PRESSURE VESSEL

Pressure Vessel for Liquefied Ethylene

PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-101
Service Ethylene Storage Tank
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 2000.0
o
Temperature ( C) -103.0
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 2200.0
o
Temperature ( C) -93.0
Main Specifications
Geometry Cylindrical
Rated volumetric flow
4885.1
(m3/month)
Volume per tank (m3) 238.5
Inside Diameter (m) 5.3
Outside Diameter (m) 5.5
Minimum thickness (mm) 80.7
Height to diameter ratio 2
Height 10.6
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction:
Inner Tank Stainless Steel
Outer Tank Carbon Steel
Insulation Material Aluminum Sheet
Insulation Thickness (mm) 250
Annular Space Perlite
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.078
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
I. Vessel Function

Vessels are significant in different manufacturing plant. It is used to carry out process

operations such as distillation, drying, filtration, stripping, and reaction. These operations

usually involve many different types of vessels, ranging from large towers up to waste

collection drums. One example of a vessel is a pressure vessel. Pressure vessel is a

pressurized storage tanks which is essential in the operating plant of Dimethyl Carbonate

such that most of the raw materials in the plant are gases.

II. Operating and design temperature and pressure

According to Towler, a vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to

which it is likely to be subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the

design pressure is taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally

be 5% to 10% above the normal working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during

minor process upsets. On the other hand, design temperature will normally +10 °C above

the operating temperature.

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C -103 -93
Pressure, kPa 2200 2420
III. Materials of Construction

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Pressure vessels are constructed from

plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. In this pressure vessel, the inner vessel will be constructed using stainless steel

and carbon steel for the outer vessel.

IV. Vessel dimensions and orientation

Calculations below show the vessel dimension and orientation starting with tank

capacity. These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

2412 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
567.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 4.25 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

As a rule of thumb in designing a storage tank, thirty-day capacity often is specified for

raw materials and products. But depends on connecting transportation equipment

schedules.

ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24 × 30
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
 𝑚3 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 4.25 × 24 × 30
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 3059.48
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 3059.48
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 1529.74
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 3059.48
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 3365.43
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Vessel Volume

In calculating total tank volume, vapor space is considered. Allowing 10% vapor

space inside the tank the total volume of the tank, Vv, should be V divided by 0.90.

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

3365.43
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 3739.37 𝑚3
Estimated Number of Tanks

Maximum Physical Fabrication of ASME pressure vessels: 60,000 gallons (227.12 m3)

𝑉𝑉
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

3739.37 𝑚3
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
227.12 𝑚3

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = 17

Since the calculated value is greater than 10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the

recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
17 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 3739.37𝑚3
4

𝐷 = 5.19 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.19 𝑚

𝐿 = 10.39 𝑚
Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is not expected at least 2mm

should be use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

In calculation of the thickness, Towler and Sinnot used the equation specified by the ASME

BPV Code (Sec. VIII D.1 Part UG-27) as shown below:

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = ; 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃 4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

Wherein P is the internal design pressure, D is the inside diameter, S is the maximum

allowable stress and E is the joint efficiency. Moreover, based on ASME BPV Code Sec.

II Part D the maximum allowable stress of carbon steel is 12900 psi and the joint efficiency

is 0.85. This constant is used in the calculation below.

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5192.9

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 76.90 𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5192.9

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 37.56 𝑚𝑚
On selection of tmin, based on Towler and Sinnot (2013), the highest computed value will

be the preferred thickness of the vessel. Based on the calculations above, tmin1 is greater

than tmin2 thus the preferred thickness for oxygen pressure vessel is tmin 1 which has a

value of 76.9 𝑚𝑚. Moreover, considering the corrosion allowance for carbon and low-

alloy steels which 2 mm will give the result below:

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 76.9 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 78.9 𝑚𝑚

Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5192.897245 + 2 ∗ 78.9

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5350.70 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.35 𝑚

V. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

According to Towler and Sinnot (2013), Hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and torispherical heads

are collectively referred to as domed heads. They are formed by pressing or spinning; large

diameters are fabricated from formed sections. The preferred proportions of domed heads

are given in the standards and codes. Vessel heads can be made in any size, but standard

sizes will usually be cheaper.

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5192.9 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 37.89 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5192.9 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 75.78 𝑚𝑚

Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃

5192.9 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.1 ∗ 319.1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 67.06 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in acetic anhydride storage tank.

VI. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

acetic anhydride storage tank, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650mm is the size of manway.

VII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.00001648

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)

Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420

rpm)
Pressure Vessel for Liquefied Oxygen

PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-102
Service Oxygen Storage Tank
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 1800.0
o
Temperature ( C) -150.0
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 1980.0
o
Temperature ( C) -140.0
Main Specifications
Geometry Cylindrical
Rated volumetric flow
3205.8
(m3/month)
Volume per tank (m3) 329.3
Inside Diameter (m) 5.9
Outside Diameter (m) 6.1
Minimum thickness (mm) 80.6
Height to diameter ratio 2
Height 11.8
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction:
Inner Vessel Austenitic Steel
Outer Vessel Carbon Steel
Insulation Perlite
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.078
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
I. Operating and design temperature and pressure

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C -150 -140
Pressure, kPa 1800 1980

II. Materials of Construction

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Pressure vessels are constructed from

plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. In this pressure vessel, the inner vessel will be constructed using austenitic steel

and carbon steel for the outer vessel.

III. Vessel dimensions and orientation

These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

2680 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
960.78 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 2.79 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24 × 30
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 2.79 × 24 × 30
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 2008.37
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 2008.37
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 1004.18
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 2008.37
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 2209.20
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Vessel Volume

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

2209.20
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 2454.67 𝑚3
Estimated Number of Tanks

Maximum Physical Fabrication of ASME pressure vessels: 60,000 gallons (227.12 m3)

𝑉𝑉
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

2454.67 𝑚3
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
227.12 𝑚3

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = 11

Since the calculated value is greater than 10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the

recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
11 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 2454.67𝑚3
4

𝐷 = 5.22 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.22 𝑚

𝐿 = 10.44 𝑚
Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is not expected at least 2mm

should be use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

287.17 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5217.87 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 287.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 69.42 𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

287.17 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5217.87 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 287.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 33.99 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 69.42 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 71.42 𝑚𝑚
Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5217.87 𝑚𝑚 + 2 ∗ 71.42 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5360.71 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.36 𝑚

IV. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

287.17 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5217.87 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 287.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 34.25 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

287.17 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5217.87 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 287.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 68.51 𝑚𝑚

Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃
 5217.87 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (287.17 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 287.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 60.63 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in acetic anhydride storage tank.

V. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

acetic anhydride storage tank, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650 mm is the size of manway.

VI. Specification of Cooling Jackets

Jacketed vessels are containers that are designed for controlling temperature of its contents.

The use of cooling or heating fluid is circulated to control the temperature of the tank.
VII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟑 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.0001067

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)

Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420 rpm)
Pressure Vessel for Liquefied Carbon Dioxide

PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-103
Service Liquefied Carbon
Dioxide Storage
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 2200.0
Temperature (oC) -20.0
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa) 2420.0
Temperature (oC) -10.0
Main Specifications
Geometry Cylindrical
Rated volumetric flow
1918.3
(m3/month)
3
Volume per tank (m ) 227.1
Inside Diameter (m) 5.1
Outside Diameter (m) 5.3
Minimum thickness (mm) 85.9
Height to diameter ratio 2
Height 10.3
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction:
Inner Vessel Austenitic Steel
(304L SS)
Outer Vessel Carbon Steel
(A285)
Insulation Perlite
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.0825
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
VIII. Operating and design temperature and pressure

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C -20 -10
Pressure, kPa 2200 2420

IX. Materials of Construction

The pressure vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Pressure vessels are constructed from

plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. In this pressure vessel, the inner vessel will be constructed using austenitic steel

and carbon steel for the outer vessel.

X. Vessel dimensions and orientation

These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

1725 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
1032.15 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 1.67 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24 × 30
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 1.67 × 24 × 30
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 1203.31
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 1203.31
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 601.66
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 1203.21
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1323.64
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Vessel Volume

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

1323.64
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 1470.71 𝑚3
Estimated Number of Tanks

Maximum Physical Fabrication of ASME pressure vessels: 60,000 gallons (227.12 m3)

𝑉𝑉
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

1470.71 𝑚3
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
227.12 𝑚3

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = 7

Since the calculated value is greater than 10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the

recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
7 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 1470.71 𝑚3
4

𝐷 = 5.11 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.11 𝑚

𝐿 = 10.23 𝑚
Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is not expected at least 2mm

should be use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

350.99 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5114.1 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 351.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 83.45 𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

350.99 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5114.1 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 351.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 40.67 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 83.45 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 85.45 𝑚𝑚
Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5114.1 𝑚𝑚 + 2 ∗ 85.45 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5285.02 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.29 𝑚

XI. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

350.99 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5114.1 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 351.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 41.06 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

350.99 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5114.1 𝑚𝑚

𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 351.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 82.11 𝑚𝑚

Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃

5114.1 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (350.99 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1 ∗ 351.0 𝑝𝑠𝑖
 𝑡 = 72.67 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in carbon dioxide pressure vessel.

XII. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

carbon dioxide pressure vessel, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650mm is the size of manway.

XIII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟏 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.0001464

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)
Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420 rpm)
 ATMOSPHERIC TANK
Atmospheric Tank for Methanol
PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-101
Service Methanol Storage Tank
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Main Specifications
Geometry
Rated volumetric flow
(m3/month)
Volume per tank (m3)
Inside Diameter (m)
Outside Diameter (m)
Minimum thickness (mm)
Height to diameter ratio
Height
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction Carbon Steel
Insulation Material Aluminum Sheet
Insulation Thickness (mm) 250
Annular Space
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.078
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
 I. Vessel Function

Vessels are significant in different manufacturing plant. It is used to carry out process

operations such as distillation, drying, filtration, stripping, and reaction. These operations

usually involve many different types of vessels, ranging from large towers up to waste

collection drums. One example of a vessel is a pressure vessel. Atmospheric tanks are also

essential in the operating plant of Dimethyl Carbonate such that most of the raw materials

in the plant are gases.

II. Operating and design temperature and pressure

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C 25 35
Pressure, kPa 101.3 344.74

III. Materials of Construction

The atmospheric vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Atmospheric vessel are constructed

from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. Carbon steels are usually used in atmospheric vessel.

IV. Vessel dimensions and orientation

Calculations below show the vessel dimension and orientation starting with tank

capacity. These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

3392 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
786.04 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 4.32 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

As a rule of thumb in designing a storage tank, thirty-day capacity often is specified for

raw materials and products. But depends on connecting transportation equipment

schedules.

ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24 × 30
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑉𝐹 = 4.32 × 24 × 30
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 3107.03
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 3107.03
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 1553.51
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

 𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 3107.03
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 3417.73
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

Vessel Volume

In calculating total tank volume, vapor space is considered. Allowing 10% vapor

space inside the tank the total volume of the tank, Vv, should be V divided by 0.90.

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

3417.73
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 3797.48 𝑚3

Estimated Number of Tanks

Using tank capacity of 90,000 gallons (340.69 m3)

𝑉𝑉
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

3797.48 𝑚3
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 =
340.69 𝑚3

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 = 12

Since the calculated value is greater than 10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the

recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter
 𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
12 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 × × 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 3797.48 𝑚3
4

𝐷 = 5.86 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.86 𝑚

𝐿 = 11.72 𝑚

Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is expected, 4 mm should be

use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

In calculation of the thickness, Towler and Sinnot used the equation specified by the ASME

BPV Code (Sec. VIII D.1 Part UG-27) as shown below:

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = ; 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃 4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

Wherein P is the internal design pressure, D is the inside diameter, S is the maximum

allowable stress and E is the joint efficiency. Moreover, based on ASME BPV Code Sec.
II Part D the maximum allowable stress of carbon steel is 12900 psi and the joint efficiency

is 0.85. This constant is used in the calculation below.

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5862.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 13.40 𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5862.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 6.68 𝑚𝑚

On selection of tmin, based on Towler and Sinnot (2013), the highest computed value will

be the preferred thickness of the vessel. Based on the calculations above, tmin1 is greater

than tmin2 thus the preferred thickness for oxygen pressure vessel is tmin 1 which has a

value of 13.40 𝑚𝑚.

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 13.40 𝑚𝑚 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 17.40 𝑚𝑚

Outside Diameter
 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5862.3 + 2 ∗ 17.40

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5897.06𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.90 𝑚

V. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

According to Towler and Sinnot (2013), Hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and torispherical heads

are collectively referred to as domed heads. They are formed by pressing or spinning; large

diameters are fabricated from formed sections. The preferred proportions of domed heads

are given in the standards and codes. Vessel heads can be made in any size, but standard

sizes will usually be cheaper.

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5862.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 6.69 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5862.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 13.37 𝑚𝑚
Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃

5862.3 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 11.83 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in acetic anhydride storage tank.

VI. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

acetic anhydride storage tank, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650mm is the size of manway.

VII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.00001648

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)

Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420

rpm)
Hold-up Tank for Methanol
PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-101
Service Methanol Storage Tank
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Main Specifications
Geometry
Rated volumetric flow
(m3/month)
Volume per tank (m3)
Inside Diameter (m)
Outside Diameter (m)
Minimum thickness (mm)
Height to diameter ratio
Height
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction Carbon Steel
Insulation Material Aluminum Sheet
Insulation Thickness (mm) 250
Annular Space
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.078
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
 I. Vessel Function

Vessels are significant in different manufacturing plant. It is used to carry out process

operations such as distillation, drying, filtration, stripping, and reaction. These operations

usually involve many different types of vessels, ranging from large towers up to waste

collection drums. One example of a vessel is a pressure vessel. Atmospheric tanks are also

essential in the operating plant of Dimethyl Carbonate such that most of the raw materials

in the plant are gases.

II. Operating and design temperature and pressure

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C 25 35
Pressure, kPa 101.3 344.74

III. Materials of Construction

The atmospheric vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Atmospheric vessel are constructed

from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. Carbon steels are usually used in atmospheric vessel.

IV. Vessel dimensions and orientation

Calculations below show the vessel dimension and orientation starting with tank

capacity. These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

6608.08 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
781.74 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 8.45 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

Considering that the tank will hold up for a day,

ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3 ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝐹 = 8.45 × 24
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 202.87
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 202.87
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 101.44
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹
 𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 202.87
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 223.16
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Vessel Volume

In calculating total tank volume, vapor space is considered. Allowing 10% vapor

space inside the tank the total volume of the tank, Vv, should be V divided by 0.90.

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

223.16
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 247.96 𝑚3

Tank capacity will be 66,000 gallons (249.84m3). Since the calculated value is greater than

10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete

foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 247.96 𝑚3
4
 𝐷 = 5.40 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.40 𝑚

𝐿 = 10.81 𝑚

Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is expected, 4 mm should be

use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

In calculation of the thickness, Towler and Sinnot used the equation specified by the ASME

BPV Code (Sec. VIII D.1 Part UG-27) as shown below:

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = ; 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃 4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

Wherein P is the internal design pressure, D is the inside diameter, S is the maximum

allowable stress and E is the joint efficiency. Moreover, based on ASME BPV Code Sec.

II Part D the maximum allowable stress of carbon steel is 12900 psi and the joint efficiency

is 0.85. This constant is used in the calculation below.

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5404.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖
 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 12.36 𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5404.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 6.16 𝑚𝑚

On selection of tmin, based on Towler and Sinnot (2013), the highest computed value will

be the preferred thickness of the vessel. Based on the calculations above, tmin1 is greater

than tmin2 thus the preferred thickness for oxygen pressure vessel is tmin 1 which has a

value of 12.36 𝑚𝑚.

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 12.36 𝑚𝑚 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 16.36 𝑚𝑚

Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5404.5 + 2 ∗ 16.36

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5437.17 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.44 𝑚

V. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5404.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 6.16 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5404.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 12.33 𝑚𝑚

Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃

5404.5 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 10.91 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in acetic anhydride storage tank.

VI. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

acetic anhydride storage tank, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650mm is the size of manway.

VII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.00001648

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)

Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420 rpm)
Hold-up Tank for Ethylene Carbonate
PROJECT NO.1
SHEET 1 OF 1
REV DATE BY APV REV DATE BY APV

Reactor System Sketch

Item Number S-101
Service Methanol Storage Tank
Operating Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Design Conditions
Pressure (KPa)
Temperature (oC)
Main Specifications
Geometry
Rated volumetric flow
(m3/month)
Volume per tank (m3)
Inside Diameter (m)
Outside Diameter (m)
Minimum thickness (mm)
Height to diameter ratio
Height
Specification for Construction
Material of Construction Carbon Steel
Insulation Material Aluminum Sheet
Insulation Thickness (mm) 250
Annular Space
Bottom Support Concrete Pads
Orientation Vertical
Type of Closure Ellipsoidal
Closure Thickness (mm) 0.078
Agitator Propeller or
Turbine (420 rpm)
 I. Vessel Function

Vessels are significant in different manufacturing plant. It is used to carry out process

operations such as distillation, drying, filtration, stripping, and reaction. These operations

usually involve many different types of vessels, ranging from large towers up to waste

collection drums. One example of a vessel is a pressure vessel. Atmospheric tanks are also

essential in the operating plant of Dimethyl Carbonate such that most of the raw materials

in the plant are gases.

II. Operating and design temperature and pressure

Table 1.
Operating and Design Conditions
Operating Conditions Design Conditions
Temperature, °C 25 35
Pressure, kPa 101.3 344.74

III. Materials of Construction

The atmospheric vessel design codes and standards include lists of acceptable materials, in

accordance with the appropriate material standards. Atmospheric vessel are constructed

from plain carbon steels, low and high alloy steels, other alloys, clad plate, and reinforced

plastics. Carbon steels are usually used in atmospheric vessel.

IV. Vessel dimensions and orientation

Calculations below show the vessel dimension and orientation starting with tank

capacity. These calculations are based on Towler and Sinnott, 2013.

Flowrate

Normal Volumetric Flowrate

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

12612.31 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑁𝑉𝐹 =
1232.77 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑁𝑉𝐹 = 10.23 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟

Considering that the tank will hold up for a day,

ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝐹 = 𝑁𝑉𝑅 × 24
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3 ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝐹 = 10.23 × 24
ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 245.54
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Turndown Volumetric Flowrate

𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 𝑉𝐹

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 0.5 × 245.54
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑇𝑉𝐹 = 122.77
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Rated Volumetric Flowrate

𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 𝑉𝐹
 𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 1.1 × 245.54
𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑚3
𝑅𝑉𝐹 = 270.09
𝑑𝑎𝑦

Vessel Volume

In calculating total tank volume, vapor space is considered. Allowing 10% vapor

space inside the tank the total volume of the tank, Vv, should be V divided by 0.90.

𝑉𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − 𝑉𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑

270.09
𝑉𝑉 =
1 − .1

𝑉𝑉 = 300.11 𝑚3

Tank capacity will be 80,000 gallons (302.83 m3). Since the calculated value is greater than

10000 gallons or 38 cubic meters, the recommended tank orientation is vertical or concrete

foundation.

Vessel Dimensions

Inside Diameter

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝐿 = 2𝐷

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 𝑉𝑉
4

𝛱
× 𝐷2 × 2𝐷 = 300.11 𝑚3
4
 𝐷 = 5.76 𝑚

Length

𝐿 = 2 ∗ 5.40 𝑚

𝐿 = 11.52 𝑚

Corrosion Allowance

The value for corrosion allowance where severe corrosion is expected, 4 mm should be

use.

Thickness of the Shell under Internal Pressure

In calculation of the thickness, Towler and Sinnot used the equation specified by the ASME

BPV Code (Sec. VIII D.1 Part UG-27) as shown below:

𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = ; 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃 4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

Wherein P is the internal design pressure, D is the inside diameter, S is the maximum

allowable stress and E is the joint efficiency. Moreover, based on ASME BPV Code Sec.

II Part D the maximum allowable stress of carbon steel is 12900 psi and the joint efficiency

is 0.85. This constant is used in the calculation below.

tmin,1

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2𝑆𝐸 − 1.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5759.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) =
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖
 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(1) = 13.17𝑚𝑚

tmin,2

𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4𝑆𝐸 + 0.8𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5759.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) =
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 + 0.8 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛(2) = 6.56 𝑚𝑚

On selection of tmin, based on Towler and Sinnot (2013), the highest computed value will

be the preferred thickness of the vessel. Based on the calculations above, tmin1 is greater

than tmin2 thus the preferred thickness for oxygen pressure vessel is tmin 1 which has a

value of 13.17 𝑚𝑚.

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 13.17 𝑚𝑚 + 4 𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 17.17 𝑚𝑚

Outside Diameter

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛 + 2𝑡

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5759.5 + 2 ∗ 17.17

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5793.83 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.79 𝑚

V. Types of Vessel Heads to be used

Hemispherical Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
4𝑆𝐸 − 0.4𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5759.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
4 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.4 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 6.57 𝑚𝑚

Ellipsoidal Heads

𝑃𝐷
𝑡=
2𝑆𝐸 − 0.2𝑃

50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 5759.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
2 ∗ 12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 0.2 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 13.14 𝑚𝑚

Tori Spherical Heads

0.885(𝑃𝑅)
𝑡=
𝑆𝐸 − 0.1𝑃

5759.5 𝑚𝑚
0.885 ∗ (50 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ )
𝑡= 2
12900 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ∗ 0.85 − 1 ∗ 50 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑡 = 11.63 𝑚𝑚

Based on the calculated data above, Ellipsoidal head has the greatest thickness thus it is

preferred to be use in acetic anhydride storage tank.

VI. Openings and Connections required

Motherwell Tank Protection states that opening size ranges from 250mm to 650 mm. For

acetic anhydride storage tank, maximum manway size will be used for optimum use thus

650mm is the size of manway.

VII. Type of Agitator

The type of agitator used shall be determined using the figure below:

Volume = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑 Viscosity = 0.00001648

Figure 2. Agitator Selection Guide (Source: Towler & Sinnott, 2013, Chapter 15, pg.665)

Looking the figure above, the type of agitator used is Propeller or Turbine (420 rpm)