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Petrel Variogram Modeling Defining Value PDF
Petrel Variogram Modeling Defining Value PDF
variograms adjustments
In this workflow we will treat the relationship between geology and geostatistics.
In other words, treat how to transform geological information into data for variography.
This is not a rule, but a guide to be followed in geological modeling and that must be
adapted to each geological situation.
After you have done the upscale of the data to the grid, it is necessary to do a
statistical analysis of the obtained values. The algorithm used in petrophysical modeling
will imply in the need of an adjustment of the variogram and the informations obtained in
the statistical analysis of the data. Following a deterministic (kriging) or stochasthic
(Sequential Gaussian Simulation) approach, it will be necessary to have the adjustment of
the variogram of the data to be populated. If the chosen method is Moving Average
(interpolation) than the variogram adjustment will not be necessary.
Before explaining the definition of the values to variogram adjustment, it is
important to have an idea about some geostatisticals concepts - like covariance,
correlation and spatial semivariance - and understand some variogram properties in order
to define the parameters according to your geological informations.
Certainly you have seen that covariance and correlation are measures of similarity
between two different variables. To extend these concepts to spatial similarity, consider a
scatterplot in which the data pairs represent measures of the same variable related to a
distance. The distance that separates one data pair from another, is known as “lag” (h).
Consider, for example, a distance of 1000 meters. When we try to correlate pairs
of points separated for this distance, we cannot expect to find points that are really
separated by 1000m. So, we should use a “lag tolerance” to find pairs of points. We
generally use 50% of tolerance. When we correlate these points, we will have a crossplot
So, if we consider that N(h) is the number of pair of points separated for distance (h), we
have:
1 N (h)
Covariance: C (h) = ∑ z(ui ) ⋅ z(ui + h) − m0 ⋅ m+h
N (h) i =1
C (h)
Correlation: ρ (h) =
σ 0 ⋅ σ +h
With m0 e m+h being, respectively, the mean of the lag vector and lagged version of the
variable and σ0 and σ+h their standard deviations.
The semivariance is the dispersion of h-scattergram related to the 45º line shown
in Figure 1. Summarizing is a dissimilarity measure.
Experimental Variogram
So, if we do h = 1,
2γ =
[ (7 − 5) 2 + (8 − 7) 2 + ... ] = 2 2 + 12 + 32 + (−2) 2 = 2.25
8 8
If we do h = 2,
2γ =
[ (8 − 5) 2 + (11 − 7) 2 + ... ] = 32 + 4 2 + 12 = 4.33
6 6
With each of these points, we build the experimental variogram that will be
adjusted by a variogram model (spherical, exponential, gaussian, etc).
When the distance between the compared points increases, so does the
semivariance. It will increase until a certain distance (range) and then, stabilize in a value
(sill) that is equal to the variance of the population data. This means that, at this point,
there is no more relationship between the data pairs considered for the distance “h”.
The nugget effect is a scale effect. It is related to how the semivariance behaves in
a small space (scales smaller than the smallest experimental lag). If the distance “h” is
small and the semivariance value is reduced - which means that the points to be
compared can be very similar - it will not have a nugget. However, if in this small
distance the variance between the points is big, the nugget effect will appear. In this case
we can say that, the bigger the nugget, the more discontinuous is the data.
Each variogram model has distance “h” as a parameter. This distance has a major,
minor and vertical component. The vertical component is the stratigraphy component.
The major one is horizontal and aligned to the anisotropy. The minor is perpendicular to
the major. To define the direction of the variograms, three angles are needed. But since
vertical angle is aligned to stratigraphy and minor direction is perpendicular to major, we
just need the major angle. The models found in Petrel are the following (Figure 5):
Spherical: increases linearly in the origin and curves in direction of the sill.
Exponential: similar to the spherical in the origin (reaches the sill later than
spherical), but curves in direction to the sill asymptotically.
Gaussian: has a parabolic shape at short distances.
But which are the most suitable values to put in those windows?
The tip here is: for the search radius (x,y) think about the dimensions of your
reservoir (East-West, North-South). Which is the thickness of the zone to be
analyzed? Divide the dimensions by 2 to obtain, respectively, the values to be
used for x, y and z (concern which direction is x and which is y).
As the semivariogram is symmetric from the origin for both directions to be
analyzed, we consider a unidirectional variogram and center their axis in a point,
so the range will determine the maximum reach, and it will be a circle from this
axis.
2. After finding your data is rather anisotropic or not, go to the second step: variogram
adjustment for XY directions.
For that, open Data Analysis and select the property. In the Variogram tab, put the
anisotropy value in the field for major direction. See Figure 7.
Do not forget to use the vertical variogram adjustment to find the nugget of your
data.
3. After adjusting lag distance, search radius, etc., press fit variogram to regression
curve and Petrel will adjust the most suitable model for the experimental variogram. If
you do not agree with the adjustment, modify the range and sill. Try to adjust in a way
that honors the scenario.
5. In the vertical direction you must calculate the vertical variogram in order to get the
nugget. For that, do the following questions: How heterogeneous is your reservoir?
Which is your layer size?
The tip here is: Try to make the lag distance similar to the data spacing. If your
data is sampled in each two meters, try to make h = 2 or multiples. Start adjusting
for that the number of steps is equal or near to the mean maximum thickness. See
which distance the variogram reaches the stability. Reduce the search radius to