13.2 A static pile load test was carried on a 0.

8 m diameter pile installed 21 m into a loose to medium

sandy soil. The pile was driven into the soil. Selected load-displacement data are shown in the
table below. (a) Determine the allowable load if the serviceability limit state is 12 mm. (b) Is the
maximum load the ultimate load? Justify your answer. (c) Discuss some of the issues you would
consider in the interpretation of the data.

Load (kN) 0 800 1100 2250 2800 3200 3500 3600 3620 3618

Displacement (mm) 0 2.5 3.8 7.5 10 12.5 15 20 21 26

Solution 13.2

4000
3500
3000
2500

Load (kN) 2000

1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vertical displacement (mm)

(a) Allowable load at displacement of 12 mm = 3100 kN

(b) It appears so because the load seems to reach a plateau
13.3 A static pile load test using an O-cell was carried on a 1.8 m diameter, 25 m long
(embedded length) drilled shaft. The soil profile is as given in Table P13.3a. Selected
load-displacement data are shown in Table P13.3b. (a) Make a neat sketch of the soil
profile and the drilled shaft as shown in Example 13.3. (b) Determine the ultimate skin
friction and ultimate end bearing capacity. Justify your answer. (c) If an FS of 2 is
required, determine the allowable load and settlement. Justify your answers.
Table P13.3a
Elevation 5 to – 3.4 -3.4 to –17.6 -17.7 to – 38.2
(m)
Soil type Sandy fat Silty sand Mudstone or
clay (CH) with gravel weak rock
(SM)
Table P13.3b
Load (MN) 0 1 5 8 10 15 20 25 27 27.2 27.1 0
Displacement up (mm) 0 0.4 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 3.4 6.5 8 9.2 10.8 9.0
Displacement down (mm) 0 -0.5 -6 -10 -11 -16 -21 -29 -43 -40 -41 -37

Solution 13.3
Decide whether the ultimate pile load capacity is well or ill defined.
Inspection of the plot shows that the skin friction is fully mobilized at about 9 mm settlement but
the end bearing capacity has not been fully mobilized. The initial load-displacement response
appears to be from loose material at the bottom the hole
20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-10
Displacement
(mm)
-20
Possibly loose material
-30

-40

-50
Load (kN)

Determine the ultimate load capacity without consideration of settlement.

Qf = 27.2 MN
The load to compress the loose material is about 8 MN. The actual base response is
Qb > (27.2 MN – 8 MN) > 19.2 MN

Determine the allowable load capacity for FS = 2 and the settlement.

Since the skin friction was fully mobilized, the FS will be applied to it.

The settlement to mobilize a skin friction of 13.6 MN is about 1.3 mm. The end bearing at the
same displacement is 2 MN but this is part of the response from the loose material. You can
neglect this. The allowable load is 13.6 - 1.53 = 12.1 MN (say 12 MN)
Solution 13.4

Pile : Area = 0.16 m 2 , Perimeter = 1.41m

Layer 1 + medium clay Layer 2 = Stiff clay
Assume L = 12 m
LAYER 1:
5
 z  17   42.5 kPa
2
f s = 0.5 su 'zo  0.5 30  42.5  17.9kPa
f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo   0.5 300.75  42.5
0.25
 16.4kPa
0.25

Use fs = 16.4 kPa

β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani  1  sin30 1.6  tan30  0.365
0.5 0.5
LAYER 2:

( )( )

( ) ( )( )
f s = 0.5 su 'zo  0.5 60 116.5  41.8kPa
f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo   0.5 600.75 116.5
0.25
 35.4kPa
0.25

Use fs = 35.4 kPa

β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani  1  sin24  4  tan24  0.528
0.5 0.5

( ) ( )

Qult  2  275  550kN

TSA
Qult = Perimeter  f s L  N c  su b Ab
 1.41(16.4  5  35.4  7)  9  60  0.16  551kN  Qult

ESA

Qult = perimeter βi  'z   length i  N q  σ'z  Ab

j

i b
i =1

 1.41(0.365  42.5  5  0.528 116.5  7)  12.3 148  0.16  1008kN

TSA governs design, L = 12 m is satisfactory

13.5 Determine the allowable load for a steel closed-ended pipe pile, 0.4 m in diameter,
driven 20 m into the soil prof le shown in Figure P13.5. Groundwater is at 2 m below the
surface, but you can assume it will rise to the surface. A factor of safety of 2 is required.
Neglect negative friction.

Solution 13.5
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
Area of pile = 0.13 m 2 , perimeter = 1.26m

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 

0.25
TSA (Layers 1 and 2) : fs is lower of

Qb = fb Ab = Nc  su b Ab
β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani
0.5
ESA:

f s =  'zo

Q f    'x  tani'   Perimeter i   Length i

j

i
i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q  σ'z  Ab
b

  exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan '  1  tan 2  ' p
'

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equationused in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
Assuming no negative friction.
 Diameter (m) 0.4
Perimeter (m) 1.26
2
Area (m ) 0.13

c = clay, s = sand
center center center base
O
Soil Unit C Total Porewater Effective Effective
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su R stress pressure stress stress
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 5 5 c 18 25 15 1 45.0 24.5 20.5
2 10 5 c 18.5 23 65 5 136.3 73.5 62.8
3 20 10 s 17.5 32 0 0 270.0 147.0 123.0 161.5

END
Clay Sand Clay/sand FRICTION BEARING Qult
TSA ESA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
Layer
 fs fs fs Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
  kPa kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.27 8.1 5.5 51 35 0 0 51 35
2 0.58 31.9 36.3 252 263 0 0 252 263
3 0.29 0.0 0.0 36.1 33.8 706 717 686 686 1392 1403

TAS control
Q ult = 1392 kN; Q a= 1392/2 =696 kN
13.6 A square precast concrete pile of sides 0.4 m is to be driven 12 m into the soil strata
shown in Figure P13.6. Estimate the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Owing to changes in design requirements, the pile must support 20% more load.
Determine the additional embedment depth required.

Solution 13.6
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 
0.25
TSA (Layers 1 and 2) : fs is lower of

Qb = fb Ab = Nc  su b Ab
β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani
0.5
ESA:

f s =  'zo

Q f    'x  tani'   Perimeter i   Length i

j

i
i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q  σ'z  Ab
b

  exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan '  1  tan 2  ' p
'

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equationused in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)

Width (m) 0.4

Perimeter (m) 1.60
2
Area (m ) 0.16

c = clay
 center center center base
Soil Unit OC Total Porewater Effective Effective
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su R stress pressure stress stress
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 4 4 c 18 24 16 1.2 36.0 19.6 16.4
2 10 6 c 18.5 25 80 9 127.5 68.6 58.9
3 12 2 c 18.5 25 90 6 201.5 107.8 93.7 102.4

Clay Clay Clay/sand FRICTION END BEARING Qult

TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
layer
 fs fs Nc Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
  kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.29 8.0 4.7 52 30 0 0 52 30
2 0.81 34.3 47.6 381 487 0 0 381 487
3 0.66 45.5 61.8 9.0 14.0 526 685 130 229 656 914

TSA governs design

Qult = 656 kN
656
Qa =  328 kN
2
New load = 1.2  328 = 394 kN
Qult = 2 x 394 = 788 kN

Let L = 14 m (2 m additional length) be the length embedded into the last layer.
Clay Clay Clay/sand FRICTION END BEARING Qult
TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA
layer
 fs fs Nc Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
  kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.29 8.0 4.7 52 30 0 0 52 30
2 0.81 34.3 47.6 381 487 0 0 381 487
3 0.66 46.5 67.5 9.0 14.0 678 919 130 268 808 1188
Qult = 808 kN > 788 kN Okay
Use L = 14 m
13.7 Estimate the allowable load capacity of a 0.5-mdiameter steel closed-ended pipe pile
embedded 17 m in the soil profile shown in Figure P13.7. The factor of safety required is
2. The N values are blows/ft. Compare the load capacity for a driven pile and a drilled
shaft.

Solution 13.7

(a) Driven (displacement) pile

N av =
11  5  20  19
= 13.75  use N av = 13
4
 2
Perimeter =  D =  (0.5) = 1.57m, base area = ( D ) = 0.196 m2
4
fs  1.9Nav  1.9 13  24.7 kPa  100 kPa
Use fs  24.7 kPa
Qf  24.7 1.57 17  659 kN

(f b )=C N60
Ls 17
C  38  38  1292  380kPa , Use C  380
D 0.5
N in the vicinity of the base = 19
f b  380 19  7220kPa
Qb  7220  0.196  1415kN
Qult  Qf  Qb  659  1415  2074kN
Qult 2074
Qa =   1037 kN
FS 2
(b) Drilled shaft
Nav < 15
 N 13
 (1.5  0.245 z)  (1.5  0.245 17)  0.42  1.2; use   0.42
15 15
From Table A.11 (Appendix A),   18 kN/m3
Assume groundwater will rise to the surface.
Vertical effective stress at center of shaft = 17/2 x (18 – 9.8) = 69.7 kPa
Qf = 0.42 x 1.57 x 69.7 x 17 =781 kN
Use Quiros and Reese (1977) expression
L > 10 m, C = 57.5, fb = CN = 57.5 x 19 = 1092.5 kPa < 2900 kPa; Use fb = 1092.5 kPa
Qb = 1092.5 x 0.196 = 214kN
Qult = 781 + 214 = 995 kN
Q 995
Q a = ult   498kN
FS 2

Note: Both of these methods are empirical. The equations are based on field tests on soils that may not be
similar to the sand in this problem
13.8 The soil profi le at a site for an offshore structure is shown in Figure P13.8. The
height of the pile above the sand surface is 15 m. Determine the allowable load for
a driven closed-ended pipe pile with diameter 1.25 m and embedded 10 m into the stiff
clay. A factor of safety of 2 is required.

Solution 13.8

Perimeter =  x 1.25 = 3.93 m, Area = 1.252  1.23m2
4
Layer 1: sand; Layer 2: Stiff clay
f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 
0.25
TSA (Layer 2) : fs is lower of

Qb = fb Ab = Nc  su b Ab
β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani
0.5
ESA:

f s =  'zo

Q f    'x  tani'   Perimeter i   Length i

j

i
i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q  σ'z  Ab
b

  exp(2ψ tan )
2
Janbu: N q = tan '  1  tan 2  ' p
'
 Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing
capacity)

s =Sand: cs = 32 ,   (1 – sin 32) tan (32) = 0.29

c = Clay: cs = 28.8 ,   (1 – sin 28.8) tan (28.8)61/2 = 0.7; TSA: fs = 51.1 kPa

Soil Unit OC Total Porewater Effective Effective

layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su R stress pressure stress stress
m m kN/m3 deg kPa kPa kPa kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 24 24 s 16.8 32 0 0 201.6 117.6 84.0
2 34 10 c 18.8 28.8 80 6 497.2 284.2 213.0 258.0

END
Clay Sand Clay Clay/sand FRICTION BEARING Qult
TSA ESA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA TSA ESA

layer fs fs fs Nc Nq Qf Qf Qb Qb
kPa kPa kPa kN kN kN kN kN kN
groundwater 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.0 0.0 24.7 2325 2325 0 0 2325 2325
2 51.1 148.6 9.0 22.6 4332 8163 884 7156 5216 15319
Note: TSA and ESA for the sand are the same
TSA governs
Q ult = 5216 kN

5216
Qa =  2608 kN
2
Solution 13.9
(a)
Depth
(m) 'zo OCR su/'zo su
m kPa kPa
3 45 2.56 0.497 22.4
5 65 1.77 0.371 24.1
6.5 80 1.44 0.314 25.1
9 105 1.10 0.252 26.5
10 115 1 0.235 27.0
14 147 1 0.235 34.5
18 179 1 0.235 42.0
20 195 1 0.235 45.8
 Sleeve Fill

Pile

(b) The fill will cause negative skin friction as it settles. One mitigation method is to put a sleeve over a
depth of 3 m
(c)
Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the skin friction. In
engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear strengths from 3 m to 10 m and
then from 10 m to 18 m

3m to 10 m: su = 25 kPa at an average depth of 6.5 m

10 m to 18 m: su = 35 kPa at an average depth of 14 m
Base of shaft: su = 42 kPa

Layer 1: Clay from 3 m to 10 m; Layer 2: Clay from 10 m to 18 m

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 
0.25
TSA: fs is lower of

Qb = fb Ab = Nc  su b Ab
β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani
0.5
ESA:

f s =  'zo

Q f    'x  tani'   Perimeter i   Length i

j

i
i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q  σ'z  Ab
b

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
 Diameter (m) 0.8
Perimeter (m) 2.51
2
Area (m ) 0.50

TSA ESA
Soil
Dept Typ Unit
layer h thickness e weight ' su OCR  fs fs
m m kN/m3 deg kPa  kPa kPa
groundwater 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.0
1 10 7 c 19.8 28 25 1.44 0.34 13.6 11.8
2 18 8 c 17.8 28 35 1 0.28 22.9 28.8

Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' )  0.6exp(0.126  28)  20.4

TSA : Qult  2.51(13.6  7  22.9  8)  (9 179  0.5)  1504kN
ESA : Qult  2.51(11.8  7  28.8  8)  (20.4 179  0.5)  2611kN
TSA governs: Qult = 1504 kN
Solution 13.10

Single pile
2
Area = 0.13m , Perimeter = 1.26m
1.5m
Group pile
2 2
Area = 3.4 = 11.56m , Perimeter = 4  3.4 = 13.6m
 z at base = 15(17.5 – 9.8) = 115.5 kPa
 z at center of group = 7.5 (17.5 – 9.8) = 57.8 kPa 1.5m
At base s u = 0.25  115.5 = 28.9 kPa
28.9
For friction, take average s u  = 14.5 kPa
2
fs is lower of f s = 0.5 su 'zo  0.5 14.5  57.8  14.5kPa and
f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 
0.25
 0.5 14.50.75  57.80.25  10.2 kPa
Use fs = 10.2 kPa

OCR=1.2,  = 0.32, Nq = 26.3

TSA – Block Mode failure

Q f = 1  10.2  13.6  15 = 2080 kN

Q b = 9  28.9  11.56 = 3007 kN
Q ult = 2080 + 3007 = 5087 kN
TSA – Single pile mode failure

Q f = 1  10.2  1.26  15 = 193 kN

Q b = 9  28.9  0.13 = 34 kN
Q ult = 193 + 34 = 227 kN

For 9 piles: Q ult = 9  227 = 2043 kN

ESA – Block Mode failure

Q f = 0.32  57.8  13.6  15 = 3773 kN

Q b = 26.3  115.5  11.56 = 35115 kN
Q ult = 3773+ 35115 = 38888 kN

ESA – Single pile mode failure

1.26
Q f = 3773   350kN
13.6
0.13
Q b = 35115   395 kN
11.56
Q ult = 9(350+395) = 6705 kN

Single pile mode failure governs

2043
TSA governs: Qa   681kN
3
13.11 The soil profile and soil properties at a site are shown in the table below. A group of 12 concrete
piles in a 3 × 4 matrix and of length 12 m is used to support a load. The pile diameter is 0.45 m
and pile spacing is 1.5 m. Determine the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Calculate the total settlement (elastic and consolidation) under the allowable load. Assume Ep = 20
× 106 kPa.

Depth (m) Type of deposit Soil test results

0 to 3 Sand  = 17 kN/m3, cs'  28º
Groundwater level at 3 m Eso = 19 MN/m2
3
3 to 6 Sand sat = 17.5 kN/m ,
cs'  30º
Eso = 18 MN/m2
3
6 to 15 Clay sat = 18.5 kN/m ,
cs'  27º
su = 30 kPa
Cc = 0.4, Cr = 0.06,
OCR = 1.5
Eso = 30 MN/m2, v′ = 0.3
15to 17 Soft clay sat = 18 kN/m3, cs'  24º
su = 20 kPa
Cc = 0.8, OCR = 1.0
Eso'  10 MN/m2 , v  0.3
>17 Rock

Solution 13.11

I
6m sand
9m
II

III clay

3m

3m

IV Soft clay

12 piles, 3x4 matrix, L = 12m D = 0.45m

s =3D = 3(0.45) = 1.35. Try s = 1.5m
2
Single pile: perimeter = D =1.41m, Area = 0.159 m
Group: perimeter = 2(2s + D) + 2(3s + D) = 2(2(1.5)+0.45) + 2(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 16.8 m
A b g = (2(1.5) + 0.45)(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 17.08 m 2

TSA – Block failure mode

Sand layer I
 = 0.28
L  3
At center: z   = 17   =25.5 kPa
2  2
Q f I =0.28 (25.5)(16.8)(3) = 360 kN
Sand Layer II
3
 z = 3(17) + (17.5 – 9.8) = 62.6 kPa
2
 = 0.29
Q f II = 0.29 (62.6)(16.8)(3) = 909 kN
Clay Layer III
fs = 20.3 kPa
Q f III = 20.8(16.8)(6) = 2097 kN
End Bearing: Q b = 9(30)(17.08) = 4612 kN
Total skin friction: Qf = 360+909+2097 = 3366 kN
Q ult = 3366 + 4612 = 7898 kN
TSA – single pile mode

Skin friction: Qf = 3366 x 1.41/16.8 = 283 kN

End Bearing: Q b == 4612 x 0.159/17.08 = 43 kN

Q ult = 9(283 + 43) = 2934 kN

Allowable load capacity

Qa  = 2934
= 1467 kN
2
Elastic Settlement (average from Layers I-III)

283
Qa = = 142 kN
2
e =
Qa
I
E so L
3(19)  3(18)  6(30) L 12
E p = 20 x 10 Pa ;
3
Es  = 24.5 MN m 2 , = = 26.7
12 D 0.45
I = 0.5 + log (L/D) = 0.5 + log (26.7) = 1.9
 142
es =  1.9  0.92 103 m  0.92 mm
 24.5  103  12
0.5
R s = 12 =3.5
 es g = 0.92(3.5) = 3 mm

Clay Layer III

Load is transferred to 2L/3 from surface
Depth to center of clay layer from load = 12/3 + 3/2 = 5.5m
1467
At center:  z =  15kPa
(3.45  5.5)(4.95  5.5)
At center: zo = 3  17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 7.5(18.5 - 9.8)  139 kPa
 final = 139 + 15 = 154 kPa
zc = 1.5  154 = 231 kPa >  final
G e  
2.7  e o 
 sat =  s o  w ; 18.5 =  9.8 ; e o =0.91

 1 eo   1  eo 
3000  154 
 c =  0.06  log 10   = 4 mm
1  0.91  139 

Clay-Layer IV

Load is transferred to a depth of 2L/3

Depth of load to center of clay = 12/3 + 3 + 1 = 8 m
1467
At center:  z =  10kPa
(3.45  8)(4.95  8)
At center: zo = 3  17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 9(18.5 - 9.8) + 1 (18 – 9.8)161 kPa
 final = 161 + 10 = 171 kPa
2.7  e o 18
= e o = 1.02
1  eo 9 .8
2000  171 
 c =  0.8  log    21 mm
1  1.02  161 

Total settlement = 3 + 4 + 21 = 28 mm
13.12 The soil at a site consists of a 30 m thick deposit of clay. At a depth 6 m and below it is normally
consolidated. A soil sample from this depth was tested in a direct simple shear (DSS) apparatus. The
  su  f 
DSS gave a normalized undrained shear strength of  '   0.22 where the subscript f denotes
  zo  DSS
failure (critical state). The average saturated unit weight is 19.8 kN/m3. Groundwater level is at the surface.
From Chapter 11, the normalized undrained shear strength is given by the equation
  su  f  3 sincs'  OCR 
0.8

 '     . (a) Plot the variation of undrained shear strength with depth up to
  zo  DSS 2  2 
a depth of 30 m. (b) Estimate the allowable load capacity for a steel cylindrical pile of diameter 1.5 m,
length 15 m, wall thickness 65 mm driven with a driving shoe (displacement pile). Assume FS = 2.

Solution 13.12
(a)
  su  f  3 sincs'  OCR 
0.8

 '    
  zo  DSS 2  2 
Solve for cs'
3 sincs'
0.8
1
0.22DSS   
2
2
sincs  0.442; cs  26.2o
' '

Depth
(m) 'zo OCR su/'zo su
m kPa kPa
0 0 0.000 0.0
1 10 6.00 0.921 9.2
2 20 3.00 0.529 10.6
3 30 2.00 0.382 11.5
6 60 1.00 0.220 13.2
8 80 1 0.220 17.6
10.5 105 1 0.220 23.1
12 120 1 0.220 26.4
15 150 1 0.220 32.9
30 300 1 0.220 65.9
 Pile

(b)
Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the
skin friction. In engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear
strengths from 0 m to 6 m and then from 6 m to 15 m

0 m to 6 m: su = 11.5 kPa at an average depth of 3 m

6 m to 15 m: su = 23.1 kPa at an average depth of 10.5 m
Base of shaft: su = 32.9 kPa

Layer 1: Clay from 0 m to 6 m; Layer 2: Clay from 6 m to 15 m

TSA: fs is lower of f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75  'zo 
0.25

Qb = fb Ab = Nc  su b Ab
ESA: β  1  sincs'   OCR  tani
0.5

f s =  'zo

Q f    'x  tani'   Perimeter i   Length i

j

i
i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q  σ'z  Ab
b

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
Diameter (m) 1.5
Perimeter (m) 4.71
2
Area (m ) 1.77

TSA ESA
 Soil Unit
layer Depth thickness Type weight ' su OCR  fs fs
m m kN/m3 deg kPa  kPa kPa
groundwater 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0.0 0.0
1 6 6 c 19.8 26.2 11.5 2 0.39 7.3 11.7
2 15 9 c 19.8 26.2 23.5 1 0.27 17.1 28.9

Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' )  0.6exp(0.126  26.2)  16.3

TSA : Qult  4.71(7.3  6  17.1 9)  (9  32.9 1.77)  1455kN
ESA : Qult  4.71(11.7  6  28.9  9)  (16.3 150 1.77)  5883kN
TSA governs: Qult = 1455 kN
Qa = 1455/2 = 728 kN
Solution 13.13
Pile group of 10 piles (drilled shafts)
Design load = 2 x 15 = 30 MN
Data
Straight, prismatic drilled shafts
Select units SI FS
Design load 350 kN Group
Shaft diameter 0.5 m Spacing
Top of base layer 2 m Matrix
Groundwater 2 m No. of piles
Use N values y Group width
Perimeter 1.57 m Group length
2
Area 0.20 m Perimeter
Max end bearing 2900 kPa Area
 Depth
to
layer Depth thickness center Soil Type Unit weight N60
m m m kN/m3
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 2 1 s 14 5
2 3 1 2.5 s 15 7
3 5 2 4 s 17 12
4 7 2 6 s 17.5 16
5 9 2 8 s 18 18
6 10 1 9.5 s 18 19
7 12 2 11 s 19 25
8 15 3 13.5 s 20.5 38
9 20 5 17.5 s 20.5 38
10 28 8 24 s 20.5 38

Calculate effective vertical stresses and skin friction factor (Eq. 13.42)

center center center base

Total Porewater Effective Effective

layer Depth stress pressure stress stress n 
m kPa kPa kPa kPa 
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00
1 2 14.0 0.0 14.0 0.33 1.20
2 3 35.5 4.9 30.6 33.2 0.47 0.52
3 5 60.0 19.6 40.4 47.6 0.80 0.81
4 7 94.5 39.2 55.3 63.0 1.00 0.90
5 9 130.0 58.8 71.2 79.4 1.00 0.81
6 10 157.0 73.5 83.5 87.6 1.00 0.74
7 12 185.0 88.2 96.8 106.0 1.00 0.69
8 15 234.8 112.7 122.1 138.1 1.00 0.60
9 20 316.8 151.9 164.9 191.6 1.00 0.48
10 28 450.0 215.6 234.4 277.2 1.00 0.30

Calculate shin friction and end bearing stress (Eq. 13.44)

ESA ESA

layer Depth fs fb
m kPa kPa
0 0 0.0 0.0
1 2 16.8 0.0
2 3 15.9 120.8
3 5 32.6 345.0
4 7 49.8 920.0
5 9 57.5 1035.0
6 10 62.2 1092.5
7 12 66.5 1437.5
 8 15 73.2 2185.0
9 20 78.3 2185.0
10 28 70.3 2185.0

Calculate load capacity for single pile mode failure and for block mode failure.
GROUP FAILURE MODE
SINGLE PILE BLOCK FAILURE
DIAMETER WIDTH
0.5 10.5
Depth Qult FRICTION END BEARING Qult
m ESA ESA ESA ESA
0 Qf Qb
MN MN MN MN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.53 3.43 0.00 3.43
3 0.89 5.05 51.35 56.40
5 2.22 11.71 146.71 158.42
7 4.78 21.86 391.23 413.09
9 6.75 33.58 440.13 473.71
10 7.81 39.92 464.59 504.51
12 10.54 53.50 611.30 664.80
15 15.40 75.90 929.17 1005.07
20 21.51 115.84 929.17 1045.01
28 30.41 173.18 929.17 1102.35

Single pile (shaft) mode governs design.

The length for a design load of 30 MN is 28 m.

Solution 13.14
From Example 13.8
3  6.5
Xu and Lehane  2005 : q cav = = 4.75MPa
2
Averagesleeve resistance  0.075MPa over a depth of 10m.

Calculate load capacity

0.5
D*   Di  
  Di 0.2  2

 1  min 1,     2  
D    1.5    D  
0.5
D*    0.27    0.27  
0.2 2
 1  min 1,    2 
0.3    1.5    0.3  
D*
 1  0.575  0.65
0.5

0.3
D*  0.65  0.3  0.195m
  D*  
2

Cb = 0.15 1  3     0.15 1  3  0.65   0.34

2

  D  

π  D* 
2
π  (0.1952 )
Ab  = = 0.03m2
4 4
Qb  Cb qcav Ab = 0.34  4.75  0.03 = 0.049MN
Qb  f s πDL = 0.075  π  0.3 10 = 0.707 MN
Qult = 0.049 + 0.707 = 0.756 MN = 756 kN

If the sleeve friction was not measured, the estimated fs at mid-depth of the pile ( h = 5 m) is calculated
as follows.

Ars = 0.652 =0.423 m2

[ ( )]

[ ( )]
which is approximately 10% of the measure value.
Solution 13.15

Predictions of Program APILES - Version 1.0 (1988).

This analysis for APILES was developed by M. Budhu and T. Davies.
This PC version of APILES was written by M.Budhu.
We are not responsible for any consequences in using this program.
This analysis is valid for piles whose lengths are greater than their effective length.

TITLE: problem 13.15

Your input data is as follows

PILE DATA

Head type: Fixed head

Length = 8.00m
Diameter = .50m
Young's Modulus = .10E+08kPa
Allowable stress = .10E+05kPa

SOIL DATA
Soil type: Stiff clay
Unit weight of soil: 10.0000kN/m^3
Earth pressure coefficient: 1.00
Adhesion factor = .50
Young's modulus = .20E+05kPa
Undrained shear strength = .40E+02kPa

The working load is: 223.61kN

The displacements are computed at the point at which the load is applied.
The bending moments and rotations are computed at ground surface
load disp moment rotation max.B.M. depth to max.B.M.
kN mm kNm radians kNm m

3.79 .15 .00 .00 1.67 1.18

20.74 .62 .00 .02 8.43 1.07
23.40 .69 .00 .02 9.57 1.07
34.63 1.11 .00 .04 16.77 1.10
44.97 1.65 .00 .06 24.13 1.17
54.23 2.11 .00 .08 30.93 1.21
86.79 4.01 .00 .14 53.16 1.37
91.49 4.28 .00 .15 56.53 1.38
97.05 4.62 .00 .16 60.17 1.39
146.61 9.28 .00 .30 108.52 1.51
151.32 9.72 .00 .32 113.11 1.52
152.25 9.81 .00 .32 114.00 1.52
217.59 19.95 .00 .60 202.72 1.67
218.87 20.24 .00 .61 204.82 1.68
219.65 20.42 .00 .61 206.08 1.68
221.96 20.97 .00 .63 209.87 1.69
226.08 21.94 .00 .65 216.65 1.71
236.99 24.59 .00 .71 233.26 1.75
263.77 31.08 .00 .87 279.29 1.86
275.87 34.01 .00 .94 300.46 1.89
285.89 37.48 .00 1.02 319.79 1.94
296.61 41.21 .00 1.10 340.93 1.99
296.72 41.25 .00 1.10 341.16 1.99
299.01 42.05 .00 1.12 345.72 2.00
306.88 44.84 .00 1.18 361.57 2.03
325.85 51.72 .00 1.33 400.41 2.10
327.31 52.45 .00 1.35 403.48 2.10
333.87 55.76 .00 1.41 417.40 2.14
357.59 67.70 .00 1.65 469.40 2.25
368.64 73.30 .00 1.76 494.39 2.30
375.15 76.63 .00 1.82 509.65 2.33
376.37 77.25 .00 1.83 512.54 2.34
384.51 82.62 .00 1.93 531.72 2.38
394.23 89.41 .00 2.05 555.03 2.42
422.70 109.43 .00 2.41 625.87 2.56
427.94 113.12 .00 2.48 639.33 2.58
429.16 114.17 .00 2.49 642.47 2.59
436.26 120.51 .00 2.60 660.96 2.62
454.17 136.60 .00 2.86 708.62 2.70
 500
450
400
350
300
Lateral load
250
(kN)
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Pile head displacement (mm)

(b) The working load is: 223.61kN

(c) Max BM = 213 kN.m

(d) Pile head deflection = 22 mm