A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON

THE RISE OF GRAPHENE AND ITS APPLICATION

SUBMITTED BY
VISHNUKANT GANGADHARGORE
ROLL NO: 20160212

Under the guidance of

Prof. Amey Nale

Department of Electrical Engineering

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere
Lonere 402103
2019-2020
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DR.BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY,
LONERE-402103

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “The Rise of Graphene and its Application”
submitted by Vishnukant Gangadhar Gore (20160212) is a record of bona-fide work carried out
by him under my guidance in partial fulfilment the requirement for the award of Degree of B.Tech
in Electrical Engineering of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere in
academic year 2019-20.

Prof. Amey Nale Prof. M.F.A.R Satarkar

(Seminar Guide) ( HOD of Electrical)

Examinars:

1.

2.

Date:

Place: Lonere, Dist. Raigad.

 Acknowledgment

An act of gratitude is that which acknowledges the blessings of well-wisher and

supporting guidance of the rich experience, which enlightens, inspires and motivate to do
something valuable.
I sincerely acknowledge the kind hearted cooperation by my seminar guide Prof.Amey
Nale, Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere. He made me endure during many times with expert guidance, kind advice and unfailing
humour, which helped me to be determined about my seminar.
I acknowledge with due courtesy the helping hand of Prof.M.F.A.R.Satarkar, Head of
Department, Electrical Engineering.
My special gratitude is towards my parents for the affectionate and loving support.

Vishnukant Gangadhar Gore

(20160212)
 Contents

Abstract iii
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
Abbreviations and Acronyms viii

Chapter Title Page

1 Introduction 01

1.1 What is Graphene? 01

1.2 The discovery of Graphene 04

1.3 the brief history of grapheme

2 Methods of graphene preparation

2.1 Exfoliation

2.2 Epitaxial Growth on Silicon Carbide

2.3 Chemical vapor deposition

3.4 Chemical vapor deposition

3 Properties 06

3.1 Mechanical Properties 06

3.2 Electronic Properties 06

3.3 Thermal Properties 08

3.4 Optical Properties 08

3.5 Chemical Properties 09

3.6 Structure 10

3.7 Magnetic 11

i
 3.8 Biological 11

4 Applications of graphene 22

4.1 Current Applications 22

4.2 Future Applications 30

4.3 Graphene application by type of material 35

5 Global Graphene Market 36

Summary 40

References 41
 List of figure

Figure Title Page

1.1 Model of the C60 fullerene (buckminsterfullerene). 01

1.2 Carbon nanotube 02
1.3 3-D structure of Graphite made of layers of graphene. 02
1.4 2-D sheet of graphene 03
1.5 Formation of 0D, 1D and 3D carbon materials from Graphene 03
2.1 Schematic representation of the atomic arrangement of the
hexagonal lattice of the face of nickel and how carbon atoms
would arrange on the Ni surface to form graphene.
2.2 Modelling illustration of the SWCNT unzipped into monolayer
graphene
3.1 Difference between Ordinary Semiconductor and Zero Gap 07
Semiconductor (Graphene)
3.2 Photograph of graphene in transmitted light 09
3.3 Names for graphene edge topologies 10
4.1 Graphene Transistors 26
4.2 Individual Ultracapacitor Cell. 27
4.3 Graphene filter for purifying water by CSIRO scientist. 33
4.4 Icon Lifesaver is testing graphene filters in drinking bottles 34
4.5 Graphene application by type of material 35
5.1 Global graphene market share, by region, 2017 36
5.2 Graphite producers by country 37
5.3 Graphene market potential 39
 Abbreviations and Acronyms

 SiC: - Silicon Carbide

 CNT’s: - Carbon nanotube
 GP: - Graphene Paper
 SiO2: - Silicon dioxide
 DNA: - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
 CVD: - Chemical vapor deposition
 GNRs: - Graphene nanoribbons
 MWCNTs: - Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
 SWCNTs: - Single-walled carbon nanotubes
 DWCNTs: - Double-walled carbon nanotubes
 GO: - Graphene oxide
 CCG: - Chemically converted graphene
 MWI: - Microwave irradiation
 ECG: - Electrochemically converted graphene
 LSG: - Laser-scribed graphene
 TEM: - Transmission electron microscopy
 XRD: - X-Ray Diffraction
 IBM: - International Business Machines Corporation
 MIT: - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 FETs: - Field-effect transistors
 EDLC: - Electric double-layer capacitor
 PEG: - Polyethylene glycol
 MEMS: - Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems
 NEMS: - Nano-Electro Mechanical Systems
 Abstract

Graphene, the flat, two-dimensional (2D) monolayer of carbon atoms theoretically can be
considered as the basic building block for all other graphitic materials with different
dimensionalities. It can be wrapped up into 0D fullerene, rolled into 1D nanotube or stacked into
3D graphite. Graphene material exhibits a number of outstanding electronic and mechanical
properties that make them very attractive for micro and nanoelectronics applications. The carbon-
carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nm. Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an
interplanar spacing of 0.335 nm, which means that a stack of 3 million sheets would be only one
millimeter thick.

Graphene is the basic structural element of some carbon allotropes including graphite,
charcoal, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. Graphene is impermeable to gas and liquids, has
excellent thermal conductivity and higher current density in comparison to other most effective
materials. All of its exceptional properties have opened up new avenues for the use of graphene in
Nano-devices and Nano-systems.

In addition, several fabrication techniques are outlined, starting from the mechanical
exfoliation of high-quality graphene to the direct growth on silicon carbide or metal substrates and
from the chemical routes utilizing graphene oxide to the newly developed approach at the
molecular level. Interest in graphene’s exceptional physical properties, chemical tunability, and
potential for applications has generated thousands of publications and an accelerating pace of
research. Here is an overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of graphene.