CEA 1120

STRENGTH
OF
MATERIALS

By
ZAID MOHAMMAD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINNERING
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?
• The term engineering comes from the Latin word ingenium which means “to
innovate”.
• However in the ancient times the persons who worked on war engines, siege
towers, design of castles and other technological matters were referred as
engineers.
• As the technological development was achieved, the engineers were divided in
two groups as military engineers and architects or civil engineers.
• In modern day scenario architects are only bound to functional aspects and civil
engineers are concerned with structural design of a structure.

WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING?

It is branch of engineering that concerns with design of civilian infrastructures like
roadways, railways, water supply networks, bridges, tunnels, dams, and buildings.

WHAT IS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING?

It is branch of engineering that concerns with the design of mechanical systems
like engines, cars, airplanes, space rockets and other industrial machinery.
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
ANCIENT ERA

Aristotle Archimedes Aryabhata

c. 320 BC, Macedonia, c. 260 BC, Syracuse, Sicily
Greece • Given the Law of
• Hypothesized First Lever Arm,
Law of Motion Displacement of
• Developed Biology, liquid
Medicine, Optics • Created various
mechanical devices
• Heat ray, Propelling
screw.
c. 480 CE, Patliputra, India
• Given the decimal
system and
trigonometrical
funtions
• Contributed in
mathematics
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
ANCIENT ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
ANCIENT ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
ANCIENT ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
RENAISSANCE ERA

Leonardo da Vinci Galileo Galilei Sir Isaac Newton

c. 1450 CE, Vinci, c. 1570 CE, Florence, c. 1650 CE,
Florence Italy Lincolnshire, England
• Military Engineer • Physicist • Laws of motion,
and architect • Contributed in Gravitation
• Contributed in mechanics of • Contributed in
mechanics, arts, materials, optics, Mathematics;
anatomy astronomomy Calculus,
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
RENAISSANCE ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
RENAISSANCE ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
MODERN ERA
 INTRODUCTION: Advances in Civil & Mechanical Engineering
MODERN ERA
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

MECHANICS: It is branch of science which deals with the behaviour of

physical bodies when subjected to forces.
STATICS: It is the branch of mechanics which deal with analysis of forces
subjected on the body in static equilibrium.
DYNAMICS: It is the branch of mechanics which deal with analysis of
forces subjected on the moving body.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
STRENGTH: It is an ability of a material to withstand load/pressure
without any rupture/failure.
STIFFNESS: It is an ability of a material to resist deformation in shape and
size.
STABILITY: It is an ability of a structure to remain intact in the position and
shape when subjected to loads.
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
ELASTICITY: It is an ability of a material to regain its shape and size after
removing the force or load.
PLASTICITY: It is an ability of a material to have permanent deformation in
shape and size.
DUCTILITY: It is an ability of a material to sustain large deformation
without rupture.
BRITTLENESS: It is an ability of a material to break suddenly on application
of load without showing significant deformation.
TOUGHNESS: It is an ability of a material to absorb energy when subjected
to sudden large deformation without going into failure.
HARDNESS: It is an ability of a material to resist surface abrasion.
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

FORCE:
It is the action of one body on another.
Forces are classified as
Surface Force:
It is caused by the contact of one body surface to another body surface.
A force when acting on very small area can be called as point
force/concentrated force.
When force is distributed along a strip is called distributed load.
Body Force:
A body force is developed when one body exerts a force on another body
without direct physical contact between the bodies. E.g. Gravitational force.
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

SUPPORTS AND REACTIONS

Supports are end conditions
of the structural members
with help of which the
structure remain in stable
condition.
1. Roller
2. Pin
3. Sliding
4. Fixed
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
In static equilibrium the body subjected to external loading, is either at
rest or in constant motion i.e. a=0
Thus, according to second law,
F = ma = 0, hence, σ 𝐹 = 0
Also, M = r x F = 0, σ 𝑀 = 0

Determinate and In-determinate structures

FBD (Free Body Diagram)
INTRODUCTION: Strength/Mechanics of materials

TYPES OF LOADING
There are four types of loadings:
Normal Force, N: This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed
whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of
the body. E.g. compression and tension
Shear Force, V: The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is
developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the
body to slide over one another. E.g. Frictional force
Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external
loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of
the area.
Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when the external
loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the other
about an axis perpendicular to the area.