A triangle gate with 6 ft width of base forming one side of a tank which contain a liquid with specific weight is 79.8 Ib/ft*, Determine the resultant force that fluid exert on gate when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the base. (in) A) = douse Re = Ye sin hoe Fee URA = (10.8 He )(2ose Ft) sm to} (A)(o# « e#e) = 33,900 Ib eal eneet, = 3 Yr* a? + de where L234 (calor) Thas t 3 , 32 eAeN(e #0) + dova tt = doe Ft (30,43 FEA fextft)Fluid Mechanics » Lecture. No.3' Highway & transportation dept, Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Exd: Find the magnitude and depth of the point of application of the force on the circular gate shown in figure, if = 5 ft and D= 4 ft diameter. F = yh,A = 62.4(5 +2sin60°)x(2)? = 5280 Ib 16 _ 0.1086 fe leos30° +2) x2) L, = y,+—£ ope distance) Vy = Ve 5A Glope ) ¥, = 5cos30° + 2+ 0.1286 = 7.90 ft hy = y,00830° = 7,9000830° = 6.84 ft ExS: The rectangular gate CD in figure is 1.8 m wide and 2 m long. Determine the weight of gate necessary to keep it shut until the water level rise to 2 m over the hinge. < Rath A = mete he * dom £ [lp )lam)] + ZF Thus, Fa= (1.20 EL) [a8 om Maden & Bee) = 98.8 AN Als, ae Ye? <7 +4 where Set a ttn 3m so That 3 ee CE Vitam)” 4 3.5m = 3, 595m R (3 San) C.F x20) For eguilvbriam, ZMp=0 (Wote: Seb Rezo He obbern minimum wajrd 2 ong whafjem)] - & (- 7B) ~° ov = Gagan 251% ~25") _ go gy (4) [em] 6Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.3 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Ex6; The gate MN in figure rotates about an axis through N, Ifa = 3.3ft, b = 1.3ft, d= 2ft and the width of gate is 3ft, what torque applied through N is required to hold the gate closed. = 33438 = 4.95 ft Bg. 2th: F, = y(h),A = 62.4(4.95)(3.3x3) = 3060 Ib i bnen2 38? “Yn = = 2 SS = 01833 ft O79 yA hOH) Th, 12(6.95) on Pye tha = (aay exs = 374 Ib ; (pet ORE 133 ft EMy = 3060(6.6 - 4.95 -0.1833) ~ 374(2~1.333) ~ Torque = 0 5 Torque = 4240 felb 4 Ex: Water rising on the left side of gate showm in figure causes it to open, Determine the depth D above the hinge at which the gate being open. Gate width is 2m. Fy= yh, A=9.8 * D/2 * (D*2)=9.8D?KN hysh-te= D/2+(2D*/12)/(D/2)*2D = 4/6 m Fy=7Vol.=9.8*D* 1.5*2=294DEN X=15/2=0.75 m 9.8? * (D-4D/6)-29.4D * 0.75=0 then D=2.6mowenq if : CHAPTER 3 Forces on Submerged Plane Areas Ife triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in igui with its vertex atthe liquid surface (see Fig 3-1), drive an expression fr the depth tits center of pressure. ba136__ 3d Garneaiy ¢ f—.b Jaga If triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in liquid with its vertex a distance a below the liquid surface (see Fig. 3-2), derive an expression for the depth to its ceiter of pressure. la (,.24), 07% ___[, 24), ' ham has = (0+) ranger” *9) "ine a 1G? Fad/3 + SIO) Ee Ga? + Bad CES) 6a +2473) bb y.32 of height d and base bis vertical end submerged in liquid with its base atthe liquid surface 3:3), derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure, od/36 Tg 3” (GINGA) 3 ated 62 5354 G2 CHAPTER S 7 & & - Fig. 33 34 A cireular area of diameter dis vertical and submerged ina liquid supper edge is exineident withthe Higuid surlae (See Fig. 34). Decive an expression forthe depth tits center of presur. ke id aad /64 did sd a hag af ‘ hath AT* DET 2878 4 | Fig. 34 35 Avera semicieule area of siameter dand aes ris submerged sn hes is diameter in guid sutec (ee Fig. 33). Desive a expression forthe depth ts center of presse 1 { . > € a ‘A dam 20m long reinins 7m of water, 28 shown in Fig. 36. Find the total resultant force aeting on the datn and the location of the center of pressure, FF = vid = (9.794 (0 + 7)/2}[2U)(T/sin 607] = 5339 HN. The center of pressure is located at two-thirds the total water depth 6#7 m, 074.667 m bélow the water surface (1.2., y= 4.667 m in Fig. 3-6). store" eeeFORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE. AREAS 0” ‘A vertical, rectangular gate wth water on one side i shown in Fig. 37. Determine the total resultant free tering on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. Z Fo phcgA= (9-193 1.2/2){(2)(0.2)] = 84.59 KN wig lye 32), O02 _ yam hawker ge (0+F) + area Fig. 37 Solve Prob. 3.7 by the integration method. 5.SOKN ref riea [ome +24) = 095s frites [ome+reO) ospiyasteriay? BB 359 “3.653 ‘A.vertical, triangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-8. Determine the total resultant force acting fon the gate and the location of the center of pressure. Fe yhgA = (6246+ 3/3)[@)3)/2] = 131016 3) , Xe P 195 __ TRESS TNA TESTI, Fig. 3856 0 CHAPTER 3 ” 3:0 sive Prob. 39 bythe integration mses ko = YhagA = [(0.52)9.79]|4-+ 1 +1.2/2)(6in 4071 (0.8)(1.2) F raf 464+ 2 29/3 dy) = [ (2.810229 -2948) dy = (62.4029 -y*~37/N.= 13109 [ feoerre-vne [@am-or-xie ~ ~ 1310 - 1310 = (62.4)172y = 29° — Y/R _ | . oF =7.07f 311 Aninclined, rectangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig, 3-9. Determine the total resultent force acting'on the gate' nd the location of the center of pressure. 1 Fa phgA= (G24)8+ Hb cos O*(4(5)]= 1123018 “or (Boos + HE) tion method. [2.496 +y coscoresay)=i2y[ey + Is the versiea distance from the i sutfuee ig the esater of pressure as measured slong the inclination of the gate 18.08 x surface to the center of pressure. The distance from the water ) would be 9. 0°. OF ster on one side is shovin in Fig, 3-10. Determine the tie! ren f the center of pressure hag = (9.79)[L.5+ 40.0sin EU a. ] ais.oy'h 3.413 Aminelid. circular gate with ing on the gate and the loca js] 14.861 260Fig. 3410, 3.4 A vertical, triangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-11. Determine the total resultant force acting on the gate and the location ofthe center of pressure. 7 Fm yagA = (9.79)3 + 3(DM(0.2)(2)/2) = 21.58 0 het = (34+ (ay°/36 im hat hatpeg- B+ OOl*+ Fae Pe (TIN ZAN IAT dy 2/30 Fig. SLL Solve Prob. 3.14 by th integration method. - SI) P= [ yd. From Fig. 311, y= 1/12. Therefore, x= 1.29 r= [omesnuaa)- [ere -/4=c79)[2at] -arsan [we [omervaver [arsiorotna FO se Hae (81.75)[9y2/2 + 2y? + 9°/AB 5 6 om88° 7 CHAPTER 3 ‘A tank containing water is shown in Fig. 312. Calculate the total resultant force acting on sids ABCD of the “container and the location ofthe center of pressure ! Fr yh = (62.4) (0+ 6)/2](20)(6)}=22 50015 (@l6)= 4.008 (vertically below the water surface) Poo. : > i 5 da AY sit /}__—»r t Fig. 32 3.17 ~The gate in Fg, 3:13 is Sft wide, is hinged at point B, and rests agaist 2 smooth wall t A. Compute (a) the force on the gate due to seawater pressure, (b) the horizontal force P exerted by the wall t point A, and (¢) the “ake Fs yhagA = (64)(05 ~ §)[(5)(10)] = 38 400 1b : tg ia sin ~((5) (0) /2)66), ©) are 2 ie ay (5-D(G)A] SMs=0 — (PY6)~ (38400 \10-5~0.417)=0 9 33010 cc) Ze B, + (38.400)(4}-29300=0 B= 626010 3 DH=0 — B-(68400/()=0 8, = 307201 Seawater ; | eae Patna Fig. $43(a) er the hinge be at point A and : aap & L.. Prob. 3.17, but in & E (a) FromProb. 3.11, F * (6,)(8) - 08 40005 + 0.817) © 384001. (6) From Prob. 3.17 B, = 26000'b. (28 400)(i8) - 4 Dé=0 A, G8s00yeh) +26000=0ie FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE-AREAS 0 és endrial, woodenstave bares 4ftin diameter and 6fhgh, 25 shown in Fig. 3.22 It ished together by arte top and bottom, each with ross section Of 0.35 in. If the bare is fied wih pee jee ag = 1.02), compute the tension stress in each boop. Pe phigh = (12) 624) EN ((6] = 458319 pchesin€_ OP*Asin 0) _, Yo hl TOO] nme aM, 4583(4 —1.00) -2(F, TM =0 2(Fjones)(6) ~ 4583(4 + 1.00) 2 764)035~ 2585p Oana 1508/0.35 = 4366p =O Fagg 7641 0 Freer 152810 a PY 2. A epee 2 Framer “<—y ca | = Tit ft Fe 1 - | oe _ ts ko es Ls 2.0! ea | elt ga?! 3 | b ian B sig. 3220) Gate AB in Fig, 3:23 5 15 ft long and 1 wide and hinged at B wi «stop at 4 gate, compute the water level for which the gate will star to fal ' F= peg = (62.4 {H/2){(10)(h/sin 60") = 360.2° asin 8, —[1O(h/sin 60") 112) in 0" Tha (iz) (1004 /sin 67) My =0 (2000/05) ~ (360.347) [(h/sin 60/2 -0.1925h}=0 = 10:3 Fig. 323(8)340 CHAPTER 8 Repeat Prob. 330 by nciuding the weight ofthe gate, whic is -in-thick steel (.g, = 7.85). (See Fig. 324.) “A Weggm[(285N62AIIS)IO}CAY] = 612 1b. From Prob. 3.30, F-= 360.30; Z Me =0, (20000)(15) — “Fe On SHB Cilsin 69/2 0.19258] ~ G1I3C cos607) =O, h= 9.7L. 4000 IE is o> Ecos 60 | ad Fig. 3:24 “The turbine inlet duct coming fom a lange dam it 3m in diameter. Tis closed by a vortcal, cular gate whose emter point (i..,ceataid) 50m below the dam's water level. Compute th force on the gate and its seater of 22° pressure, 1 Fe phgA =. DVS GI4)= HOON Lm arti4= x(i)/4= 3.976" =I sin 9 =(3.976)sin 9%) ° nHesin 8 =G.s70}60 HN). 9.01121 hgA (S0Vfz@)749)] Line of action of Fis 0.0112m below the centroid of the turbine inlet duet. g F 3 Gate AB in Fig, 325s semicireular, hinged at B, and held by horizontal force P at A. What force Pis requiredi i ) ab il Grol] auudigl! aud ali al> sll dey! ee SS Paall caSo gh olFluid Mechanics Lecture, No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces Forces on curved surfaces are inclined that have two components horizontal and vertical forces 1- The Horizontal Component of pressure force on a curved surface is equal to the pressure force exerted on projection of curved surface. The vertical plane of projection is normal to the direction of component. ‘ Bh gps Hain ¢ ghall le lal Laie cya Ags 5 gl Bypuny Adal) oLall ALS 5g path Asa yaa 4S yall Ll ital chau ga geal! Lineal gle blll «ginal chal gle dp pe 2- The Vertical Component of pressure force on curved surface is equal to the weight of liquid vertically above the surface and extending up the free surface. Fa=yh.A & Fy=7Vol. yall ee Where, A; the vertical projection of curved surface. duhighl Gals JF'2 The location of Fy compute depend on hy equation as the vertical plane gate whereas the Fy locate at the center of the curved surface in the vertical direction. A 4m-long curved gate is located in the side of reservoir containing water as shown in figure, Determine the magnitude of horizontal and vertical components of the force of water on the gate. The radius of gate is 3m. the depth of water over the gate is 9m. he=(9-3) + (3/2)=7.5m = (bh? /12) mh, A = (4* 35/12) /7.5*G*4) 01m hy =7.5 + 0,1 =7.6 m below the surface of water the location of Fy, The location of Fy is; (41/3) = (4*3/3n) = 1.27 m from point A.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi For eguil’ briam, Zhz0 = ¥ hog A = ¥ (mt Sn )Bm chu) * Fy® (4-904M Vasu Nam) = P82 by Simi lav ly, - 7 Zé, 20 Ae Rew where : Fe [¥ Cem] Bm stm) 2 (2.40kY \lomitian) we Y= (7.80 AY Vn w) Thus, volume» ee Tom ¥ 2dr m> Fs (1.90% #2 [te w? p40 mi] = 903 A x2: A cylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter of 2 m and length of 4 m, The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A vertical of 0.1 m diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl - alcohol of y =7.74 KN/m’ to a level of 1.5 m above the top of the tank, Determine resultant force of alcohol on one end of tank and show where it acts. i centroid Ratha Lom where he hme hom 225m 1. So That agit Ye center Fe GY \lasmN(F)laom)*= bo.0 bu of pressureFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Also ° ys De gy te” GA le Where Y,24%¢ 30 thd 7 Clan)? = + 2.5m = Qbom Spee CaF m\E)lem)® Thus, the resulteat force has 4 magnitude of 60 84V and acts at a distame of Bre? Abom-2.S50an = 0.100m belw center of tink end well. Ex3: An open tank containing water has a bulge in its vertical side that is semicircular in shape as shown in figure. Determine the components of force that the water exerts on the bulge if the length of gate is 1 ft. i” hovgental force of wall on Fluid v DW: Vigo or fr, “(exh IBY A) gp ae Re ¥t.A = (o2.4 By )(t te +3 %)(oFex Fe) = B37IL For egai librium, F, = = 882 \b 4 ana Rtk = 337 Ib< 6 kw vertical forte of wall on fluid vow f F fu eo :Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi “2. Ex4: The 9 ft long cylinder in figure float in oil and rest against the wall. Determine the horizontal force the cylinder exerts on wall at the point of contact A. You = 57 Ib/ft? The horryartal Lorces acting on the Free-bedy-diagrane ave shown on the figure. Foy eguilibriim, BAe Where Fy 1s The hone) force the wall exerts on ‘the cylinder. Since, me Vda = (oto He) (eft (tec a) * 4330 |b and Ft Sten Aa = (10 Bs) (stax 3He)(aee 000) = 6430 Ib then Kr Faio lb- 6430 = 2300 lb —> on the wlFORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 91 1,028,200 Ib . sets along: = 10.083 — 05585 Freyttent Tisw 499,200 tb ° yan Fig. 511(e) “The dam in Fig. $124 is a quarter circle 50 m wide into the paper. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force against the dam and the point e.p. where the resultant strikes the dam. I, = yaa =9.79{(20 + 0)/2}{(20)(50)] = 97900 KN. The location of Fis along a (horizontal) line #, or 6.67 m above the bottom of the dam. Fy = 9.79{(50)(z)(20)*/4) = 153 800 kN. The location of Fis along a (vertical) line through the center of gravity of areaoqa- = = 41/(3n) = (4)(20)/(3-1) = 8:49 m, Fsitn™ “579008 + 155 800" = 182 300 KN. As seen in Fig. 5-12b, Fsaan acts down and to the right at an angle of arctan (153 800/$7 900), or 57.5". Fssun Passes through the point (x, 2) = (8.49 m, 6.67 m). If we move down along the 57.5° line until we strike the dam, we find an equivalent center of pressure on the dam at x = 10.74m and :=3.13m, Frayoltast = 182,300 KN oa jeer kN rom! watce ia, Fig. $1266) Gate AB in Fig, 530 is a quarter ciscle 10ft wide into the paper and hinged at B. Find the force F Just! Sufficient o keep the gate from opening, Neglect the weight ofthe gat. By = phd =62.4(( + 0)/2][()(20)] = 19 968 (left). The location of Fy is along a (horizontal) tne 2.667 ft above point B. (See Fig. 5-136.) Fy = F,~ R= 62.4[(10)(8)(8)] — 62.4{(10)(*)(8)"/ 19 94 31 366 = 8570 b (up), The location of Fy can be determined by taking moments about point B in Figs 5-138 {8570x = (39 936)(4) — (31 366)[8 — (4)(8)/(Ba)], x = 1.787 f. The forces acting on the gate are show ins, Fig. $-13c. E Mg = 0; SF — (2.667)(19 968) ~ (1.787)(8570) =0, F = 8571 Ib (down).82.0 CHAPTER 5 8 yy a Seb Fig. 5:13(0) e ee 2570 S.4 Repeat Prob. 5.13 by including the skp weight of the gate, which ig steel plate of unit E “The weight of th UN = 5.5 (oats — 5.093 ate acts at the center of gravity ofthe gate shown in Fig. 5-14. 2) ‘My, From Prob, §.14, NF = (2667) 18048) ~ (1.787 118 sas Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force on the quarter-circle pen: of zhe water tank showin in Fig. 5-15e. ! Ey phgA 9.7915 + HE(2)(6)] = 705 kN Rye’ F — | Tm h j Zam \ | Ze bm Fig, 5.150) 7 Compute the horizontal and vs al components of the hydrostatic force on the hemispherical bulge at the ‘bottom of the tank shown in Fig, 5-16e. I From symmetry, Fie =0, Fe = A. (see Fig, 5.166). By = 62.4[(2)(2)*(19)] ~ (62.4| WGI 6796. . Wat ion LK Fig. 5.1610) Ba A, 2-ft radius 2-ft radius Fig. $-16() ‘The bottle of champagne (s.g. = 0.96) in Fig. 5-17 is under pressure, as shown by the manometer reading, ‘Compute the net force on the 2-in-radius hemispherical end cap atthe bottom of the bottle. — 1 From symmetry, Fy = 0, pan + (0.96N62.8)](3) ~ (13.62.4918) = pam = OCF 730) (gn F y= PaaAvoron * weight of champagne below AA = 273[(7)(4)"/4] + [(0.96)(62.4)](8) 2918) /41— (0.9662. $}E(8) (C8) = 25.9.5.18 5.19 Merury Fig. 547 Halt-cylinder ABC in Fig. 58a is 10 ft wide into the paper. Caleulate the net moment of the bydrosiatic oil forces on the cylinder about point C. 2 Fig. 5-180.) 1 From symmetry, the horizontal forces balance and produce no net moment about point C. (Se: Fem B~ Bm Fuoueexsim ane = ((0.88)(62.4)]|(10)(2)(2)/2] = 13 800. x = 4r/ 3x) = (4Y(2)/(Sx) = 1.658 Ft ‘Me = (13 900)(.888) = 23 230 Tb- fe (clockwise) Big. £1801 BA 4 v = _ | Pi da + a eS “Sisal Fig. S-18(6) 19¢ for 2 tem width Compute the hydrostatic force and its line of action on semicylindrical bulge ABC in Fig. into the paper. ! Fig= the A =|(0.88)9.79)](1 +3 + 912) = 86.15 &N ha Sin @_ LPAI) _ 6 965, 20 gd 043+ OO ‘As demonstrated in Prob. 5.18, Fy = Fann ae aoe and it acts at 4/(Sx) from point {(0.88)(9.79)](1)(x) GY /2]= 13.53 KN, 2 = 47 /(3x) = (4)2)/Gz} = 0.424 m. Whe forces Sownin iy 59 es= ARSE Ie 71 BN Asso a point O and acts up andSCR FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0” 97 IF = yi. Figure 5-240 shows the forces acting on the log, — (Fyhs= 62M (0+ 4)/2](2-+2)(10)} = 499210 (Fe)a= 62.41(0+2)/2{(2(00)] = 124818 (Fe) =62.4(20)(}(2)/2] = 3821 1 (Fr)a= 62-4 (10)() 29/5] = 19601 Das 4992 -1248—C,=0 — C, = 3744 Ib (left) Thao 39+ 1960-[O.sNy(EANUHA\AI+G=0 3921 (up) Fd, 2 Fda Fig. $.24(0) Fig. 5-24(0) 5.25 The 2m-diameter eylinder in Fig. 25a s 5 m long into the paper. and rests in static equilibrium against the smooth wal at point B. Compute the weight and specific gravity ofthe cylinder. Assume 2er0 wal friction at point B. I Sce Fig. $256. If Bis “smooth” it has no vertical force. Then the log weight must exactly balance the vertical hydrostatic force, which equals the equivalent weight of water‘in the shaded ares SMNMEANAY + (DA EAB KN, Ying = 164.3/((3)()(1)"] = 10.46 KN", 5g. = 10.46/9.7 Fig. $25(«) Fig, 5:25(6) 5.26 The tank in Fig. 5-260 is 2m wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure, compute the hydrostatic horizontal, vertical, and resultant force on quarter-irce panel BC. Hg = phgh =(0.79)6 + 1(4)2)] = 626.6 KN, Fy = weight of water above panel BC= (9.799(2)(6N8) + Vong cree (0:79) {(2)(2( 49/4) = 716.0 XN, Fra “+ 716,08 = 951.5 EN. As seen in Fig. 5-266, Frans PASSES through point O and acts down and to the right at an angle of arctan (716.0/626.6), or 48.8", 7G Big. 5-26(0) Fig. $:26(0)98 0 CHAPTER § 527 Gate AB in Fig. 5270s a quarter circle ft wide, hinged at B and resting against a smooth wall at A. Compute the reaction forces at A and B. ha sin 8 ~[@NS)/N2I5I090) _ _ 9.9 hea” G2-H@o ‘Thus, Fy, acts at 0.219, or 2.281 ft above point B. F, = weight of seawater above gate AB = (6y@1C2) 59} ~ HEH) Gy 14) ~ 30.720 ~ 10055 = 20667 The location of Fy can be determined by ‘taking moments about point A in Fig. 5-27b. (30 720)(4) ~ (10 053)1(4)(5)/(32)] = 20 66x, x =2.684 ft. The forces ating onthe gate are shown in Fig. $2. DMe=0 (24:320)(2.281) + (20 667)(5-2.684)-SA,=0 A, =206681b De=0 — 30-B,-20658=0 a 36s20 B,-20661=0 8, = 2068716 Be Bye pha = G4)(02~ 91S] = 2432010 al = am \ Fig, 52706), 3 Fe 20,607 IbFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Buoyancy and Flotation Force Bacld Coury Lal pd Ala areal jy ep glad olall ye ado 5b Ql) Goa pets alall gle ill! aul Ci Sall Lad O55 ss AS by Cae olally > yaiall aul! ally > Gatsed J! Fluid pressure acts all over the wetted surface of a body floating in a fluid, and the resultant pressure acts in a vertical upward direction. This force is called buoyancy. The buoyancy of air is small compared with the gravi- tational force of the immersed body, so it is normally ignored. Wooay =7 * Vol. of body F; =7* Vol. of water ZFy=0 then — Wrow =Fa Ex: A rectangular block of wood floats in water with 50 mm projecting above the water surface. When placed in glycerin of nd =1.35, the block projects 75 mm above the surface of glycerin, Determine the relative density of wood. Weight of wooden block, W = upthrust in water ="upthrust in glycerine = weight of fluid displaced W = pys Alt = pg A (h~ 50 x 107") = pog A(h -75 x 107) P, Py and pq being the densities of water, wood and glycerine respectively and A, the cross-sectional area of the block and h, its height. h— 50 x 1073 1. The relative density of glycerine, pole = PTE * = = 135. 2h = 146-43 x 107? m or 146-43 mm. 43 — 50 Hence the relative density of wood, py/p = we = 0-658,Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.4 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Ex2: A cube of timber with s.g = 0.6 and 1.25 ft on each side float in water. ot the submerged depth of water, D. W=* Vol. of timber = 62.4 * 0.6 * (1.25)° = yw * Vol. of water = 62.4 * (1.25*1.25*D) EFy=0 then W=Fs 62.4 * 0.6 * (1.25)° = 62.4 * (1.25*1.25*D) D=0.75 ft Ex3: Determine the magnitude and direction of force necessary to hold concrete cube of 0.3 m on each side at the equilibrium and completely submerged a) in Hg b) in water if s.g of concrete is 2.4. a) SFy=0 then Fh-W-F=0 13.6 * 9,8 * (0.3) -2.4* 9.8 * (0.3) =F then F=2.96 kN b) Fy- W+F=0 9.8 * (0.3) —2.4* 9.8 * (0.3) +F=0 then F=0.37KN Exd: A stone weighs 105 Ib in air, When submerged in water it weighs 67 Ib. Find the volume and s.g of stone. ZFy=0 then W=F5 Fp = yw * Vol. of water = 62.4 * V If Fy = weight of water displaced by stone then W = 105 - 67 = 38 Ib Fy =38 = 62.4 * V then V=0.609 f° Ye= (W,/ V) = 105 / 0,609 = 172.4 Ib/ f° 8.8 = (Ys! Yw) = 172.4 / 62.4 = 2.76Gila aye plant 3 (Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 lighway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M, Al-Hashimi Fluid In Motion When fluid is motion it has a velocity and acceleration in the direction of flow. Velocity; is the distance which displaced the fluid at any time, v=ds/dt. Properties of Flow + a) Steady Flow; is said when there is no change in flow properties [Q, v, h] with * time. [i.e. av/it= 0), otherwise the flow is Unsteady, [i.e. dv/at # 0]. b) Uniform Flow; is said when there is no change in flow properties [Q, y, h] with distance, [ie. dv/’s = 0] ifnot, the flowisa non-Uniform, [i.e. vids +0]. ©) Dimension of Flow with Directions:~ 1- One-Dimension Flow (1D); flow with x-direction only for example flow along pipe with uniform constant velocity distribution. v=f (x, f) 2- Two-Dimensions Flow (2D); flow with two directions (xécy) and velocity distribution through pipe will become as a parabola section with maximum value at the center and minimum value approximately zero at wall of pipe because of friction and roughness of the wall of pipe. v=f (x,y, ) u= teh) 3- Three-Dimension Flow (3D); flow with three directions (x, y & z) as flow along an orifice at a tank. v=f(x,y,z,f) e Stream Line; the line of the flow which the liquid moved along it. © Stream Tube; it is an element which bounded by a group of stream lines.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 ighway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi 1- LD Flow; water flowing in one direction along stream line and may be accelerate by changing in its value of velocity, this called tangential ‘acceleration (as) or in its direction as called normal acceleration (a,) or together. v=ds/dt then a=dv/dt=d’s/dt as = (dv / dt)* ds/ds = v (dv /ds) a,=v'/r — ,where r= radius of curvature. Sees —_—_— a ee eee SSS ——_—_—_ ———— ! IN ~S S d. Tangential and normal 2+ 2D Flow; water flowing in two dimension have accelerate in x and y directions as, as = [az+ ay du du du a wv a= >= ott axt ay & ay = 8242 ay? Exd:- Along a straight stream line, the velocity is given by [v=3(x"+ y*)'7]. Calculate the velocity and acceleration at point (8,6). v=30C+y*)!? = 3*(8? + 6°)!? = 30 m/sFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi If v=3(74y")!" then v=3s then dv/ds=3 as = v(dv/ds) =30*3 = 90 m/s”, a= 0 there no change in direction Ex2:- The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 1.5m is 0.75 m/s. Find the normal and tangential components of the acceleration if the flow is steady. a= (w/t) = (0.757 / 1.5) = 0.375 m/s” as=0 Ex3:- The velocity field of 2D flow is defined by [u=2y , v=xy]. Find the velocity and acceleration at point (2,3). & 29, He = ut 4S = - # 20; 2, Bg. 4.280: a, = ut Or Byer 4 av av HS ms Ba 4.280: a, 2 ue 4 oe mat tay < AQ): w= 2y= 6; vay = 6; Va Ore = B49LT 4 md a = Day = 12; a, = 29° + ty = 2G + OF) = 18 + 12 = 30 ae iP = 32317? < Exd:- A two-dimensional flow field is given by [u-2+xy+3t? , v=2xy"#]. Find the velocity and acceleration at point (2,3) and t=4s. u=242"34344?= 56 m/s, v=2"2*3%44 = 40 m/s Pal aoe Na, du au au av. av. ave, wie! $ n= oe Nag Vay & ay=a tug By du m @u m du m * G7 8t2tH 3-8-2485 ZF =y=3G ay Bee aFluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa Al-Hashimi Ov_4 OV. 2y2-2.32 =18_@ BEE a py aenen =e ‘oy a a,=24+56*3+40* 2: =272 m/s? ay =1+56* 18 +40 * 24 = 1969 m/s* a= (a? +a)! = [(272)' + (1969)"]' = 1988 m/s” Flow in Motion There are three principles that govern the flow of water in pipes or open channels; which are:- 1- Continuity Equation 2- Energy Equation or (Bernollie ’s Equation) 3- Momentum Equation 1- Continuity Equation It is depended on the principle of mass conservation and can be derived depending on that the mass of water input the section of flow = the mass of water output from the same section with no losses, as:- Qin=Qoue then viA1=Vv2A2 also Q=v*A ‘Where; v = mean velocity A= cross section area normal to the direction of flow Q= discharge or volume flow-rate of water which flow at rate of time through any section of area. "ge Q= volume flow-rate =v * A (m*/s) mass flow-rate =p * Q=p*v*A(kg/s) c- W=weight flow-rate =y * Q=y*v*A (N/s) For 2D flow Continuity Equation can be written as:-Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 _Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi DU Wiig aK TOY Note:- for 2D flow the velocity distribution in pipe is a parabola and can be expressed as:- r v= Vax (1-5 3 ‘Where; Vines, is the maximum velocity at center of pipe r, ; total radius of pipe and r ; radius at any point along pipe Exl:- The velocity of a liquid (s.g = 1.4) in a 150 mm pipelines is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in L/s, m’/s, kg/s and kN/s. Q=v*A=0.8 * (w/4)(150/1000)* = 0.01414 m/s = 0.01414 * 10°= 14.14 Lis M=p* Q=(1.4* 1000) * 0.01414 = 19.79 kg/s W=y* Q=(1.4* 9.8) * 0.01414 = 0.194 KN/s i2 A pipeline of 300 mm diameter carrying water at an average velocity of 45 m/s branches into two pipes of 150 mm and 200 mm diameters, If the average velocity in the 150 mm pipe is Zot the velocity in the main pipeline, determine the average velocity of flow in the 200 mm pipe and the total flow rate in the system in I/s.Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 Highway & transportation dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Oy Vi = 5/8 V D, = 150 mm Q Vv =45 mis Q, D2 = 200 mm D = 300 mm Discharge, Q = AV = Q, + Q2 by continuity “ AV = ALV, + A2V2 1 037 x 45 = (0-152 x 2 x 465 4b 2 (0.2) bn Oay x 45 =F x (O15) x 3x 4544 x (02) x Va or V2 = 8:54 m/s and total flow rate, Q = 3 x (03 x 4-5 = 0-318 m/s = 318 Vs. Ex3:- If the velocity distribution of flow along pipe shown in Figure is parabola at point A and the velocity is 0.75 m/s at 70 mm up point A. Find the velocity of water at Point B. 200 mm r + v= Vmax | 1-3 70 8 m= (3) {E\tm . c t PLL somm z On I NS mis = Vins, (= OF. 0.75= Vinax. (1 Sa) Vonas= 1.47 m/s Qu =vA= 1.47 * 2/4(0.2) = 0.046 m°/s Qc= 0.15 * 2/4(0.05)" = 0.00029 m’/s 4Fluid Mechanics Lecture. No.5 Highway & transportation dept__Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Qs=Qe+Qc Continuity Equation Q5=Qx-Qe then Qp = 0.046 — 0.00029 = 0.045 m’/s Vp = (Qu / A) = [0.045 / 1/4(0.2)'] = 1.45 m/s The velocity component of 2D flow at any point are given as [u=x’y , v=xty"]. Determine if this flow is steady or satisfy the Continuity equation? For 2D flow Continuity Eq. is:- au, dv au av at =-=0 ove z=? ox oy ae ay 2xy +2y #0 Unsteady flow ‘ExS:- From Figure shown, the pipe line have Qa = 15L/s, Qp = 3Qp, D4=100 mm, Ds= De = 25mm, Dp= 50 mm and vc = 4m/s, Find the value of discharge and velocities for pipes A, B, C and D? = Q+ Qo Qo TZ 8 =3Qp + Qe + W=4Qv + Qe as = c If vo= 4* n/A(0.02) = 0.00196 m’/s \ (15/1000) = 4Qp + 0.00196 Qp = 0.00326 m/s, Qs=3Qn=0.0097 m°/s va=Qa/ A= 0.015 /0/4(0.1) = 1.91 m/s rane PP peal amity Va =Qp/A= 0.0097 /-1/4(0.025)°= 19.9 m/s, dukigi) us 5p Va = Qu / A= 0.00326 / 1/4(0.05)" = 1.66 m/sa ce cpillaall ase plat 4 I MBAS ( 5 ) 8) bndlbeo Guisoll] dusdig!! aud dulil a> joll Agel) Adc) Js¥! gil /Aevaig Als JSla roll GiSo ct coll gill / Auaig Aus ithe Y yrs] WiSo ellis! Jule / 3 tals Yelo-.e\ _ |aFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Highway & Tri jon Dept. 1. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi 2- Energy Equation wnoulli’s Equation adh y iB AGLI! oka y Ale pau Sat Aaa allie Aya ale Qilall | AGLI! Loin Fane gle acied alate! oda 4S glad Cure Clue qhale cf MILLI g pane cl) cglyiy Males lage od 1a) sal oll USS ue Usa (NS Cues he Gil cla abled! GY, (Gell IS seal dis aa The assumptions can be summarized as follows: - Inviscid flow (ideal fluid, frictionless) = Steady flow (unsteady Bernoulli equation will not be discussed in this course) = Along a streamline - Constant density (incompressible flow) The Bernoulli equation is based on the application of Newton's law of motion to a fluid element ona streamline:- Let us consider the motion of a fluid element of length ds and cross-sectional area dA moving at a local speed V, and x is a horizontal axis and z is pointing vertically upward. The forces acting on the element are the pressure forces pdA and (p+dp)dA, and the weight w as shown. Summing forces in the direction of motion, the s- direction, there results:~ pdA-(p+dp)dd-pg ds ddcos@ = p ds dA a, Where a, is the acceleration of the element in the s-direction. Since the flow is steady, only convective acceleration existsFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Also, it is easy to see that cos@=dz/ds. On substituting and dividing the equation by pgdA, we can obtain Euler's equation: der ar a0 PB 8 Now if we further assume that the flow is incompressible so that the density is constant, we may integrate Euler's equation to get the Bernoulli equation, which is consisting of three energy heads, Pog gs 2g +2, =H =constant These terms all have units of length, (m). They are often referred to as the following: v Pressure head: 2; velocity head: PS potential head = z total head = // « A head corresponds to energy per unit weight of flow and has dimensions of length (m), © Piezometric head = pressure head + elevation head, which is the level registered by a piezometer connected to that point in a pipeline. © Total head = piezometric head + velocity head Applying the Bernoulli equation to any two points on the same streamline, we have total head at 1 = total head at 2 ©Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Highwé tation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. -Hashimi Taking there to be zero velocity everywhere, we can draw this total head on the Diagram:- uslonky, Total head line hgad ms hydes grade line elevation The hydraulic grade line is the line showing the pressure and static heads only. If the velocity varies over the length of the pipe due to changes in diameter, say, we now have velocity Total head line 7 baad — ¥, “hydraulic grade line elevation Ady MEd (Says Gl yall aulsll Aint) Shy Ye gene agae GO Ge Aho oly yp Ahalee i ple le 445 ane LAY aD JS jal) Ls cg ily Alla!) bd ey oily USI jyeondl basal deh ge yyy batall Aint iy gill Sy jaugll all aay aes Ashes Gay, gS! Spl gle Lil) capeslie Gul AINE oye oly gall G pastel Ld oi oy gill gael) (ph de pull ak) 15) Magy Ae @ LAM laell og lou glottal Jatall gl yall 415) peel wgaidl Spb gle <5 aS) Aint Aus 26) diy Gy bevall OG Aaluull Cali aatiFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Highway & Transportation Dept Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Applications of the Bernou! 1) Pitot tube: Haske cod Gh pall plalanal la Gay ob abil) ll quations to Flow Measurements Holadl ob aes AY Gaye USY cle ysl ge ole a gh she = cee de pall gl 5S A Cay Lee AI 9 US Cb all sh Aig Qe Y) Adi alls (g8 pISI) atoll has cs ginee coll adi yy Aug) oll ell Joy Unger y Two piezometers, one as normal and one as a Pitot tube within the pipe can be used in an arrangement shown below to measure velocity of flow, em A Piezometer and a Pitot tube. Apply Bernoulli equation along the central streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is V1 and the pressure p,to the stagnation point at the inlet of pitot tube where the velocity is zero, V2 =0, Also Z1 = 22. P P. wy Loy Pet krhe ve de = pp tsel => pit =pghti pv? = v= H est = pgh+s y Qi= V1 Al= /2g(Mh)AL 2) Orifice and vena contracta We are to consider the flow from a tank through a hole in the side close to the base. The general arrangement and a close-up of the hole and streamlines are shown in the figure belowFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Hi Transportation Dept. a A.M. Al-Hashimi vena contracta Yank and streamlines of flow out of a sharp-edged orifice We can predict the velocity at the orifice using the Bernoulli equation. Apply it along the streamline joining point 1 on the surface to point 3 at the centre of the vena contracta. At the surface velocity is negligible (V1 = 0) and the pressure atmospheric (p1 = 0). Outside the orifice the jet is open to the air so again the pressure is atmospheric (3 = 0). If we take the datum line through the orifice then z1 = h and 23 =0, leaving, ep Ve + - 2g pg 2g FF = Vgeas = ¥28h 3) Venturi, nozzle and orifice meters The Venturi-, nozzle- and orifice-meters are three similar types of devices for measuring discharge in a pipe. The Venturi meter consists of a rapidly converging section, which increases the velocity of flow and hence reduces the pressure. It then ©Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 ie ortation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. /-Hashimi returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a gently diverging ‘diffuser’ section By measuring the pressure differences the discharge can be calculated. This is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement as energy losses are very small. a @ ouifice = Venturi | wo 2) arrangements for three types of devices measuring flow-rate in a pipe The nozzle meter or flow nozzle is essentially a Venturi meter with the convergent part replaced by a nozzle installed inside the pipe and the divergent part omitted. The orifice meter is a still simpler and cheaper arrangement by which a sharp-edged orifice is fitted concentrically in the pipe. Applying the Bernoulli equation along the streamline from point 1 to point 2 in the narrow throat of the Venturi meter, we have Aa 2g psFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Highway & Transportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi By using the continuity equation we can eliminate the velocity V2, O=AV, = AV, ot = AV A, Substituting this into and rearranging the 8ernoulli equation we get, Exd:: Water flows steadily through a diverging tube as shown in Fig. Determine the — V, at the exit of tube. at He fig Sta, (ah she AeA yo ve (Bh -(22ey 2/46 \k ti ft H(peoatt) Sed (o2tt) CH= p, "he ptrtioad-tl na) 2p tenep [al] fst fhFluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Highway & Transportation Dept, Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi By combining ¢H), 2) and (3) _ + OM war ie #4 124g l/l | Va Ast t * G2 ~ ANB ” 222 AI Oe ala Ys and V; = 196(2.138 HG) = #17 Thus, since V,Ar=WAs, then Y= (2 a \, =(36 oTtbY (2 a6) = 1onti/s Ex2:- water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Fig. for the given (0.2 m) difference in the manometer level, determine the flowrate if (D1 =0.1 m) BeBe - Big +h, Where Z,- 22 and V2~®. This, 2 Ae - & But AL=x and #22 0.2m+x seth y ar) x a O.2mtX or V= Vag lorm) = (2(%81% Yo2m Thos, G2 AV, = Eloimy 1.922) = 0.0Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.6 Wi i . M, Al-Hash Ex3:- Determine the flowrate through the pipe in Fig. 2 A vy Dm = 900 kgim3, Peyte az = Gitex, ! 29 o 23 where z,=z2 and V2=0 v Q Water Thus, . tae Aire & on \, = jae -Hlszh but, fy~ th tigh +0 (2th) =f on far fy = (E-tadh so that y= 47901 ~ 2), = [2¢4/8(I- oe = 2.208 Thos, Q=AV =F (0.08 my (2.20) = aon Ex4:- A pump, having an efficiency of 60%, lift water to a height of SO m at the rate of 0.1 m?/s. What is the required pump power in kW? P (power) = yQEp where Ep is the pump head Efficiency, eff. = [Pour / Pin ]*100% Bint aay a sal pl oda y clall Laine Sab! Gall Gp fd Ades Gd clin Gla Gan gh Oe Al ya (QMS 5 AB cal 538 GA Sars lh yp Ulead Js) ally Glad fall lan y Adal odtel ©Fluid Mechanics Highway & Transportation Dept. Been + ep = BB 0+0+0+E, = 0+0+50 then Ep=50m Pout = YQEp = 9.8 * 0.1 * 50 = 49 kW. = [Pour / Pin 1*100% Pin = [ Pout / eff.] = [ 49 / 0.6] = 82 kW Lecture No.6 Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi ExSi= Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. Atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi and vapor pressure is 1.6 psi, at what height, h, will cavitations begin ul jal a ee le. daicall ys CI 58Ii gaw gle Laiacall ke By Ul jal cola al Ly gl Bela! cla le Ae pull IF bag ALE 9S cots eps Aled Ge gl Lal abies cee [3 sal gl detec og sue oll igs Ae puny Ber. Eq, between 0 &1:- Biv Bex, = Ha fea, Thus, : patie +e "AMA on Ye “Cal where fee M uz Be Wy Sad, Where £2 =/4.5 psia yf = 1-60 8 Bi 22h , 2-0, and y=0 a) and Z=0 with ~ 4000 olde oboe Where: Re= — [for pipe flow] ne = 228 [for open channel flow] - Re = Reynolds number iynamic viscosity \ydraulic radius PB Ra cle lee! Go pantne yl Sha Lal GS da sill Ca lly GAMUT gd ghia! Gly yal di gl yy jase, Flow in Pipes ley Lal yp ASS) Caney ALL Coe o Se Sip Gi yas ABUT UE glial gill 4S ja gL! 788 le Laie] diye SU i BL Go Alo aly AS Ap aly Gy) Ue le GallFluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 & Transportation De; Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi SEY By SM gy Wale YS Glia en hall ola Ay eaedy Gye gale dS Ss8Yl yb le Aas iL! ys Types of losses:- Losses are appeared along the cross section of flow because of the friction between the fluid and the wall of pipe or because of the shape of pipe. There are two types of losses along flow through pipes:- 1- Friction Losses hy (Major Losses) In a real pipe line there are energy losses due to friction - these must be taken into account as they can be very significant, The effect of the friction shows itself as a pressure (or head) loss. Lv? hp= Dig This equation is known as the Darcy-Weisbach Equation In this equation, 3 is known as the pipe friction factor and is sometimes referred to as fin American practice. It is a dimensionless number and is used in many design charts, It was once thought to be constant but is now known to change depending on the Reynolds number and the ‘roughnesses of the pipe surface. Thus denoting hyas the friction head lass, we modify the energy equation to take account of friction losses between two points: Pi, Vi P2 | VE y tag tay tag thet hy Hence, for laminar flow we have: _ 64 ~ Re ‘We can just equate the Hagen-Poiseuille and the Darcy-Weisbach Equations: 64 Lb vt _ 32wh hy = Sipja ag yo? Also, for turbulent flow we have: depending on relative roughness [e/D or Ks/D| - If Smooth Pipes ~ Blasius Equation is, for Re <10° Blasius determined the following equation from experiments on ‘smooth’ pipes: A = 0.316 / ResFluid Mechanics - Rough Pipes - Moody Diagram He plotted 2 against logRe for commercial pipes with different relative roughness (Ks/D), this is now known as the Moody diagram: 0.126 ok \ % %, Ye S \ transitional ~\ rough turbulence Dik, 3 turbulence is 2 mos & = “0 oun : on 1% | Palen 282 307 ois 0 i io ie Re (log scale) There are 5 regions of flow in the diagram: 1, Laminar Flow ~ as before; 2. Transitional flow ~as before, but no clear A; 3, Smooth turbulence ~a limiting line of turbulence as Re decreases for all (Ks/D); 4. Transitional turbulence ~ 2 varies both with Re and (Ks/D), most pipe flows are in this region; 5. Rough turbulence - A is constant for a given (Ks/D) and is independent of Re To use this diagram for laminar and turbulent flow we should compute: 1- Relative roughness, e = Ks/D 2- Compute Re 3- From chart with the value of e and Re estimate 2 Peal eet , Tiga ds JotaFluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 Hi & Transportation D Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi GPx ssuyino: anne 228 8 g g 88 e588 2 0 3 a 2 g + i < ? = Bis at 2. @ “4 =~%2 5 3 4 22 I . 2 3-4 567891 10 1Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 Highway & Transportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi 2: Local Losses h,(Minor Losses) In practice pipes have fittings such as bends, junctions, valves etc. Such features incur additional losses, termed local losses. Once again the approach to these losses is empirical, and it is found that the following is reasonably accurate: 2 v’ hy = K, a In which h_ is the local head loss and K is a constant for a Particular fitting. « Sudden Enlargement Sudden enlargements (such as a pipe exiting to a tank) can be looked at theoretically: v2 — vF =k! is 2) © Sudden Contraction We use the same approach as for sudden enlargement but need to incorporate the experimental information that the area of flow at point 1” is roughly 60% of that at point 2Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 ighway & Tr: ion Der + Valves b= Ky ; 1K ‘ « Elbows [bend conduit] 2 K=0.5 entrance of pipe a IN K=1.0 exit of pipe — aN gil Dae sh plane) clini ogey Ute Gall hia Caen dine all ye gh aad af pal Las Aga lad Cass ELV ade Gye SSI fan oy0.52 Chall LE Gi sad) alls gl dg je pall lake Jp Glo Lala cage ge G85 al NSE) Caney lal Hl GLa v2 hy = > KF Total losses = Friction loss + Local loss H=hy+h, Then the new form of Bernoulli’s equation result:~ Pi vt Po, V3 7 t7gth => tagt 2 thy t+ hy Bl bapa cheba po gle caseal ol h yy Mata gst Gb pla Nl GLa Giga Shuad on bial DS ysisFluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 Highway & Transportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Ex1:- The pump shown in Fig. add a 15 ft head to water being pumped when the flowrate is 1.5 ft?/s. Determine the friction factor for the pipe. Diemeter = 0.5 tt. Elevation = 200 tt Kventrance = 0-6 Koivow = 0.3 For flow from the upper tank to the lower tank: ’ Bea Be aishy= Bs Bra d(thrsng w where p,=0, 420, 2» 200H, hy= ISH Tenet, Wxo8, and Ske Ker *2 Keeton *Keud 2 06+2(0.9)4/=2,2 ($8@ Fig, 8.25) Thus, £4.) becomes f D) 200 ft + Ist} = oe 4195 Af OE 122) Foes eo 2764, £0) gives f= 0.0306 Ex2:- Water drain from a tank through a pipe system as shown in Fig. The head of turbine is equal to 116 m. Determine the flowrate.Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 fic Transportation Dept. Dr. “Hi €s 200m, D-01m Valve (X, = 5.0) K * . @ Bea az th, = B+ Bez, +[ed +EkKIE where Z,=200m, #2." V, = 220, and h,=-Hbm (h,<0 since it is a turbine) Th SOK 200m ee + 200m —//8 m = eel (BFE) +s +20] - W = atzmedy + Where VE ® Also, wh Re = 2¥2_ Gee E ote) “ (lm) op Re=3.92%10°Y @ x Ie The tinal equation is the Moody chart (Ey. 8.22) with £ = 2.0008m « 0.009 osm \ @) Ng 0.000 Trial and error solvtion: (3 eqations; 3 vaknowns:Re,f Vv) ReFluid Mechanics Highway & Transportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi Assume f= 0.038 so that from £9. (0, Y= 4568 , from £4.02), Re = 4,07x105, and trom the Moody chart, "Fe0.038 which dees not equal the ascomed valve. Try again. Assume £-0.035 which gives V= 4734 and Re =#22x)0% Hence, from the Moody chart f= 0.035 which agrees with the assumed value. This, Ve#72 and Q= AV= Ko. m) (4,722) 2 3.7150 S £x3:- Water flows from the nozzle attached to the tank shown in Fig. Determine the flowrate if the loss coefficient for the nozzle is 0.75 and the friction factor is 0.11. a+ ta = & +e ten 4(ff He , where fy=150k, p.<0, ( 2, =0.8m, Z,< pa =U.9m) sin ¥0"= 1,22 m, V, =0, VF , and Vee $= (4)V=(BYV= sme “Zemn)V=#V Thus, with f= 0d) and K,* 0.75 £9.00) gives 150x107 fe. 1800 + 0.8m = /22m4( #7. +o Bo) (iit) +078) sata V= 3.092 Thos, Q=AV= F (a.018my (3.092) = 5. us xjo teFluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 Hic ‘ansportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa i Al-Hashi| £x4:- When water flows from the tank shown in Fig, determine the water velocity if the water depth in tank h = 1.5 ft. the total length of 0.6 in diameter pipe is 20 ft, and the friction factor is 0.03. The loss coefficients are: 0.5 for entrance, 1.5 for each elbow and 10 for valve. he 220, 2, = ato, K=0, n=V and he (Fh 42K, )E with Bhi, ~ 05 +(ns) +/0 = 18 This, z hte = (shiek. Consider the How when h=/sH so that 2,2 #51 Hence, # vy tethe (0,03 22% (ash) He lena) Ve 3.08 fd so that Q=AV= Fe 7) 772.0) «0, cose) Ex5:. Water is pumped between two large open reservoirs through 1.5 km of smooth pipe. The water in two reservoirs are at the same elevation. When the pump add 20 kW to the water the flowrate is 1 m*/s. if minor losses are negligible, determine the pipe diameter. 10Fluid Mechanics Lecture No.8 Highway & Transportation Dept. Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashimi ye 2 Rretay th-h = Brzth, where fy=fa=9, V2U.20 2,22, on (2 This, a . 2 We, 20X10" Winds hh =hy where he- yg = Fao = 20%" and 2 3, h=fbag with Ve go gia = EP mk with Dom Hence, Bing: y hex f esx Cee) ais = 12394/D* m From Eqs Wandt2), 2.04 = 123.94/B on f= 0, 0165 DY D=2,27f% : z 4 * ovo . 999-48 (.273/07)m D. Py ee Re= ee a TERT T LES * or 3g aus 572, Re=li#xio*/p ii Ascome f=0.02 sa Eq ls) gives Ve 2.27 (402% «om and Eqlt gives Re=hl#xio/ioH= Ljoxi0', Thus, from Eq (S), f2 0.05 which is not egal to the ascomed f20.02,. Try again with f20.0us which gives D=0.931m , Re= .22x10% and f=0,0113 40.0115. One final try with f= 0,013 gives D«0,9t7m, Re 21.23x/0% and f= 0.013 as assumed. Thus, D=0.927m, An alternate methad is te Use the Colebrook formula (Eq(@.35)) rather than the Moody charf (Eq(si), Thus, with &/o=0, 1Fluid Mechanics Lecture No. Hi ‘ransportation Dey Dr. Shaymaa A. M. Al-Hashi £9(4-35) is # = =2.0 log ( a oil when combined with Eps. (3) and (4 gives ~—!____ kD @: o16sDe)% = ates] TRIED: 765 b=) De 0.926, Ex6:- The flow rate through a pipe system of 120 ft long and 2 in diameter shown in Fig is 10 ft"/min. Determine the elevation Z if losses coefficient for entrance is 0.03, elbow is 0.3, gate valve is 0.4 and exit is 1. The roughness of cast 3 iron pipe e is 0.00085 ft. p = 62.30 Ib/ft and 3 [=1.307«10 Ib/ft's. e = 0.00085 ft > 10/60_ ; rane 3 Fopine” 764 ft/s 2ia _, 10a PL Pz Puy TE baz ah ty, + hy +hy 72g 2 2g 2 re Lt 2 ei OF0+Z=040404AT + DK 120, 7.642 zeae + (003+ 403 +04 +1) 285 2 pwd _ 62.3*7.64*(F ex * = 60700 > 4000 turbulent 0 . - § = 280 = 0.0051 from Moody diagram, 2 = 0.032 2= 0.032 «22 «28 4 2.43 «2 = 23.1 ft eres( 7 ) pbs bdo duisoll dusrig)] aud aul se,Pipes in series When pipes of different diameters are connected end to end to form a pipe line, they are said to be in series. The total loss of energy (or head) will be the sum of the losses in each pipe plus local losses at connections. US Uyb gle piled ¢ pene ge asl Gf allie tly JAY! ex Sols Casi + FSI ba Se gleba) JSS le Libel Ayal) lal ll alae Sin! had Ayal og xls- Consider the two reservoirs shown in figure, connected by a single pipe that changes diameter over its length. The surfaces of the two reservoirs have a difference in level of 9m, The pipe has a diameter of 200mm for the first 15m (from A to C) then a diameter of 250mm for the remaining 45m (from C to B). For the entrance use Ky, = 0.5 and the exit K, = 1.0. The joinat C is sudden K=1. For both pipes use f= 0.01. A Pp diameter d, { Jengtt L, pipe 2 5mm - diameter d, [reais ' Total head loss for the system H = height difference of reservoirs hha = head loss for 200mm diameter section of pipe head loss for 250mm diameter section of pipe try —head loss at entrance point head loss at join of the two pipes hh, exit = head loss at exit point So Bernoulli Eq between A & B results:- P, VR Ps vB Pa Vay 7g 284 M84 Jy thn +h +h, entry +hy join + hy exit Bt Ba Ty 2 to ihe thai bet eS ae 1, & H= ha + hp + by entry + hy join + hy exit = 9m ‘Write all losses are, in terms of Q: hy a feta sp Go -h OF _ Abdi 4 Siaiag Tay 2gay **al re S008 7 Substitute these into be + he > by easy + bt join + Br exit and solve for Q. to give Q= 0.158 m'/s Pipes Junctions There are three types of pipe junctions:- Aili Gyb 24 Leen ce GAL! La) Sy a Parallel pipes ATs ca b- Branches pipes o- Networks NS ll 1- Pipes in parallel When two or more pipes in parallel connect two reservoirs, as shown in Figure below, then the fluid may flow down any of the available pipes at possible different rates. But the head difference over each pipe will always be the same. The total ‘volume flow rate will be the sum of the flow in each pipe. The analysis can be carried out by simply treating each pipe individually and summing flow rates at the end. hy =hp for two parallel pipesenergy line ener ta ly git geal gay Ay ace Ca AY SE SSR! Cae shall Ugh) le HY dog Se Oe all Aglal alslas Ex2;- Two pipes connect two reservoirs (A and B) which have a height difference of 10m, Pipe 1 has diameter 50mm and length 100m. Pipe 2 has diameter 100mm and length 100m. Both have entry loss K;, = 0.5 and exit loss K,=1.0 and f=0.032. Calculate: Rate of flow for each pipe For parallel pipe : hy = hy Lu, bw qntii,22 a,2g * d,2g u2=1Al uy Apply Bernoulli for two reservoirs A&B passing through pipe 1:-Pay =? ay 2ye05th4 2 ol fe 2g pe og 2g 2g 2g p, and pg are atmospheric, and as the reservoir surface move s slowly #, and ug are negligible. so 52/05+ Lr 0 | Pg 0.032 xia 4 0.05 29.81 10=|1.0+ 4217 ‘ And flowrate is given by 94 soon is = 1.41* 1.731 =2.45 m/s =u, = Game 0.0190 m/s Ex2:- The flow rate between tank A and B shown in Fig. is increased from Q to 1.3 Q by the addition of a second pipe running from node C to tank B. If the elevation of the free surface in tank A is 25 ft above that in tank B, Determine the diameter D of new pipe. Assume that the friction factor for each pipe is 0.02. G-in.diameter; — 6-in. diameter; 600 tt tong 500 ft long (3) Diameter 9, 500 ft tong\ . : With the single pipe? Ls Me ve phe ith the single pige Bihez, = Gee erat Bi au é where fy*fg=9 , Vy=Va70 , Zq*2511, 2g 0, and V,=\, (since D,=2,), Thus, Z = £ (hth) y, 25H. (s00+500)f# Vi? Za ia 3 or 25 (0.02) ea Taal) or V2 6.052 Hence, Q=AN=F(ER) (6058) = 1100 With -the second pipe Q= 130(Lea #) = 1.5¢ _ eo aa Semon 33 Thus, Q,=15# = Q+Q or Y= f= gee = 700# For fluid flowing fram Ato B theowh pipes | and 2, Bah, th,@ fH¥re & £ (see £0) or nh fa ot a Hence, \, = 2.604 e . 1d Wer Ak FH sof) -0.51 8 Thus, 05-9 G< 15H -o.suf! 2103 _ 103) 233 V3" Tae? parallel pipes ha=he LV _ uve hag a:26 500 1317 500 2.67 02+ —~— = 0.02** 0.026 * Feaag = 08?" Gia” 2g d= 0.662 ftEx3:- For parallel pipes system in Fig. all pipes are 8 cm diameter. If total pressure drop P1-P2 = 750 kPa, find the flow rate Q m’/hr for water. u= 0.001 Pas, e=0.12 mm. For parallel pipes: hy = bys Bernoulli Eq. 1&2 :- Ap ix) (ox (ix (ix) 8 che thy = bg the =| f=—| +) f2—] =) f=) +f Ps wthe=tarne=( EE) dg), \ d2e), \ 428) Since d is the same, Va + Vp= Ve and fa, fp, fe are found from the Moody chart. Cancel gand introduce the given data: 750000, 250 Vi, 150 V2 =f, —A+h— = 998 0.08 2 “0.08 2 fy 100 V3, 150 V2 +f, VW tVy=\ one 2 oe 2” ‘At SBN Ge fgg «0.022 and solve laboriously: Vy = 2.09 =, Vp = 3.31 B yp=5.40 2 3 s s Now compute Reg = 167000, f, = 0.0230, Rey = 264000, fy =0.0226, Rec = 431000, and fe = 0.0222. Repeat the head loss iteration and we converge: V4 = 2.06 mis, Va = 3.29 mls, Ve= 5.35 mls, Q= (n/4)(0.08)15.35) = 0.0269 ms. Ans.In Fig, PLL, pipe AB is 1200 long, of 8 in diameter, with f= 0.035; ppe BC (upper) is 800 ft long, of 6 in diameter, with { = 0.025; pipe BC (lower) is 900 ft long, of din diameter, with f = 0.045; and pipe CD is 500 ft long, of6 in diameter, with f = 0.025, The elevations are reseriir water suface = 150/f, A = 120, B = 70ft, C = 60 ff, and D = 30/f. Thee is fee discharge othe camosphere at D, Neglecting velocity head, (a) compute the {flow in eac pipe ard (0) determine the pressures at B and C (a) Bto C, Eq, 8.91: OO2S(I6OOV;i2g = 1045(2700)¥} 2g; V, = 1.7430, Continuity: @ = 0349P, = 0.1963(.743¥,) + 0.0873¥, = 0.1963%, from which V, = 1.230V,, ¥y = 219¥,, All L/D > 1000, therefore neglect minor losses. Energy Eq, (negleting velocity heads) from water surface to D: A (0+ 150) =O 3) thy thy thy. ¢ woah Bl ght 120 = OoRS(BDN)L2307,Fg + ooAstTOOVHHMg + cnns(10}0.197,)1Re = 348779 YeAm fs, Qs Odile 4 Vi=82i fs, Q,= 106208 4 Vi=5.19s, Q=200es 4 Vy= 1050s, Q,= 200 (0) ergy, water surface to B: (0 + 180) = (yl + 10) + Cas aly = 80 ~ 0.035(1800)5.797!0g = 47.16 fy py = 47.16(624)144) = 204 psi Boergy, CtoD: (Poly + 6) = 0 + 30) + (hydep ely = O025(t100\10307f24) - 30 = 1531 fy pz = ISSIC62A/14) = 664 psi 2- Branched pipes If pipes connect three reservoirs, as shown in Figure below, then the problem becomes more complex. One of the problems is that it is sometimes difficult to decide which direction fluid will flow.