Presented by;

AITHA SWETHA
M.PHARMACY 1ST YEAR 2ND SEM
• Introduction
• Structure of liposomes
• Advantages& disadvantages
• Components of liposome
• Mechanism of liposome
• Preparation methods of liposomes
• Characterization of liposomes
• Applications of liposomes
• Summary
• Niosomes Introduction
• Advantages& disadvantages
• Preparation methods of niosomes
• Characterisation of niosomes
• summary
• References
 LIPOSOMES

liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous

volume is entirely enclosed by a membraneous lipid bilayer
mainly composed of natural or synthetic phospholipids.

Liposomes were first produced in England in 1961 by

Alec D. Bangham. The size of a liposome ranges from some
20 nm up to several micrometers

1
 Liposome =Phospholipid+
cholesterol

Hydrophillic head

Hydrophobic tail

The lipid moecules are usually phospholipids-amphipathic

moieties with a hydrophilic head group and two hydrophobic tails.

2
 Advantages of
liposomes:
Provides selective passive targeting to tumor tissues.
(liposomal doxorubicin) .
Increased efficacy and therapeutic index.
Reduction in toxicity of the encapsulated agent.
Site avoidance effect (avoids non-target tissues).
Improved pharmacokinetic effects .
Flexibility to couple with site-specific ligands to achieve
active targeting.
3
Disadvantages of liposomes:
Production cost is high.
Leakage and fusion of encapsulated drug /
molecules.
Sometimes phospholipid undergoes oxidation
and hydrolysis like reaction.
Short half-life.
Low solubility.
4
Cross-section of liposomes:

Polar Lipids
(Phospholipid)

Lipid Soluble
ingredients
(Drugs,Nutrients
& vitamins)
H2O Layer Water Soluble
ingredients
(Drugs, Nutrients 5
& vitamins)
components of liposomes:

The structural components of liposomes

include:
A. Phospholipids
B. cholesterol

6
A. General representation of
phospholipids:

7
 Phospholipids

Phosphatidylcholine- natural
Amphipathic molecule
Hydrophilic polar head-
Phosphoric acid bound to water
soluble molecule.
Glyceryl bridge
Hydrophobic tail-
2 fatty acid chain containing 10-24 carbon
atoms and 0-6 double bond in each chain.

The amphipathic molecule self organise

in ordered supramolecular structure when
confronted (meet face to face)
with solvent.
8
The most common natural phospholipid is the
phospatidylcholine (PC ).
Polar Head Groups
Naturally occurring phospholipids used are :
PC: Phosphatidylcholine.
PE: Phosphatidylethanolamine.
Three carbon glycerol
PS: Phosphatidylserine
Synthetic phospholipids used are:
DOPC: Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine
DSPC: Disteroyl phosphatidylcholine
DOPE: Dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
DSPE: Distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
9
Molecular geometry on structure of amphiphillic aggregates:

10
Molecules of PC are not soluble in water.
In aqueous media they align themselves closely in planar bilayer sheets
in order to minimize the unfavorable action between the bulk aqueous
phase and the long hydrocarbon fatty chain.
Such unfavorable interactions are completely eliminated when the
sheets fold on themselves to form closed sealed vesicles

11
PHASE TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE
At various temperatures, phospholipid membranes can exist
in different phases.
The transition from one phase to another can be detected by
technique like micro calorimetry .
What exactly happens during phase transition?

Tightly ordered At elevated temperature liquid crystal phase

gel state
( lipid membrane) (movement is higher)
This is due to the fatty acid chain adopting a new
conformation other than all trans straight chain configuration,
such as gauche configuration state( phenomenon- chain
tilt )
12
B. Cholesterol:
Cholesterol stabilizes the Membrane
Steroid lipid
Interdigitates between phospholipids.
i.e. below Tc , it makes membrane less ordered & above Tc more ordered.

Being an amphipathic molecule, cholesterol inserts into the

membrane with its hydroxyl group of cholesterol oriented
towards the aqueous surface and aliphatic chain aligned parallel to
the acyl chains in the center of the bilayer . 13
Role of cholesterol in bilayer
formation:
Cholesterol act as fluidity buffer
After intercalation with phospholipid molecules alter the
freedom of motion of carbon molecules in the acyl
Chain
Restricts the transformations of trans to gauche
Conformations.
Incorporated into phospholipid membrane upto 1:1 or
2:1 of cholesterol to PC.

14
Mechanism of liposome formation:

15
Classification of liposome :

Classification
of liposome

Structural Method of Composition

parameters preparation and application

16
Lamella :

Types of vesicles based on lamella

17
 A. Structural
parameters:
Based on structural
parameters

MLV OLV UV MVV

Multilamellar oligolamellar Multivesicular
Unilamellar
Large vesicles vesicles vesicles
(>0.5 um) (>0.1-1.0 um) Vesicles (> 1.0 UM)

SUV
MUV 20-100nm
GUV LUV
>1um >100nm 18
B. Based on REV, SUV made
method of by reverse
phase
preparation: evaporation
method

VET
SPLV
Vesicles Based on
method of Stable
prepared by
preparation plurilamenar
extrusion
vesicles
tech.

FATMLV
Frozen &
thawed MLV 19
Based on
composition
and convential
application:

immuno fusogenic
Based on
composition
& application
Long pH
circulatory sensitive

cationic
20
MethodS of Liposome Preparation

Passive
Loading of the entrapped agents
loading before/ during the manufacture
technique procedure.

Active/remo Certain types of compounds with

ionizable groups & those with both
te loading lipid & water solubility can be
technique Introduced into liposomes after the
formation of intact vesicles.

21
 Methods of liposome preparation

Passive loading techniques Active loading techniques

Mechanical dispersion Solvent dispersion Detergent removal

methods methods technique
LIPID FILM HYDRATION ETHANOL INJECTION DETERGENT REMOVAL
BY HAND SHAKING,FREEZE
DRYING OR NON HAND  ETHER INJECTION FORM MIXED MICELLES
SHAKING
 DOUBLE EMULSION BY DIALYSIS
MICRO EMULSIFICATION
REVERSE PHASE CHROMATIGRALPY
SONICATION
 VAPOURATION VESICLES DIFFUSION
FRENCH PRESSURE CELL
STABLE PLURI LAMELLER  VESICLES LIKE….
MEMBRANE EXTRUSON 22
 VESICLES  RECONSTITUTED &
DRIED RECONSTITUTED
 VESICLES  SANDAI VIRUS ENVELOPE
General Method Of Liposome
Preparation:

23
1. Mechanical dispersion method:
Lipid dissolve in organic solvent/co-solvent

Remove organic solvent under vacuum

Film deposition

Solid lipid mixture is hydrated by using aqueous buffer

Lipid spontaneously swell & Hydrate

Liposome
Post Hydration vortexing, sonication, freeze thawing &
high pressure extrusion 24
There are four basic methods of physical/mechanical
dispersion :
Hand shaken method.
Non shaking method.
Pro – liposomes .
Freeze drying .

25
Lipidsform stacks of film
from organic solution
(FE/HS)
Then film is treated with
aqueous medium

Upon hydration lipids

swell and peel out from
RB flask

vesiculate to form Multi

lamellar vesicles(MLVs)

26
Pro-liposomes:
 To increase the surface area of dried lipid film & to
facilitate instantaneous hydration.

lipid Dried
over
Finely divided
lipid particulate support Pro - liposomes
like powdered NACL/
sorbital

Pro- Dispersion of MLV’S

water
liposomes

This Method overcome the stability problem. 27

Processing of the lipids hydrated by physical means or the
mechanical treatments of MLVs :
Micro Emulsification liposomes (MEL)
Sonicated unilamellar vesicles (SUVs)
French Pressure Cell Liposomes .
Membrane extrusion Liposomes
Dried reconstituted vesicles(DRVs)
Freeze thaw sonification (FTS)
pH induced vesiculation
Cochleate method. 28
 Sonicated unilamellar vesicles:
The exposure of MLVs to ultrasonic
irradation for producing small vesicles.

Probe sonicator Bath sonicator

Used for dispersions large volume
require high of dilute lipids
energy in
small volumes
Sonication
MLVs hazy transparent
5-10 min solution

centrifugation 30 min

clear SUV 29
Dispersion.
Micro emulsification liposomes:

30
Micro fluidizer
French pressure cell liposomes:

Extrusion of preformed large liposomes in french press under very

high pressure .

uni or oligo lamellar liposomes of intermediate size (30-80nm ) .

Advantages
Less leakage and more stable liposomes are formed compared to
sonicated forms

31
Vesicles prepared by extrusion technique :
The size of liposomes is
reduced by gently passing them
through polycarbonate
membrane filter of defined
pore size at lower pressure

Used for preparation of LUVs

and MLVs

32
Dried reconstituted vesicles& freeze thaw sonication method

33
pH induced vesiculation:
The transient change in pH brings about
an increase in surface charge of the lipid
bilayer which induces spontaneous LUVs
vesiculation .

Reduced the pH
to 7.5
Exposed to high pH * Addition of
~ (addition of 1M 0.1M Hcl
Preformed NaoH)
MLV’S
~Period of
(2.5-3.0)
exposure < 2min
MLVs 34
Cochleate method:

Cochleates

Removal
of Ca++ by
Cylindrical EDTA
rolls(cochleate
Addition of cylinders)
Ca++ ions
SUVs made
from
phosphatidylse
rine(PS)
35
Solvent dispersion methods:
Lipid dissolve in organic solvent

Excess addition of aqueous phase

Lipids allign at interface of aqueous and organic layer

Formation of monolayer and bilayer of phospholipids

Liposome
Note:- Organic solvent miscible with aqueous phase
36
Solvent dispersion methods:
ETHANOL INJECTION/ETHER INJECTION:

37
De-Emulsification method:

Generally the liposome is made up in 2 steps: Aqueous medium

containing material
1 st the inner leaflet of the bilayer . to be entrapped
Then the outer half.
Add to immiscible
organic solution of
lipid

Mechanical agitation

Microscopic water
droplets
Methods to prepare the droplets:
~Double emulsion vesicles
~Reverse phase evaporation vesicles 38
~Sonication methods
Reverse phase evapouration method:

39
DETERGENT SOLUBILISATIOIN METHODS

Phospholipid brought into intimate contact with

aqueous phase

By addition optimized concentration of detergent

Formation of micelles (Liposome)

Below CMC, detergent molecules exist in free soln. As the

concentration is increased, micelles are formed.
Note:- Liposome size and
Methods to remove detergents:
shape depend on chemical
Dialysis
nature of
Column chromatography.
detergent, concentration and 40
other lipid involved
Active/remote loading technique:
The lipid bilayer membrane is impermeable to ions & hydrophilic
molecules. But, Permeation of hydrophobic molecules can be controlled
by concentration gradients.
Some weak acids or bases can be transported due to various
transmembrane gradients
Electrical gradients.
Ionic(pH) gradients.
Chemical potential gradients.
Weak amphipathic bases accumulate in aq phase of lipid vesicles
in response to difference in pH b/w Inside & outside of
liposomes 41
Solute bearing no Liposomes with low
internal pH
charge at neutral pH pH gradient is created by preparing liposomes
with low internal pH.

Addtn of base to extraliposomal medium.

[Basic compds ( lipophilic (non ionic) at high

pH & hydrophilic(ionic) at low pH)]

Neutral solute passes Lipophilic (UNPROTONATED) drug diffuse

easily through bilayer through the bilayer
membrane by
diffusion
At low pH side, the molecules are
predominantly protonated .

Exchange of external medium by gel extrusion

chromatorapghy with neutral solution.
Charge aquired by
solute inside Weak bases like doxorubicine,
liposomes makes adriamycin and vincristine are
them unable to exit encapsulated. 42
Locus of drugs in liposomes:
Hydrophilic (DOXORUBICIN)
Low entrapment
Leakage
Hydrolytic degradation

Lipophilic (CYCLOSPORINE)
High entrapment
Low leakage
Chemical stability

Ampiphilic (VINBLASTIN)
High entrapment
Rapid leakage
Biphasic insoluble
(ALLOPURINOL, 6-
MERCAPTOPURINE)
Poor loading & entrapment 43
Characterization of liposomes:
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION CHEMICA L CHARACTERISATION

→ Vesicles size/shape/morphology → Phospholipids /lipid concentration

→ Surface -charge/electrical potential → Drug concentration

→ Phase behaviour/ lamellarity → PH / Osmomolality

→ Drug release →Antioxidant degradation

→ % capture /free drug → Phospholipids / cholesterols –

peroxidation/oxidation/hydrolysis
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION
→ Sterility
→ Pyrogenisity
→ Animal toxicity
44
→Plasma Stability:
Characterization parameters
1. Vesicle shape and surface morphology
2.Mean vesicle size and size distribution
(submicron and micron range)
3. Surface charge
4. Electrical surface potential and surface pH
5. Lamellarity
6. Phase behavior Freeze-fracture
7. Percent of free drug/ percent capture
8. Drug release
Analytical method/Instrument
Transmission electron microscopy, Freeze-
fracture electron microscopy
Photon correlation spectroscopy, laser light
scattering, gel permeation and gel exclusion
Free-flow electrophoresis
Zetapotential measurements
Small angle X-ray scattering, 31 P-NMR, Freeze-
fracture electron microscopy
electron microscopy, Differential scanning
calorimetery
Minicolumn centrifugation, ion-exchange
chromatography, radio labelling
Diffusion cell/ dialysis
45
Characterization parameters Analytical method/Instrument

1. Phospholipid concentration Barlett assay, stewart assay, HPLC

2. Cholesterol concentration Cholesterol oxidase assay and HPLC

3. Phopholipid peroxidation UV absorbance

4. Phospholipid hydrolysis, HPLC and TLC

Cholesterol auto-oxidation.

5. Osmolarity Osmomete

46
 Characterization parameters Analytical method/Instrument

1. Sterility Aerobic or anaerobic cultures

2. Pyrogenicity Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test

3. Animal toxicity Monitoring survival rates, histology and

pathology

STABILITY OF LIPOSOMES:
Stability invitro .
~ Lipid oxidation
~ Lipid peroxidation
~ Long term & accelerated stability
Stability after systemic administration.
47
1. Endocytosis 2. Adsorption

3. fusion 4. Lipid transfer

48
Encapsulation of drugs in liposomes:
• Encapsulation volume/Trapped volume
Volume of aqueous solution entrapped in liposomes per mole of PL (µL/µmol PL)
• Encapsulation Efficiency
Assessed by mini column centrifugation method & protamine aggregation method.
protamine aggregation method used for neutral and negetively charged liposomes.
Liposome dispersion can be precipitated with protamine solution and subsequent
centrifugation at 2000RPM.
By analysing the material in super natent & in liposome pellet ( after disrupting
liposomal pellet with 0.6 ml of 10% triton x-100 ). The encapsulation efficiency of
entrapped material can be estimated.
• % Encapsulation

Drug entrapped in liposomes

x 100
Total drug added

49
In gene delivery.
As drug delivery carriers.
Enzyme replacement therapy.
Chelation therapy for treatment of heavy metal poisoning.
Liposomes in antiviral/anti microbial therapy.
In multi drug resistance.
In tumour therapy.
In immunology.
In cosmetology

50
 DNA delivery of Genes by Liposomes

Cheaper than viruses

No immune response

Especially good
for in-lung delivery (cystic fibrosis)

100-1000 times more plasmid DNA needed

for the same transfer efficiency as for viral vector 51
Lipofection

52
Liposomes could serve as tumor specific vehicles
(even without special targeting)

Liposomes better penetrate into tissues

with disrupted endothelial lining 53
DRUG ROUTE OF APPLICATION TARGETED DISEASES
ADMINISTRATION
Amphotericin B Oral delivery Ergosterol membrane Mycotic infection
Insulin Oral,ocular,pulmonary Decrease glucose level Diabetic mellitus
And transdermal
Ketoprofen Ocular delivary Cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitor Pain muscle condition

Pentoxyfyllin Pulmonary delivery phosphodiesterase Asthama

Tobramycin Pulmonary delivery Protein synthesis inhibitor Pseudomonas
infection,aeroginosa
Salbutamol Pulmonary delivery ß2-adrenoceptor antagonist Asthama
Cytarabin Pulmonary delivery DNA-polymerase inhibition Acute leukameias

Benzocaine Transdermal Inhibition of nerve impulse from Ulcer on mucous surface

sensory nerves with pain

Ketaconazole Transdermal Inhibit ergosterol membrane Candida albicans

Levanogesterol Transdermal Rhamnose receptor skin disorder

hydroxyzine Transdermal H1-receptor antagonist Urtecaria,allergic skin
disease
Ibuprofen Oral delivery Chaemoceptor,free ending Rheumatoid arthritis

triamcilonone Ocular delivery,Transdermal Inhibition of prostaglandin Anti-inflammatory

54
NAME TRADE NAME COMPANY INDICATION
Liposomal Abelcet Enzon Fungal infections
amphotericin B
Liposomal Ambisome Gilead Sciences Fungal and protozoal infections
amphotericin B
Liposomal cytarabine Depocyt Pacira (formerly Malignant lymphomatous meningitis
SkyePharma)
Liposomal DaunoXome Gilead Sciences HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma
daunorubicin
Liposomal doxorubicin Myocet Zeneus Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide in
metastatic breast cancer
Liposomal IRIV vaccine Epaxal Berna Biotech Hepatitis A

Liposomal IRIV vaccine Inflexal V Berna Biotech Influenza

Liposomal morphine DepoDur SkyePharma, Endo Postsurgical analgesia

Liposomal verteporfin Visudyne QLT, Novartis Age-related macular degeneration, pathologic
myopia, ocular
histoplasmosis
Liposome-PEG Doxil/Caelyx Ortho Biotech, HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma, metastatic breast
doxorubicin Schering-Plough cancer, metastatic
ovarian cancer
55
Micellular estradiol Estrasorb Novavax Menopausal therapy
summary:
o liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous
volume is entirely enclosed by a membraneous lipid bilayer
o Liposomes are one of the unique drug delivery system, in controlling
and targeting drug delivery.
o Components of liposomes include phospholipid and cholesterol.
o Method of preparation of liposomes include active loading technique
and passive loading technique.
o Passive loading techniques include solvent mechanical dispersion,
solvent dispersion & detergent solubilisation
o Characterization of liposomes include physical,chemical and
56
biological.
NIOSOMES
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based unilamellar or multilamellar
bilayer vesicles up on hydration of non ionic surfactants with or
without incorporation cholesterol .
The niosomes are very small, and microscopic in size. Their size lies
in the nanometric scale.
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is
encapsulated in a vesicle. Both hydrophilic
& lipophilic drugs ,entrap either in the
aqueous layer or in vesicular membrane
made of lipid materials.
57
 Hydrophilic drugs Polar heads facing
Structure of niosomes: located in hydrophilic region
aqueous regions
Head part encapsulated
(hydrophillic)
Tail part
(hydrophobic)
Drug molecules
Hydrophobic drugs
localized in the
Phospholipids hydrophobic
lamellae
These vesicular systems are similar to liposomes that can be
used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs.

It is less toxic and improves the therapeutic index of drug by

restricting its action to target cells. 58
Advantages of niosomes:
They are osmotically active and stable.
They increase the stability of the entrapped drug.
The vesicle suspension being water based offers greater patient
compliance over oil based systems
Since the structure of the niosome offers place to accommodate
hydrophilic, lipophilic as well as ampiphilic drug moieties, they can be
used for a variety of drugs.
The vesicles can act as a depot to release the drug slowly and of
controlled release.
Biodegradable, non-immunogenic and biocompatible. 59
Aggregation
Fusion
Leaking of entrapped drug
Hydrolysis of encapsulated drugs which limiting the shelf
life of the dispersion.

60
Classification of niosomes

Small Large
Unilamellar Unilamellar Multilamellar
Vesicle Vesicle Vesicle
(SUV) (LUV) (MLV)

Typical Size Ranges: SLV: 20-50 nm – MLV:100-1000 nm

61
Components of niosomes:

Cholesterol and Non ionic surfactants are the two major components
used for the preparation of niosomes.
Cholesterol provides rigidity and proper shape. The surfactants play a
major role in the formation of niosomes.
non-ionic surfactants like spans(span 20,40,60,85,80), tweens (tween
20,40,60,80) are generally used for the preparation of
Niosomes.
Few other surfactants that are reported to form niosomes are as follows :
Ether linked surfactant
Di-alkyl chain surfactant
Ester linked
Sorbitan Esters
Poly-sorbates
62
 alkyl group chain
length : C12-C18
Shud be above Span surfactants
the gel to liquid with HLB values
phase transition 4 and 8
temperature of Hydration Non-ionic
the system Temperature surfactant
nature

Factors
affecting
Surfactants niosomes
and lipid Membrane
formation additives
levels

surfactant/lipid
ratio: 10-30 mM Nature of Cholesterol: Prevent
encapsulated vesicle aggregation.
drug Dicetyl phosphate: -ve
charge
63
Concept of Critical Packing Parameter

Prediction of vesicle forming ability is not a simply a matter of HLB

CPP = v/lca0
where
v - hydrophobic group volume,
lc - critical hydrophobic group length and
a0 - area of the hydrophilic head group

CPP between 0.5 and 1 likely to form vesicles.

< 0.5 (indicating a large contribution from the hydrophilic head group
area) is said to give spherical micelles.

>1 (indicating a large contribution from the hydrophobic group volume)

should produce inverted micelles.
64
Comparisition between liposomes &
niosomes:
Sl. Liposomes Niosomes
No.
1. Vesicles made up of concentric Vesicles made up of surfactants
bilayer of phospholipids with or without incorporation of
cholesterol.
2. Size ranges from 10-3000nm Size ranges from 10-100nm

3. Comparatively expensive Inexpensive

4. Special storage condition are No such special requirement

required
5. Phospholipids used are unstable Non-ionic surfactants are stable

6. Comparatively more toxic Less toxic

65
Methods of Niosome preparation:
Hand Shaking method

 Reverse phase evaporation technique

 Ether Injection method

Multiple membrane extrusion method

Bubble method

 Sonication

 From Proniosomes
66
Hand shaking method:

Rotary evaporator

67
Reverse phase evaporation technique :
Surfactant is dissolved in chloroform ond 0.25 volume of PBS buffer is
emulsified to get a W/O emulsion.
sonicated
chloroform is evaporated under reduced pressure.

The lipid or surfactant forms a gel first and hydrates to form vesicles.

Free drug (unentrapped) is generally removed by dialysis.

sonication:
Surfactant +cholesterol Mixture is sonicated for 3
mixture is dispersed in 2 ml min at 60 C using titanium
aqueous phase in vial probe sonicator

Unilamellar niosomes 68
 14 guage needle
Ether injection Method:

69
Multiple membrane extrusion Method:
•Mixture of surfactant, cholesterol and
dicetyl phosphate in chloroform is made
into thin film by evaporation

•The film is hydrated with aqueous drug

solution and the resultant suspension
extruded through polycarbonate membranes

70
Bubble method:
RBF as bubbling unit with three necks in water
It is novel technique for the bath.

one step preparation of

liposomes and niosomes
without the use of organic
solvents.
Reflux , thermometer and nitrogen supply by
three necks
Cholesterol+ Surfactant dispersed in buffer
pH 7.4 at 70°C

Above dispersion is homogenized for 15 sec and

then bubbled with nitrogen gas at 70°C to get
niosomes
71
proniosomes:

• Bubble Method
• Formation of niosomes from proniosomes:
It is prepared by coating water-soluble carrier such as sorbitol with
surfactant. The result of the coating process is a dry formulation. In
which each water-soluble particle is covered with a thin film of dry
surfactant. This preparation is termed “Proniosomes”.

72
 Separation of unentrapped drug:

Gel filtration Separation of

unentrapped Centrifugation
drug The niosomal suspension
The unentrapped drug is
is centrifuged and the
removed by gel filtration of
supernatant is separated.
niosomal dispersion through a
The pellet is washed and
Sephadex-G-50 column and
then resuspended to obtain
elution with phosphate
a niosomal suspension free
buffered saline Dialysis from unentrapped drug.

Dialyzed in a dialysis tubing

against phosphate buffer or
normal saline

Gel Filtration Centrifuser 73

a) Size, Shape and Morphology
Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy:- Visualize the vesicular structure of
surfactant based vesicles.
Photon Correlation spectroscopy :- Determine mean diameter of the
vesicles.
Electron Microscopy :- Morphological studies of vesicles.
b) Entrapment efficiency
After preparing niosomal dispersion, unentrapped drug is separated by
dialysis and the drug remained entrapped in niosomes is determined by
complete vesicle disruption using 50% n-propanol or 0.1% Triton X-100
and analysing the resultant solution by appropriate assay method for the
drug.
c) Vesicle Suface Charge
Determined by measurement of electrophoretic mobility and expressed in
expressed in terms of zeta potential
d) In vitro studies 74
 Applications

Oral
immunological Diagnostic
Leishmaniasis Oncology drug Transdermal
adjuvants imaging
delivery

75
Lancôme has come out with a variety of anti-ageing
products which are based on noisome formulations.
L‟Oreal is also conducting research on anti-ageing
cosmetic products.

76
Summary :
 Niosomes provide incorporating the drug into for a
better targeting of the drug at appropriate tissue
destination .
 They presents a structure similar to liposome and hence
they can represent alternative vesicular systems with
respect to liposomes
 Niosomes are thoughts to be better candidates drug
delivery as compared to liposomes due to various factors
like cost, stability etc. Various type of drug deliveries can
be possible using niosomes like targeting, ophthalmic,
topical, parenteral etc.
77
1. S.P. Vyas And R.K. Khar,targeted & Controlled Drug
Delivery,liposomes,173-279.
2. Mohammad Riaz, Liposomes :Preparation Methods,
Pakistan Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, January
1996,Vol.19(1),65-77.
3. Sharma Vijay K1*, Liposomes: Present Prospective and
Future Challenges,International Journal Of Current
Pharmaceutical Review And Research, oct 2010,vol1,
issue 2,6-16
4. Himanshu Anwekar*, Liposome- as drug carriers,
International Journal Of Pharmacy & Life Sciences,
Vol.2, Issue 7: July: 2011, 945-951

78
5. Madhav Nvs* And Saini A, Niosomes: A Novel
Drug Delivery System, International Journal Of
Research In Pharmacy And Chemistry, 2011,
1(3),498-511.
6. Lohumi Ashutosh, Rawat Suman, A Novel Drug
Delivery System: Niosomes Review, Journal Of Drug
Delivery & Therapeutics; 2012, 2(5), 129-135.
7. Pawar Sd *, Pawar Rg, Niosome: An Unique Drug
Delivery System, International journal Of Pharmacy,
Biology and Allied Sciences, April, 2012, 1(3): 406-416.
8. Rajesh Z. Mujoriya, Niosomal Drug Delivery System –
A Review, International Journal Of Applied
Pharmaceutics, Vol 3, Issue 3, 2011,7-10.

79
Success in life mostly depends on the power of
„CONCENTRATION‟
--- Swami Vivekananda