The document outlines three main theories of retail development:
1. Environmental theory sees retail change as responding to shifts in the operating environment like customers, competitors, and technology. Retailers that adapt most successfully to changes survive.
2. Cyclical theories like the wheel of retailing and accordion theory see retail formats following predictable patterns of expansion and specialization over time.
3. Conflict theory views new retail formats emerging through a dialectic process as different retail types compete, with innovations blending aspects of opposing formats.
The document outlines three main theories of retail development:
1. Environmental theory sees retail change as responding to shifts in the operating environment like customers, competitors, and technology. Retailers that adapt most successfully to changes survive.
2. Cyclical theories like the wheel of retailing and accordion theory see retail formats following predictable patterns of expansion and specialization over time.
3. Conflict theory views new retail formats emerging through a dialectic process as different retail types compete, with innovations blending aspects of opposing formats.
The document outlines three main theories of retail development:
1. Environmental theory sees retail change as responding to shifts in the operating environment like customers, competitors, and technology. Retailers that adapt most successfully to changes survive.
2. Cyclical theories like the wheel of retailing and accordion theory see retail formats following predictable patterns of expansion and specialization over time.
3. Conflict theory views new retail formats emerging through a dialectic process as different retail types compete, with innovations blending aspects of opposing formats.
PRESENTED BY: EMMANUAL JOSE Retail Development From The Theoretical Perspective:
No single theory can be universally applicable or acceptable. The
application of each theory varies from market to market , depending on the level of maturity and the socio-economic conditions in that market. The retail scenario keeps changing continuously. These changes are brought by ever changing customer requirement, economic development of the nation , falling borders, new technologies and by entrepreneurs. Growth in retail is a result of understanding market signals and responding to opportunities that arise in a dynamic manner. THEORIES Theories of retail development can broadly be classified into three: Environmental -where a change in retail is attributed to the change in the environment in which the retailers operate. Cyclical - where change follows a pattern and phase can have definite identifiable attributes associated with them. {wheel of retailing ,accordion theory, retail life cycle theory } Conflictual - where the competition or conflict between two opposite types of retailers, leads to a new format being developed. 1) ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Darwin's theory of natural selection has been popularized by the phrase
“ survival of the fittest.” Retail institution are economic entities and retailers confront an environment which is made up of : customers, competitors and changing technology. So the birth, success or decline of different forms of retail enterprises is many a times attributed to the business environment. Those retail institutes that are keenly aware of their operating environment and which react without delay, gain from the changes. Thus Following the Darwinian approach of survival of fittest, those retailers that successfully adapt technological, economic, demographic and legal changes are the ones that are most likely to grow and proper. The Ability to adapt to change, ‘‘successfully “is at the core of this theory . 2) CYCLICAL THEORY
Cyclical theories mainly includes two theories :
1. Wheel of retailing 2. Accordion theory A) WHEEL OF RETAILING Wheel represents phases through which some types of Retailers pass: Retailers enter by attracting customers – low price, low service . Expand market – More expensive merchandise, More Trading up services, open more convenient locations. process increases costs & price of their merchandise, creating opportunities for new low price retailers to enter e.g. Discount stores & category specialists. Finally they mature as high cost high price retailers who become vulnerable to new entrants-inability to adapt. Some Retailers don’t begin as low price, low service entrants, e.g. Upscale fashion specialty stores. B ) ACCORDION THEORY In rural markets, Retailers sell many categories under one roof: shoes, cosmetics, foods, cloth, medicines. However the assortment is shallow and customers have limited choice. Starting with general stores - neighboring localities .Slowly switching to specialist stores - like gifts, restaurants, entertainment at a certain distance These specialist retailers when mature start adding variety and become general stores. Some become category killers – is a retailer that carries such a large amount of merchandise in a single category at such good prices that it makes it impossible for the customers to walk out without purchasing what they need, thus killing the competition. . It is also referred to as the general-specific-general theory. Retail accordion theory is a theory of retail institutional change that suggests that retail institutions go from outlets with wide assortments to specialized narrow line store merchants and then back again to the more general wide assortment institution 3) CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict always exit between operators of similar formats or within broad
retail categories. Retail innovation does not necessarily reduce the number of formats available to the consumer, instead , it leads to the development of more formats. Retailing involves through a dialectic process, i.e. blending of two opposite to creates a new format. This can be applied to development in retailing like; a) Thesis: Individual retailers as corner shops all across the country. b) Antithesis: A position opposed to the thesis develops over a period of time . (department store, discount store). The antithesis is a challenge to the Thesis. c) Synthesis: There is a blending of the Thesis and antithesis. The result position between the thesis and antithesis. Supermarkets and hypermarkets flourish. This “synthesis” for the next round of evolution. THANK YOU…