BIOTECHNOLOGY

TIM DOSEN BIOLOGI

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
2015
BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
 GENERAL DEFINITION

The application of technology to

improve a biological organism

DETAILED DEFINITION

A very broad field which

encompasses
manipulations of living
organisms themselves or the
products that they make or the
processes they carry out.
BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
OLD BIOTECHNOLOGY

Beer, Bread, and Wine Making

are Centuries Old.

Ancient Egyptian drawing of a cylinder seal impression on a jar stopper

bearing the name of Khasekhemwy, a Dynasty 2 pharoah. It shows a
grapevine trained to run along a trellis or arbor. (around 2700 b.c.)
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
1970’s
1960’s Discovered
Described Gene Splicing and
DNA double-helix Gene Cloning

Francis H.C. Crick Stanley N. Cohen

James D. Watson Herbert W. Boyer

 1983 SCIENCE Cover – Transgenic Mice
1997 TIME Cover - Dolly

Science Vol. 222, Nov. 1983 Time Magazine, March 1997

Modern Biotechnology really refers to
Molecular Biology
Molecular Genetics
and Genetic Engineering
 KEY ELEMENT OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY/
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Can Use Recombinant DNA Methods
To Move A Gene From Any Organism
To Any Other Organism
What are GMO’s?
 Why is a GMO more dangerous than a
conventionally derived cultivar?

Conventional:
Wide Hybridization introduces 100,000 potentially
negative genes in order to obtain one desirable disease
resistance gene.
Induced mutagenesis has been used for decades to
create genetic variants.

Genetic Engineering:
Introduce one (or a few) foreign “good” genes into the
best accepted cultivar background.
Bt or Disease Resistance genes might enable reduction
by 80% of insecticide or fungicide chemical applications.
What are Transgenics and
Transgenic Organisms?
Agrobacterium Transformation – Engineering the bacterium

Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Plant
Isolated Viruses
Ti plasmid Coat Protein
DNA Gene

Engineered Ti plasmid
with viral coat protein gene

Recombinant plasmid
returned to Agrobacterium
 Agrobacterium Transformation – Plant Transformation

Agrobacterium infects plant cells. Protein

gene is transferred into cell chromosome.

Plant tissue is cultured to produce

Generated plant will
transformed plantlets with each cell
express resistance if
containing transgene.
infected with virus.
 The Gene Gun Helium chamber

Rupture disk

Macrocarrier

DNA coated
gold particle

Stopping screen

Focusing device

PDS1000 Microparticle Delivery System Target tissue

In the World in 2003…
Global biotech crop acreage grew to more than 167 million
acres in 2003 according to the International Service for the
Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. Since 1996, when
the first biotech crops were commercially grown, the global
biotech crop area has increased 40-fold to a total of 7 million
farmers in 18 countries. A total of 85 percent of growers using
biotech crops are small farmers in developing countries,
which represents
nearly one-third of the
global biotech crop area. In the USA in 2003…
90% of Soybeans are GMO’s
80% of Cotton crop
50% of Corn crop
Does Genetic Engineering
occur in Nature?
BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
RED BIOTECHNOLOGY
medical application

GREEN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Agricultural application (animal
and plant)

WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Industrial application

BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Aquatic application
BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
 BIOTECHNOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

DNA AND FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY

ENVIROMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

AQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
INSULIN PRODUCTION USING
BACTERIA
 Alltech, Inc.
3031 Catnip Hill Pike
Nicholasville KY 40356

Equine Biodiagnostics Inc., is a laboratory specializing
in diagnostic testing for the veterinary health care
industry. Guided by a distinguished group of scientific
advisors, EBI's highly qualified technical and
professional staff is always ready to provide reliable and
cost-efficient laboratory results in a timely manner. Our
mission is to strive for excellence in all aspects of our
services.
Coldstream Research Campus
www.ebiky.com/
Lexington, KY 40511
For over 20 years, Alltech has
researched, developed and
manufactured natural ingredients for
http://www.alltech-bio.com/
use in animal, alcohol and food
production. Natural biotechnology and
fermentation are the core
technologies underlying Alltech's rapid
development. With over 1,300
employees worldwide, offices in 44
countries and distribution to over 76
countries, the company is positioned
to meet the changing needs of the
global marketplace
http://www.alltech-bio.com/

Large Scale Biology Corporation is

one of the world's leading companies
dedicated to the discovery, analysis,
manufacture and commercialization of
proteins. LSBC's activities are built 1044 East Chestnut Street
around an integrated suite of ultra- Louisville, Kentucky 40204
sensitive, industrial-scale technologies created to 502.515.1492 (ph)
realize the full commercial and pharmaceutical 520.832.2308 (fax)
potential of biology.
Sheltowee is an innovative
The Company's headquarters and Genomics Division pharmaceutical company that
are situated in Vacaville, California. Its Bioprocessing develops, licenses and markets
Division is in Owensboro, Kentucky, and its category-leading nutraceutical
Proteomics Division is located at Germantown, and medicinal health products.
Maryland.
http://www.sheltoweellc.com
http://www.lsbc.com/
 Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)
 This technology is used
primarily to fight off
cancer cells as these
monoclonal antibodies
can be “trained” to
target markers that
show up on cancer
cells.
 The mAbs will then
destroy the cancer cell
and go looking for more.
 Stem Cells
A stem cell is a cell
that has the
potential to become
any cell type in the
human body.
Everyone has stem
cells, but they are
very hard to access.
The easiest place to
get stem cells is
from an embryo.
 Tissue Engineering
 A form of regenerative
medicine, tissue
engineering is the
creation of human
tissue outside the body
for later replacement.
 Usually occurs on a
tissue scaffold, but can
be grown on/in other
organisms as shown on
the right.
 10-9 meters
Nanomedicine
1 meter

Nanometer is one
billionth of a meter
 May be used for delivery
of small sensors to
target sites in body
 Unclogging arteries
 Detect and destroy
cancer cells
 ENVIROMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UGA Researchers Use Transgenic Trees To Help

Clean Up Toxic Waste Site
Can genetically engineered cottonwood trees clean up a site contaminated with toxic mercury? A
team of researchers from the University of Georgia - in the first such field test ever done with trees -
is about to find out.
The results could make clearer the future of phytoremediation –
a technique of using trees, grasses and other plants to remove
hazardous materials from the soil. UGA scientists and city officials
in Danbury, Conn., planted on July 16 some 60 cottonwoods with a
special gene at the site of a 19th-century hat factory in that
northeastern city.
"We hope to see a significant difference in the levels of mercury in
the soil within 18 months, perhaps as much as a twofold reduction,"
said Richard Meagher, professor of genetics at UGA.
The field test is a collaboration between UGA, Western Connecticut State University, Applied
PhytoGenetics, Inc., of Athens and the City of Danbury.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/
 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

EnviroPig TM
Transgenic pigs express phytase in
their salivary glands
Phytic acid in the pig meal is degraded
releasing phosphorus
The phosphorus is absorbed by the pig
Normally the phytic acid/phosphorus
complex passes through the pig and is
excreted as waste
Pig waste is a major pollutant & can
cause eutrophication of lakes &
streams
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050221/images/nbt0305-283-I1.jpg
1997, Tracy the sheep, the first transgenic
animal to produce a recombinant protein drug
in her milk
alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) treatment for
emphysema & cystic fibrosis
Created by PPL Therapeutics & The Roslin
Institute
http://nolswf.bbc.net.uk/science/genes/gene_safari/pharm/a_pharming.shtml
Welcome to GloFish™ Fluorescent Fish Home Page

Bring a miracle of science to your aquarium, and

own the hottest, most talked about, most beautiful
new fish to come to North America in our lifetime!
GloFish™ fluorescent fish bring color and
excitement to any aquarium – in your home, office,
or classroom.

GloFish™ fluorescent fish are now available at retail

locations near you with a suggested retail price of
approximately $5.00, however, actual prices may
vary. For more information about these
extraordinary fish, please click on a link at left.
Also, please remember that GloFish™ fluorescent
fish are intended for use as aquarium fish only, and
should not be used for any other purpose! For more
information about GloFish™ fluorescent fish, please
visit our About GloFish™ page
http://www.glofish.com/
“GREEN GENES”

• Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)

• Produced bright green glow when
exposed to ultraviolet light
• A way for fish and other organism
to find each other in dark
environment
• Used for making unique REPORTER
GENE (to detect expresion gene of
interest)
Alba, the EGFP (enhanced GFP)
bunny
Created in 2000 as a transgenic
artwork http://www.ekac.org/gfpbunny.html#gfpbunnyanchor
Transgenic Pigs Pass on the
Transgene

http://news.aol.com/story/_a/glowing-pig-passes-genes-to-piglets/20080109143909990001?ncid=NWS00010000000001
 Mice, men share 99 percent
of genes
By Marsha Walton
CNN

(CNN) --When it comes to DNA, it turns out there's not

that much difference between mice and men.
Mice and humans each have about 30,000 genes, yet only
300 are unique to either organism. Both even have genes
for a tail, even though it's not "switched on" in humans.
"About 99 percent of genes in humans have counterparts in
the mouse," said Eric Lander, Director of the Whitehead
Institute Center for Genomic Research in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. "Eighty percent have identical, one-to-one
Scientists say mice and humans
counterparts."
descended from a common
The mouse is the only mammal, after the human, whose ancestor about the size of a small
genome has been sequenced. The rodent's genetic rat.
sequence was published in this week's edition of Nature
Magazine

www.cnn.com/tech/Science
DNA AND FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
AQUATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY
BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY