1001 Inventions lex ¢ re 0 pasten Heritage in Our World Second Edition Chief Editor Salim TS Al-Hassani Co-editors B&B - ; Elizabeth Woodcock & Rabah Saoud SEBS Technology and Cvitzaton‘Much ofthe msterisl for thisbook is based cn aticles published on ‘worn Muslimberitage com. Principal articles are written by the following schelars, arranged in alphabetical order: Professor Mohammed Abattouy (Engineeting and Mechanics) RH Princess Wiidan Ali (Art and Islas coins) Dr Salim Ayduz (Ouoman Scienee) Dr Suibhi Al-Azzawi (Architecture) Professor Charles Burnet (Medicine and Methematis) Dr Mahtub Gani (Mathematics and ruumbers) Professor SM Ghazanfar (Muslim Spain) Professor Salim TS Al-Hassani (Engineering) Dr Zohor lds (Agriculture and Codes) Professor Fkmeleddin Ihsancehs (History of Science) Dr Abdul Nasser Kaadan (Medicine) Dr Munim Al-Rawi (Geology) Dr Rabah Saoud (Architecture and Town Planning) Professor NilSari (Ottoman Medicine) Professor Aydin Sayili (Muslim Observatories) Dr Ibrahim Shah (Surgery) Professor Sevim Tekeli (Enginecring and Mapping) Dr Emily Winterburn (Astroiabes) Dr Salah Zaimeche (Muslim Science and Geugraphy) Professor Salim TS AL-Tlasanl, University of Manchester, Chairman of Foundation for Science, Techncllogy and Civilisation (FSTC) Flizabeth Woodceck, 1001 Inventions Lad Dr Rabah Sacud, Muslim Heritage Consuling (MHC) De Salim Ayes, FSTC ‘Wai Yin Chang, MHC. Mora Kamal, MC ‘Margaret Mores, PSTC Dr Rabia Yousef, MHC Dr Subki ALAzzawi, Architect, Kent Dr Faroog Baja, FSTC, London Dr Ruth Barnes, Ashinolean Museu, Oxfocd Dr Anne-Maria Brennan, London South Rank Univesity Professor Chatles Burnett, The Warburg Institute, London Professor Sami Chalhoub, Insitute of History of Atab Science, Universiy af Aleppo Professor Nabila Dawoed, Centre forthe Study of Arab & Muslin Helge, University of Baghdad Professor Mohanniad El-Gornath, University of York Dr Abdul Nasser Kiadan, Institute of History of Arab Science, Univesity of Aleppo ‘Mr Paul Keder, Golden Wel, Cambridge Dr Masiafa Mawaldi, stitute of History of Arab Science, Aleppo Mr Peter Raymond, MBE, Manchester Professor Emily Savage Smith, University of Oxford [Dr Rim Turkmani, Imperial College and Meicine, London, Semia Khan, MHC Nosheen Ladha, MHC ‘Mukhtar Sanders Inspiral Design Ali Amro, MHC. Sayed Al Hashinl 1G cory-epirox Nighat Bajwa Carolyn Garwes Carolyn Garwes De Ranjan Chancho FIRST EDITION PUBLISHED BY FSTC LTD, Copyright © 2006 by the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civtsation (FST), UK + 27"Turner Srv, Manchester (Ma IY, Great Britain SECOND EDITION PUBLISHED By #STC LTD Copyright © 2007 bythe Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), UK All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced Inany fort or by ary means without permission from the ‘Publishers. athough brief passages may be quoted for reviews. 150N13:978-0-9552426 2-8 British Library CIP Datez Al-Hassani, Salim TS 1001 Inventions: Maslin Heritage in ‘Our Wore US Library of Congress CIP Data: Al Hassani, Salim TS. 1001 Inventions: Muslin Heritage in ‘Our World Salim T'S Al-Hassani 1 Adlamic Science History Includes manuscript ist. 2. Technology Civilisation, 1. Technology: Islam story. 1 Title 2-Sclence-Civilistion. 50953/ Has Lie en-igi-s9siny7 2005 Printed end bound by Mega Basim in Istanbsl, TurkeyPreface Te FIRST EDITION OF THIS BOOK was part of the 1001 Inventions project. com- prising a touring exhibition, book, teachers’ pack, educational posters and website www. €0Linventions.com, The resounding success of this project saw the book selling out within three months. This revised second edition provides an opportunity to improve the content by introducing new material, im- ages and clarifying ambiguities. For the benefit of the academic reader there isa fuller reference list of authoritative manuscripts and their locations. An expanded glossary of Arabic and other relevant terms have also been added and the index extended. ‘There is a worldwide demand for the 1001 inventions project. and we are now translating the book into other languages and developing the exhibition to tour the world, ‘The popular and specialist media, the public, the education community and academe have praised the project and from various surveys conducted on the impact of the 1001 Inventions project, it seems that it has impinged positively upon the public mind, Thousands have re-evaluated their perception of the so-called 'Dark Ages’ and the role of Muslim civilization in laying the founda. tions of modern science and technology. The question very frequently asked is why it is that none of this material is found in the UK National Curriculum? The 1001 Inventions project has proved its effectiveness to stimulate young people’ interest in sci ence and technology to instil confidence, and to provide positive Muslim role models for evolving ‘Muslim identities, especially in the West. Great Muslim men and women of the past - mathematicians, astronomers, chemists, physicians, architects, engineers, economists, sociologists, artists, artisans, and educators - expressed their religiosity through beneficial contributions to society and humanity. They did so with open: mindedness and, in many instances, positively and constructively worked alongside non-Muslims. ‘This track record of cooperation over the centuries, although deeply rooted within early Muslim society. seems to have been forgotten. The 1001 Inventions project, indirectly, is tapping into that tradition by seeking to develop a better understanding between peoples and cultures Some terminology used here can have a wide meaning, used in specific contexts, and should not be taken literally, For example, in this book the word invention can also mean innovation, embrac ing new discoveries, concepts, methods, devices and machines which were hitherto unknown, It also includes items such as chess, the waterwheel and paper, which were known before Islam but brought to Europe by Muslims. Itis encouraging to see Muslim heritage at the forefront of media coverage, documentaries, arti- les, festivals, books and academic projects. In this context, | would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to the endless number of supporters of this project, in particular to those who have joined the global community of Mu tion. For new readers, I wish them an enjoyable and stimulating journey of discovery: Heritage since the launch ofthe frst edi PROFESSOR SALIM T § AL-HASSANI Chief Editor & Chairman of FSTCForeword COME THIS FASCINATING BOOK asa significant contribution toa wider understan we if [: science and technology within Muslim civilization, and of our debt in modern societies to this particular tradition. Within any particular culture, such as the Western and Anglo: centric tradition, itis all too easy to forget or downplay the complex history of the development Of scientific ideas and technological inventions. Science and technology, in some shape or form, exists and develops within all types of societies ang in the context of all shades of religious belief, Ultimately, it matters not exactly by whom, or exactly when, a particular discovery or invention was made. This book, however, is a welcome reminder that Muslims have made many important and far reaching contributions tothe developmentof our shared s ‘entific knowledge and ourtechnologi hope it will be an inspiration to people of beth Muslim and other faiths, and indeed to those with no religious belief, demonstrating the ways in which science helps reveal the wonders of the natural world, and through which technology makes stich a contribution to the ways in which we can work together with each other, SIR ROLAND JACKSON Chief Executive, The British Association for the Advancement of ScienceContents Introduction 6 Chapter 1: Home On the Cotfee Trail 12 Clocks 14 Chess 18 Cleanliness 20 ‘Tick Devices 24 Vision and Cameras 26 Fine Dining 30 ‘Three-Course Menu 32 Sound System 34 Feshion and Style 38 Carpets 40 Chapter 2: School House of Wisdom 46 Schools 50 Universities 54 The Professor's Chair 58 Libraries 60 Mathematics 64 ‘Trigonometry 68 Chemistry 72 Geometry 76 Artand the Arabesque 80 ‘The Scribe 82 Word Power 86 Story Comer 88 Translating Knowledge 92 European Universities 96 Chapter 3: Market Agricultural Revelution 102 Farming Manuals & Ecological Balance 108 Woter Management 112 Raising Water 114 Dams 120 Windmills 124 Trade 126 ‘Commercial Chemistry 130 “Teatile Industry 132 Paper 136 Pottery 138 Glass Industry 142 RawJewels 144 Checkout 146 King Offa and the Golden Coin Chapter 4: Hospital Hospital Development 154 ‘Teaching Hospitals 158 Instruments of Perfection 160 Surgery 164 Blood Circulation 168 Ibn Sina’s Bone Fractures 172 Notebook of the Oculist 174 Vaccination 178 Herbal Medicine 180 Pharmacy 184 European Medicine 188