PL

Power Distribution & Utilization
Department of Electrical Engineering|The University of Faisalabad
Lab Manuals
School of Electrical Engineering
THE UNIVERISTY OF FAISALABAD
1
SCHOOL OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Lab Manual
EE-235
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
REG NO:
CLASS: BEE- Power
SEMESTER: 4th
2
I. Laboratory Safety Policies
1. General laboratory safety

 Never eat or drink while working in the laboratory.
 Read the labels carefully.
 Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by supervisor.
 Wear safety glass or face shield when using any hazardous materials and /or equipment.
 Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
 Never do unauthorized experiments.
 Never work alone in laboratory.
 Keep your lab space clean and organized.
 Do not leave an on-going experiment unattended.
 Never taste anything. Never pipette by mouth; use a bulb.
 Never use open flames in laboratory unless instructed by T A.
 Check your glass ware for cracks and chips each time you use it. Cracks could cause the glassware
to fail during use and cause serious injury to you or lab mates.
2. Clothing
 When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety shield or glasses.
Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time. Shoes are required when working on
the machine shops
 If you have long hair and loose clothes, then make sure that it is tied back or confined.
 Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.
3. Disposal
 Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any in appropriate
containers.
4. Equipment Failure
 If a piece of equipment face while being used, report it immediately to lab engineer / assistant.
Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm yourself and others.
 If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
 Clean up your work area before leaving.
 Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.
3
5. Electricity
 Obtain permission by the safety coordinator before operating any high voltage equipment.
 Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
 Avoid using extension cords whenever possible.
 Never, ever modify or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
 Before attracting the power supply to your setup make sure there no ‘’live’’ wires which can be
touched.
 When attaching a high voltage power supply ALWAYS switch off the supply.
6. Fire
 If a person’s clothing catches on fire, he/she needs help.
 Prevent him/her from running.
 Make him/her lie down and smother the flame by rolling, wrapping with lab coats, blankets,
towels, etc.
 Never turn a carbon dioxide extinguisher on a person.
 If a fire breaks out, (if time allows) turn off all burners and remove solvents, place the chemical
and equipment safely to the nearest possible table/bench, exit the building calmly.
 If you do not use the fire extinguisher, leave the room immediately to a safer place possible
outside. There are carbon dioxide extinguisher in the building and the position and operation of
these should be known.
 Point the extinguisher at the base of the flames.
 Very small fires can be put out with a damp towel by smothering.
 Only after the safety of all is assured the matter of the extinguisher the fire is considered.
Because a few seconds delay can result in very serious injury, Laboratory staff will guide you on
what to do and how to exit during the case of such an emergency.
8. In Case of emergency
 Report the location of the emergency; give your name, telephone number, and building and floor
number.
 Report the nature of the emergency whether an explosion has occurred and whether there has been
a chemical or electrical fire.
RESCUE: 1122
Police Emergency Control Room: 041-9200264
Army Control Room: 1135
Administrator: 041-8750971 (Ext. 327)
4
II. Safety Undertaking
I HAVE READ ALL OF THE ABOVE, AND I AGREE TO CONFORM TO ITS CONTENTS.
NAME: Course:
Student Reg: Section:
Signature: Room:
Date:
Lab instructor:
5
Sr.No List of Experiments Page No

To Study Substation Equipment’s & One Line Diagram
1 5
To study the major equipment’s of the substation and make a one - line diagram
2 To Study The Power Cable Into Its Distinguished Parts. 15
3(A).To Study Transformer Vector Group 19

Determine the vector group of the three-phase transformer
3
3(B).To Study AUTOTRANSFORMER
25
Demonstrating the Possibility of Utilizing a Three-Phase Transformer in
Economy Connection
To Study NO-LOAD PERFORMANCES
Determine the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer operating at no-
4 load. 28
Determine the equivalent circuit quantities based on the consumed active and
reactive power.
To Study SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Determining the transformation ratio of a current transformer for various
5 primary currents 30
And investigation the influence of the load on the transformation ratio
To explain the terms ratio error (current error), accuracy class and rated accuracy
limit factor.
To Study SINGLE-PHASE CT AT OVERCURRENT
6 Testing the performance of the current transformer at over current. 32
To Study Three-Phase Current Transformer

7 Assembling the common current transformer circuit for measurement on three- 36
phase network.
To Study THREE-TRANSFORMER SUMMING CIRCUIT
8 Measuring the zero-phase sequence current of a three-phase system. 36
9(A).To Study SUMMATION CURRENT Transformer

 Measurements on a summation current transformer.
9  Demonstration of the principle of differential protection. 38
9(B). To Study SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 Determining the transfer ratio of a voltage transformer for various
primary voltages and investigating the influence of the load on the
6
transformation ratio.
To explain the terms ratio error (voltage error) and accuracy class.
10(A).To Study THREE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Assembling the common voltage transformer circuit for measurements in three
phase network.
Measuring the residual voltage in a three phase system with a fault to ground.
10 43
10(B).To Study TWO SINGLE POLE VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS
Assembling a voltage transformer circuit in open delta connection.
Measuring the three conductor voltages on symmetrical and asymmetrical loads.
11(A).TO STUDY ZERO IMPEDANCE
Investigation the zero-impedance of the three-phase transformer with various
connection modes.
Determine the effect of the delta stabilizing winding.
11 47
11(B).To Study ASYMMETRICAL LOAD
Examine the load capacity of the secondary side using a single-phase load with
different connection modes on the primary side.
Determine the load influence of delta stabilization winding.
TO STUDY SHORT-CIRCUIT PERFORMANCES
Determine the current transformation ratio of the transformer operating with
12 short-circuit. 52
Determine the equivalent circuit quantities based on the consumed active and
reactive power.
To Study LOAD PERFORMANCE
13 Measuring the effects of the load type and magnitude on the performance of the 56
secondary voltage.
Determine the efficiency of the transformer.
TO STUDY REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
59
14 Demonstrating the manual operation on the control of reactive power at various
inductive loads.
To Study REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLER
15 Demonstrating the automatic operation on the control of reactive power at 63
various inductive loads and at different sensitivity.
TO STUDY LUMINESCENCE
16 Verifying the inverse square law and compare the difference in output 66
luminescence of the incandescent, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps.
7

The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV
Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..
Experiment 1: Transformer Vector Group
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics
Performance Lab Report
Description Total Marks Marks Description Total Marks Marks

Obtained Obtained
Experiment 10 Organization/Structure 5
Related
Knowledge
Data analysis 10 Data Presentation 5
Total Marks
Obtained
Remarks (if any):-
Name & Signature of faculty:-
8
EXPERIMENT NO 1
Substation Equipment’s & One Line Diagram

OBJECTIVE:
 To study the major equipment’s of the substation and make a one - line diagram.
APPARATUS:
THEORY:
SUBSTATION:
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A POWER PLANT SUBSTATION (SWITCHYARD):
 CONNECT
• A - Bus bar
• B - Disconnector
 CONNECT AND DISCONEECT
• C - Circuit Breaker
 CONNECT DISCONNECT AND • D - Current
DETECT Transformer
• E - Voltage Transformer
 DETECT AND TRANSFORM • F - Earthing Switch
• G - Surge Arrestor
 DETECT AND TRANSFORM
 PROTECT AND SAFETY
 PROTECT
1
BUSBAR:
DISCONNECTS:
5
CIRCUIT BREAKER:
6
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:
7
EARTHING SWITCH:
SURGE ARRESTOR:
8
OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE:
9
10
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE:
BUSBARS & OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE:
11
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER:
13
CONSTRUCTION:
RESULT:

Procedure:-
Conclusion:-
Experiment 2: Power Cable
Name …………………………………..
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EXPERIMENT NO 2
Power Cable
OBJECTIVE:
 To study the power cable into its distinguished parts.

APPARATUS:
THEORY:
PARTS OF CABLE:
A cable is composed of following parts
CORE:
15
INSULATION:
METALLIC SHEATH:
BEDDING:
ARMORING:
16
Copper Copper Hard Aluminum Aluminum

annealed drawn Hard
Sr. NO. Properties Annealed drawn
1 Resistivity at
20oC (ohm- m * 10-8)
2 Temperature Coefficient
of Electrical Resistance at
20oC
3 Coefficient of linear
expansion per unit per oC
4 Thermal conductivity
W/mK
5 Density Kg/m3
6 Specific heat KJ/Kh K
RESULT:
EXERCISE:
Cross Sectional
Area ( mm2)
Sr. No. No. of Cores No. of Strands Diameter(m) Nomenclature
17

Procedure:-
Conclusion:-
18
Experiment 3(A): Transformer Vector Group
Name …………………………………..
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Experiment No 3(A)
Transformer Vector Group

OBJECTIVES:
 Determine the vector group of the three-phase transformer.
APPARATUS:
GROUPS TABLE
19
GROUPS TABLE
20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
21

Procedure:-
Conclusion:-
22

Experiment 3(B): AUTOTRANSFORMER
Name …………………………………..
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23
EXPERIMENT NO 3(B)
AUTOTRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVE:
 Demonstrating the Possibility of Utilizing a Three-Phase Transformer in Economy

Connection.
EQUIPMENT:
PROCEDURE:
24

Conclusion:-
25

Experiment 4: NO-LOAD PERFORMANCES
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics
Description Total Marks Description Total Marks Marks

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26
EXPERIMENT NO 4
NO-LOAD PERFORMANCES
OBJECTIVES:
 Determine the voltage transformation ratio of the transformer operating at no-

load.
 Determine the equivalent circuit quantities based on the consumed active and
reactive power.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
27
Procedure:-
28

Conclusion:-
29

Experiment 5: SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Name …………………………………..
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30
EXPERIMENT NO 5
SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE:
 Determining the transformation ratio of a current transformer for various primary

currents
And investigation the influence of the load on the transformation ratio
 To explain the terms ratio error (current error), accuracy class and rated accuracy limit
factor.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
31
Procedure:-
30

Conclusion:-
31

Experiment 6: SINGLE-PHASE CT AT OVERCURRENT
Name …………………………………..
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32
EXPERIMENT NO 6
SINGLE-PHASE CT AT OVERCURRENT
OBJECTIVES:
 Testing the performance of the current transformer at over current.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
P
33
PROCEDURE:
34

Conclusion:-
35

Experiment 7: THREE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Name …………………………………..
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36
EXPERIMENT NO 7
THREE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVE:
 Assembling the common current transformer circuit for measurement on three-

phase network.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
37
PROCEDURE:
38
Conclusion:-
39

Experiment 8: THREE-TRANSFORMER SUMMING CIRCUIT
Name …………………………………..
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40
EXPERIMENT NO 8
THREE-TRANSFORMER SUMMING CIRCUIT

OBJECTIVE:
 Measuring the zero-phase sequence current of a three-phase system.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
42
PROCEDURE:
43

Conclusion:-
44

Experiment 9(A): SUMMATION CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics

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Total Marks
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Remarks (if any):-
45
EXPERIMENT NO 9(A)
SUMMATION CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVE:
 Measurements on a summation current transformer.

 Demonstration of the principle of differential protection.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
46
PROCEDURE:
39

Conclusion:-
40

Experiment 9(B): SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics

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Total Marks
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41
EXPERIMENT NO 9(B)
SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVES:
 Determining the transfer ratio of a voltage transformer for various primary voltages and
investigating the influence of the load on the transformation ratio.
 To explain the terms ratio error (voltage error) and accuracy class.
APPARATUS:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
42
PROCEDURE:
43
44

Conclusion:-
45

Experiment 10(A): THREE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Name …………………………………..
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46
EXPERIMENT NO 10(A)
THREE PHASE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

OBJECTIVE:
 Assembling the common voltage transformer circuit for measurements in three phase
network.
 Measuring the residual voltage in a three phase system with a fault to ground.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

 1 IT 6046 Three-phase voltage transformer
 4 IT 6038 Moving iron voltmeter (125 – 250 – 500 V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
47
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Initially do not use the
connection to simulate a fault to ground. Do not forget the voltage transformer must never be short circuited
on the secondary side. The three phase voltage transformer is connected as three single pole isolated
transformers. The secondary side in star connection supplies an image of the three phase voltages of the
network while the auxiliary windings are connected in the series and serves to measure the faults to ground.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Set the supply voltage to UL12 = 380 V and measure the voltages of secondary windings:
UVW = ………….V UWU = …………….V UUV = ............ V
And the voltage between terminals “n” and “e” of the three individual auxiliary windings connected in
series:
UEN = .............. V
In the symmetrical load operation, the residual voltage UEN = 0 V and the voltage transformer responds as
expected according to the transformation ratio.
Now, in order to simulate a fault to ground in a network with isolated neutral point, remove the connection
of the neutral conductor at the output side of the three phase power supply and connect the phase L3 to star
point N of the primary winding (see detailed diagram to simulate a fault to ground).
In this experiment, great care must be taken to ensure that the neutral conductor of the three phase voltage
transformer does not remain connected with the neutral of the three phase power supply, as otherwise a
short circuit to ground would occur, which would cause an overload.
Set again the supply voltage to UL12 = 380 V and measure the voltage at the terminals “n” and “e” of the
three individual auxiliary windings connected in series:
UEN = .................. V
44
PROCEDURE:
45

Conclusion:-
46

Experiment 10(B): TWO SINGLE POLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics

Obtained Obtained
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Knowledge
Total Marks
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Remarks (if any):-
47
Experiment NO 10(B)
TWO SINGLE POLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

OBJECTIVES:
 Assembling a voltage transformer circuit in open delta connection.

 Measuring the three conductor voltages on symmetrical and asymmetrical loads.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6000 Three phase power supply.

 1 IT 6064 Three phase voltage transformer.
 4 IT 6038 Moving iron voltmeter ( 125 – 250 – 500 V )
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
48
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram. Do not forget that the voltage
transformer must never be short circuited on the secondary side. The three phase voltage transformer is
connected as two single phase isolated transformers in open delta connection and provides an image of the
three conductor voltages: this circuit can be used for measurement only in the case of symmetrical
operation.
Set the supply voltage to UL12 = 380 V and measure the three conductor voltages on the secondary side:
U1 = UWU .................................. V
U2 = UUC ................................. V
U3 = UWE .................................. V
In the symmetrical load operation the open delta configuration responds according to the transformation
ratio. Now set up the asymmetrical operating state by breaking one phase at a time between the three phase
power supply and the voltage transformer.
Repeat the above measurements and enter the measured values in the following table.
Disconnected phase U1 (V) U2 (V) U3 (V)
L1
L2
L3
In the asymmetrical load operation the open delta configuration reacts with partially false measurement
results and it cannot be used for measurement on asymmetrically operated networks.
49
PROCEDURE:
50

Conclusion:-
51

Experiment 11(A): ZERO IMPEDANCE
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics

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Knowledge
Total Marks
Obtained
Remarks (if any):-
52
EXPERIMENT NO 11(A)
ZERO IMPEDANCE
OBJECTIVES:
 Investigation the zero-impedance of the three-phase transformer with various connection

modes.
 Determine the effect of the delta stabilizing winding.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

 1 IT 6003 three-phase transformer
 1 IT 6035 Moving-iron ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
53
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. First we will
investigate a star-star connection: set the primary side in star connection 380 V and the
secondary-side in star connection �𝑁=220V.Adjust the supply voltage until a current of approx.
0.6 A flows and measure the corresponding voltage.
𝐼0 =……… A �0 =……… V
Determine the zero impedance:
𝑍= 𝑈0
0𝑌� 𝐼 =……… (Ω)

0
After you have connected the delta stabilizing winding repeat the above measurements with the
current of approx. 1.5 A:
𝐼0 = ……… A �0 = ……… V
After you have disconnected the tertiary winding change the secondary-side so that we can
investigate a star-delta connection in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram .Adjust
again the supply voltage until a current of approx. 2A flows and measure the corresponding voltage:
𝐼0=……… A �0=……… V
Determine the zero-impedance:
𝑍= 𝑈0 = ……. (Ω)
0𝑌�� 𝐼0
The zero-impedance is dependent on the connection mode: highest zero impedance is produced in
star-star connection.
Typical results
𝑍0𝑌�= 50Ω
𝑍0𝑌�� =20Ω
PROCEDURE:
.

Conclusion:-
4

Experiment 11(B): ASYMMETRICAL LOAD
Name …………………………………..
Rubrics

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5
EXPERIMENT NO 11(B)
ASYMMETRICAL LOAD
OBJECTIVES:
 Examine the load capacity of the secondary side using a single-phase load with different
connection modes on the primary side.
 Determine the load influence of delta stabilization winding.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6000 Three-phase power supply

 1 IT 6004 Resistive load
 1 IT 6003 Three-phase transformer
 1 IT 6035 Moving-iron ammeter (2.5 A)
 2 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter (125 – 250 – 500 V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
6
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the topographic diagram. Set the secondary side of the
transformer in star connection at tap �𝑁= 220V and retain this during the entire experiment.First we will
investigate the delta-star connection: set the primary-side in delta connection 380V.
Set the single-phase resistive load to 𝑅1 value and adjust the supply voltage in order to obtain a nominal
voltage 380V (phase-to-neutralthvoltage aseuar220V) on the primary sidee of the three-phase transformer: this
vinalsutepm
s utisltl ktheeep𝑅 covnasltuaen.tFfor eaallch setempem seumre nthtse. lBoeagdincnuirnregnftr1o2matshwe𝑅ll1 avsatlhue trherdeuecephtahseervesoilsttaigveeslo�
ad
7 �
, ��and �� on the secondary side.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
Enter the measured values in the following table.
R
I2 (A) Uu (V) Uv (V) Uw
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
The voltage of the loaded phase drops whereas in the other phases it remains practically constant. Change
the primary-side so that we can investigate a star-star connection n accordance with the foregoing
topographic diagram. Primary star connection 220V.Repeat the above measurements.
R
I2 (A) Uu (V) Uv (V) Uw(V)
R1
R2
R3
7
R4
R5
R6
R7
The voltage of the loaded phase drops much sharply whereas in the other two phases it remains practically
constant. After you have connected the delta stabilizing winding repeat the above measurements.
R
I2 (A) Uu (V) Uv (V) Uw(V)
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
The voltage of the loaded phase drops less sharply while the other voltages remains constant.
51
PROCEDURE:
52

Conclusion:-
53

Experiment 12: SHORT-CIRCUIT PERFORMANCES
Name …………………………………..
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54
EXPERIMENT NO 12
SHORT-CIRCUIT PERFORMANCES
OBJECTIVES:
 Determine the current transformation ratio of the transformer operating with short-circuit.
 Determine the equivalent circuit quantities based on the consumed active and reactive
power.
APPARATUS:

 1 IT 6003-Three-phase transformer
 1 IT 6048 power meter
 2 IT 6035 Moving-iron-ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500 V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
55
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Initially the
measurements are conducted on one phase of transformer: do not connect phases �2 and
�3(dashed connecting lines).Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in star connection
380 V (phase voltage 220 V) and secondary side with �𝑁 = 220 V winding tap in star connection.
Initially connect ammeter on the secondary side between terminals 2U1 - 2U6 carrying out a
short-circuit (do not connect the secondary dashed connecting lines).Beginning from 0 V slowly
adjust the supply voltage until the secondary nominal current of 1.2 A flows.
Measure the short circuit current in the primary side, enter the measured value in the following
table and calculate current transformation ratio𝐼1 .
𝐼2
I1
I1(A) I1(A) I2
The current transformation ratio is equal to the inverse value of the voltage transformation ratio
�12 (see the experiment no 1, when the same winding tap is used).
Slowly adjust again the supply voltage until the secondary nominal current of 1.2 A flows and
measure the following quantities: current𝐼1𝐾, voltage �1𝐾and active power �1𝐾on the primary
side.
I1K U1K U1K cosφK
Calculate the power factor on the primary side using the following expression:
cosφ0 = P 1K
U
1K . I1K
56
In short-circuit operation the effects of magnetization inductance and iron losses are negligible.
Calculate the relative short-circuit voltages:
U
U
1K1N
.100 = ……… (%)
uK =
ur = uK. cosφK = .............. (%)
uX = uK. sinφk = .............. (%)

And the relative resistance and inductive components of the short circuit impedance:
U 1Kφc os
I1k
k
=……… (Ω)
R1K =
U 1Ks in φ K
X1K = I1k =………(Ω)
In the following experiment the three-phase version of the transformer equivalent to the single-
phase circuit should be reproduced: connect also the phase �2and �3(dashed connected lines),
remove the ammeter in the secondary side and re place it with the dashed three-phase short-
circuit lines. Slowly adjust the supply until the primary short-circuit current 1IK flows and
measure the short circuit voltage U1K and the consumed active power P1K.
I1K =……… (A)

U1K =……… (V)
P1K = ……… (W)
Compare the measured values with those measured for the single-phase circuit:
Single and three phase circuits have identical responses. However, we have to bear in mind that
the measurement of the short-circuit power was carried out on single-phase.
56
TYPICAL RESULTS:
 Nominal current 𝐼2 =1.2 A, frequency f=50Hz.
 Secondary tap�𝑁. Current ratio: 1.05.
 Short-circuit voltage �1𝐾= 13 V.
 Short-circuit active power �1𝐾= 15 �(Total power �𝑘= 45 W).
 Power factor cos𝜑K = 0.91.
 Total resistance referred to primary : 𝑅1𝑘= 9.4 (Ω).
 Total reactance referred to primary: �1𝐾= 4.2 (Ω).
Exercise:
Complete the single-phase equivalent circuit diagram of the transformer used in the experiment
using the measured or calculated quantities in experiments 2 and 3.
The following applies approximately:
n=1
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 1⁄2 𝑅1𝐾
�1𝜎= �2𝜎= 1⁄2 �1𝐾
55
PROCEDURE:
56

Conclusion:-
57

Experiment 13: LOAD PERFORMANCE
Name …………………………………..
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58
EXPERIMENT NO 13
LOAD PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE:
 Measuring the effects of the load type and magnitude on the performance of the
secondary voltage.
 Determine the efficiency of the transformer.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6003 Three-phase transformer
 1 IT 6004 resistive load
 1 IT 6005 Inductive load
 1 IT 6006 Capacitive load
 2 IT 6048 power meter
 1 IT 6035 Moving-iron ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 IT 6038 Moving-iron voltmeter (125 – 250 – 500 V)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
59
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Set the primary-side of the
three-phase transformer in star connection 380 V (phase voltage 220 V) and secondary-side with �𝑁=220
V winding tap in star connection. The resistive load will be used as the first load. It is connected like the
inductive and capacitive loads, in star connection. Before starting the measurements the load is set to z
step measure the load voltage1 �2 and current 𝐼 2 as well as the active power absorbed �1 at 6primary and �2
values in the following table and calculate the voltage drop ∆U=�20 -�2 and
� 1
efficiency h = 2 .
⁄𝑃
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
Load
U20 (V) U2 (V) ∆U(V) I2(A) P1 (W) P2 (W) η(%)
220
R1
220
R2
220
R3
220
R4
220
R5
220
R6
𝐼2
Δ �= �2𝑁 𝐼2 (𝑢𝑐�𝑠𝜑+
𝑟2 𝑢𝑠𝑖�𝜑)=220
� 2 𝑢= ..................
𝑟 (V)
𝐼2𝑁 1.2
60
TYPICAL RESULTS:
Now the resistive load is replaced first by the inductive load after by the capacitive load. The above
measurements are represented in the same fashion for the indicated three-phase inductive and capacitive
loads. The measurements of the active power levels can be omitted here due to the fact that the inductive
or capacitive load consumes almost exclusively reactive power.
Enter the measured values in the following tables.
INDUCTIVE LOAD:
Load
�20 (V) �2 (V) ∆�(V) 𝐼2(𝐴)
220
�3
220
�4
220
�5
220
�6
220
�7
CAPACITIVE LOAD:
Load
�20 (V) �2 (V) ∆�(V) 𝐼2(𝐴)
220
�2
220
�3
220
�4
220
�5
220
�6
220
�7
60
PROCEDURE:
61

Conclusion:-
62

Experiment 14: REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
Name …………………………………..
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63
EXPERIMENT NO 14
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

OBJECTIVE:
 Demonstrating the manual operation on the control of reactive power at various inductive
loads.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6004HD3 Starter for slip-ring motor

 1 IT 6010 Magnetic power brake
 1 DL 1022 Slip-ring motor
 1 IT 6011 Brake control unit
 1 IT 6012 load cell
 1 IT 6013 Optical electronic generator
 1 IT 6017 Three phase power supply unit
 1 IT 6033 Switchable capacitor battery
 1 IT 6048 Power meter
 1 IT 6049 Power factor meter
 1 IT 6035 Moving –iron ammeter (2.5 A)
NOTE:The slip-ring motor DL 1022 with starter IT 600HD3 can be replaced by the squirrel cage motor
DL 1021.
64
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram. The ammeters, the power factor
meter, the power meter was positioned in the same current path. The stator of slip-ring motor is operated in
star connection with full starter resistance in the rotor circuit, which is gradually cut out as the speed
increases. The load on the motor can be varied with the brake controlling: before activation the braking
effect should be set to zero.
60
The toggle switches of the capacitor battery must be on the left side position. Start the motor-brake set and
do not activate the brake exciter. The motor runs at no –load. When the motor-brake set has been warned
up, beginning from 0 level connect the stated battery levels by means of the toggle switches. For each level
measure the power factor. The reactive power, the mains and the motor currents and enter the measured
values in the following table:
No-load operation: M = 0.2 Nm approx; f = 50 Hz; U = 380 V
Battery Qc (var) Q (var) I mains (A) I Motor

Cos∅
level b (A)
1 0
1 90
1+2 270
1+2+3 630
1+2+3+4 1350
2+3+4 1260
3+4 1080
4 720
NOTE:When you use the squirrel-cage motor (star connection) instead of the slip-ring motor (detail IB),
the starting is direct.
Repeat the above measurements for different load conditions.
Load operation: M = 2 Nm approx; f = 50 Hz; U = 380 V.

Cos∅
level b (A)
1 0
61
1 90
1+2 270
1+2+3 630
1+2+3+4 1350
2+3+4 1260
3+4 1080
4 720
Load operation: M = 2 Nm approx; f = 50 Hz; U = 380 V.

Cos∅
level b (A)
1 0
1 90
1+2 270
1+2+3 630
1+2+3+4 1350
2+3+4 1260
3+4 1080
4 720
Plot for the different load conditions the measured values of the currents as a function of the battery level
in a combined diagram in order to demonstrate the degree to which the current flow in the mains network
can be reduced. The motor current, i.e. the current between the capacitor battery and the asynchronous
machine, remains unaffected by the compensation.
62
PROCEDURE:
63

Conclusion:-
64

Experiment 15: REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLER
Name …………………………………..
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65
EXPERIMENT NO 15
REACTIVE POWER CONTROLLER
OBJECTIVES:
 Demonstrating the automatic operation on the control of reactive power at various

inductive loads and at different sensitivity.
APPARATUS:
 1 IT 6004HD3 Starter for slip-ring motor

 1 IT 6010 Magnetic power brake
 1 DL 1022 Slip-ring motor
 1 IT 6011 Brake control unit
 1 IT 6012 load cell
 1 IT 6013 Optical electronic generator
 1 IT 6017 Three phase power supply unit
 1 IT 6033 Switchable capacitor battery
 1 IT 6048 Power meter
 1 IT 6049 Power factor meter
 1 IT 6035 Moving –iron ammeter (2.5 A)
66
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
Assemble the circuit according with the foregoing topographic diagram. The ammeters, the power factor
meter, the power meter and reactive power controller are positioned in the same current path. The stator of
slip-ring motor is operated in star connection with full starter resistance in the rotor circuit, which is
gradually cut out as the speed increases.
64
The load on the motor can be varied with the brake controlling: before activation the braking effect should
be set to zero. The reactive power controller (for more details see relevant IT 6032 manual) is set in
AUTOMATIC operation, three-phase connection, 5 A ammeter circuit, 15 s lag of batteries reconnection,
1-2-4-8 batteries sequence, 4 installed batteries. The power factor set point value of the
controller is set to 1 (position +) by means of the coscp potentiometer cos∅

An f =0 to 50 Hz, U = 380 V the current of the first capacitor battery is:
𝐼𝑈 380
�1=2𝜋𝑓𝐶 =314.2 ×10−6 = 0.14𝐴
√3 √3
So the sensitivity can be calculated:

10 = = 0.28
𝐼�1
0.14
�=
𝐼𝑛 5
And this value must be set on the controller by means of the K potentiometer, when it is positioned in
Manual operation. The toggle switches of the capacitor battery must be on the left side position. Start the
motor-brake set and do not activate the brake exciter. The motor runs at no-load. As expected the controller
is able to execute automatically the calculation of wanting data and, through the consequent complete
summary, to adjust the installation power factor: the controller connects the battery 4.Increasing the load
the compensation battery 4 remains always connected. Repeat the above testing for different sensitivities
and no-load operation.
Stop the motor and do not forgot the starter resistance that must be completely inserted before any
activation. Set controller sensitivity K = 0.2: max counterclockwise rotation of the K potentiometer (position
-). Start the motor-brake set and do not activate the brake exciter. The motor runs at no-load.
The controller adjusts the installation power factor automatically connecting the compensation batteries
with a determined sequence (e.g., at first it connects batteries 3 + 4 and after disconnects the battery 3
leaving connected only battery 4).Stop again the motor and do not forgot the starter resistance that must be
completely inserted before any activation. Set controller sensitivity K = 1.2: max clockwise rotation of the
K potentiometer (position +) Start the motor-brake set and do not activate the brake exciter. The motor runs
at no-load. The controller adjusts the installation power factor automatically connecting the compensation
batteries with another determinate sequence (e.g., battery sequence: 2/3/2+3/1+2+3+4).
PROCEDURE:
.

Conclusion:-
.
Experiment 16: LUMINESCENCE.
Name …………………………………..
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Name & Signature of faculty:

EXPERIMENT NO 16
LUMINESCENCE
OBJECTIVE:
 Verifying the inverse square law and compare the difference in output luminescence of
the incandescent, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lamps.
APPARATUS:
 A wooden board
 Connecting wire
 Fluorescent light
 Incandescent light
 LUX meter
INVERSE SQUARE LAW:
The inverse square law, which states that “the IL luminance at a point on a surface perpendicular to the
light ray is equal to the luminous intensity of the source at that point divided by the square of the distance
between the source and the point of calculation.
Where: �=
�2
E = Illuminance in foot-candles
I = Luminous intensity in candles
D = Distance in feet between the source and the point of calculation
Types of lamps
INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS:
Incandescent light bulbs consist of a glass enclosure (the envelop, or bulb) which is filled with an inert gas
to reduce evaporation of the filament. Inside the bulb is a filament of tungsten wire, through which an
electric current is passed. The current heats the filament to an extremely high temperature (typically 2000K
to 3300K depending on the filament type, shape, size and amount of current passed through). The heated
filament emits light that approximates a continuous spectrum. The useful part of the emitted energy is visible
light, but most energy is given off in the near-infrared wavelengths.
Department of Electrical Engineering|The University of Faisalaba
FLOURESCENT TUBE LIGHT:
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor.
The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce,
producing visible light.
Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of light,
generally last longer, but are bulkier, more complex, and more expensive than a comparable incandescent
lamp.
COMPACT FLOURESCENT LIGHTS:
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compact fluorescent light bulb (or less commonly as a
compact fluorescent tube [CFL]), is a type of fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs are designed to replace an
incandescent lamp and can fit in the existing light fixtures formerly used for incandescent.
67
PROCDUERE & CALCULATION:
Place different lamps on the wooden board & calculate the LUX level at different point (Approx result
only due to some unavoidable problems).
Distance from the

S. No. Type of Lamp LUX
source
2 incandescent
2 fluorescent lamp
1
compact fluorescent
2
lamp
3
RESULT:
On wooden board, make the circuitry of fluorescent tube.
68
PROCEDURE:
69

Conclusion:-
70
71

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Power Distribution & Utilization

Department of Electrical Engineering|The University of Faisalabad

Power Distribution & Utilization

School of Electrical Engineering

THE UNIVERISTY OF FAISALABAD

CLASS: BEE- Power

I. Laboratory Safety Policies

1. General laboratory safety

II. Safety Undertaking

Student Reg: Section:

Sr.No List of Experiments Page No

2 To Study The Power Cable Into Its Distinguished Parts. 15

3(A).To Study Transformer Vector Group 19

To Study Three-Phase Current Transformer

9(A).To Study SUMMATION CURRENT Transformer

School of Electrical Engineering

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

Experiment 1: Transformer Vector Group

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Marks Description Total Marks Marks

Remarks (if any):-

Name & Signature of faculty:-

Substation Equipment’s & One Line Diagram

TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A POWER PLANT SUBSTATION (SWITCHYARD):

 PROTECT AND SAFETY

OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE:

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:

BUSBARS & OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE:

Department of Electrical Engineering|The University of Faisalabad

School of Electrical Engineering

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

Experiment 2: Power Cable

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Marks Description Total Marks Marks

Remarks (if any):-

Name & Signature of faculty:-

 To study the power cable into its distinguished parts.

A cable is composed of following parts

Copper Copper Hard Aluminum Aluminum

6 Specific heat KJ/Kh K

Department of Electrical Engineering|The University of Faisalabad

School of Electrical Engineering

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

Experiment 3(A): Transformer Vector Group

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Marks Description Total Marks Marks

Remarks (if any):-

Name & Signature of faculty:-

Transformer Vector Group

 Determine the vector group of the three-phase transformer.

School of Electrical Engineering

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..

School of Electrical Engineering

Program: Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: EE-235-Power Distribution and Utilization Date………………..